北京林业大学考博英语模拟试题及其解析

中国考博辅导首选学校中国考博辅导首选学校 北京林业大学考博英语模拟试题及其解析北京林业大学考博英语模拟试题及其解析 SectionSectionUseUse ofof EnglishEnglish Directions:Directions: ReadRead thethe followingfollowing text.Choosetext.Choose thethe bestbest word(s)word(s) forfor eacheach numberednumbered blankblank andand markmark A,A, B,B, C C oror D D onon ANSWERANSWER SHEETSHEET 1.(1.( 1010 pointspoints ) ) Most people who travel long distance complain of jetlag. Jetlag makes business travelers less productive and more prone 1 making mistakes. It is actually caused by 2 of yourbody clocka small cluster of brain cells that controls the timing of biological 3. The body clock is designed for a 4 rhythm of daylight and darkness, so that it is thrown out of balance when it 5 daylight and darkness at thewrongtimes in a new time zone. The 6 of jetlag often persist for days 7 the internal body clock slowly adjusts to the new time zone. Now a new anti-jetlag system is 8 that is based on proven 9 pioneering scientific research. Dr. Martin Moore Ede had 10 a Geng duo yuan xiao wan zheng kao bo ying yu zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lian xi quan guo mian fei zi xun dian hua: si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiu qi ba ,huo jia zi xun qq: qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi practical strategy to adjust the body clock much sooner to the new time zone 11 controlled exposure to bright light. The time zone shift is easy to accomplish and eliminates 12 of the discomfort of jetlag. A successful time zone shift depends on knowing the exact times to either 13 or avoid bright light. Exposure to light at the wrong time can actually make jetlag worse. The proper schedule 14 light 中国考博辅导首选学校中国考博辅导首选学校 exposure depends a great deal on 15 travel plans. Data on a specific flight itinerary and the individuals sleep 16 are used to produce a Trip Guide with 17 on exactly when to be exposed to bright light. When the Trip Guide calls 18 bright light you should spend time outdoors if possible. If it is dark outside, or the weather is bad, 19 you are on an aeroplane, you can use a special light device to provide the necessary light 20 for a range of activities such as reading, watching TV or working. 1. A. fromB. ofC. forD. to 2. A. eruptionB. disruptionC. ruptureD. corruption 3. A. actionsB. functionsC. behaviorD. reflection 4. A. formalB. continualC. regularD. circular 5. A. experiencesB. possessesC. encountersD. retains 6. A. signsB. defectsC. diseasesD. symptoms 7. A. ifB. whereasC. whileD. although 8. A. agreeableB. availableC. adaptableD. approachable 9. A. extensiveB. tentativeC. broadD. inclusive 10. A. devisedB. scrutinizedC. visualizedD. recognized 11. A. inB. asC. atD. through 12. A. moreB. littleC. mostD. least 中国考博辅导首选学校中国考博辅导首选学校 13. A. shedB. retrieveC. seekD. attain 14. A. inB. forC. onD. with 15. A. specificB. complicatedC. uniqueD. peculiar 16. A. modeB. styleC. normD. pattern 17. A. directoriesB. commentariesC. instructionsD. specifications 18. A. upB. offC. onD. for 19. A. orB. butC. andD. while 20. A. spurB. stimulusC. agitationD. acceleration SectionSectionReadingReading ComprehensionComprehension PartPart A A Directions:Directions: ReadRead thethe followingfollowing fourfour texts.texts. AnswerAnswer thethe questionsquestions belowbelow eacheach texttext byby choosingchoosing A,A, B,B, C C oror D.D. MarkMark youryour answersanswers onon ANSWERANSWER SHEETSHEET 1.(401.(40 points)points) Text 1 Anthropologists commonly distinguish three forms of marriage: monogamy, the marriage of one man to one woman, polygyny, the marriage of one man to two or more women, and polyandry, the marriage of one woman to two or more men. Polygyny and polyandry are often linked under the single termpolygamy, a marriage of one individual to two or more spouses. Though there are many societies which permit, or even encourage, polygamous marriages, it does not follow, in such societies, that 中国考博辅导首选学校中国考博辅导首选学校 every married individual, or even that a majority of them, has more than one spouse. Quite the contrary is true, for in most, if not all, of so-called polygamous societies monogamy is statistically the prevailing form. The reason for this is clear: the proportion of male to female births in any human society is roughly the same, and if this proportion is maintained among the sexually mature, a preponderance of plural marriages means that a considerable number of either men or women must remain unmarried. No society can maintain itself under such conditions; the emotional stresses would be too great to be survived. Accordingly, even where the cultural ideals do not prohibit plural marriages, these may occur on any notable scale only societies where for one reason or another, one sex markedly outnumbers the other. In short, monogamy not only prevails in most of the worlds societies, either as the only approved form of marriage or as the only feasible form, but it may also prevail within a polygamous society where, very often, only a minority of the population can actually secure more than one spouse. In a polygynous household, the husband must supply a house and garden for each of his wives. The wives live with him in turn, cooking and serving for him during the period of his visit. The first wife takes precedence over the others. Polyandry is much rarer than polygyny. It is often the result of a disproportion in the ratio of men to women. In sum, polygamy is not, as so frequently indicated, universally 中国考博辅导首选学校中国考博辅导首选学校 a result of human immorality. It is simply not true, in this aspect of culture as in many others, that people who follow patterns of culture deemed immoral in our society are thereby lacking in morality. Our ideal and compulsory pattern of marriage, which holds that monogamy is the only appropriate form of marriage, is not shared by all peoples, even by some of those who regularly practice monogamy. In a great many societies, monogamy is only one possible form of marriage, with polygyny or polyandry as perfectly possible, though less frequent, alternatives. 21. A marriage between several men and women should be called . ApolygynyBpolyandryCmonogamyDnot mentioned 22. According to the second paragraph, in societies that encourage polygamous marriages, . Apolygamy is the predominant form of marriages Bmost of the individuals usually have multiple spouses Cthere are usually a greater of proportion of men than women Dpeople are not necessarily married to multiple partners 23. The author believes that plural marriages occur on substantial scales only in societies in which . Apolygyny is not prohibited Bone sex greatly outnumbers the other Cmost people are undereducated Da minority of people are very rich and powerful 中国考博辅导首选学校中国考博辅导首选学校 24. According to the third paragraph, polyandry . Ameans the husband must provide for the livelihood of his wives Bis a marriage tradition in which the first husband takes precedence over the others Cis much rarer than other marriage forms Dis often the result of women outnumbering men 25. We can infer from the last paragraph that . Amany people believe that plural marriages denote immorality of other societies Bthose societies that do not uphold monogamy as the dominant marriage form are immoral Cpolygyny or polyandry are possible alternative marriage forms in most societies Dthe author lives in a society where plural marriages are socially accepted TextText 2 2 More and more, the operations of our businesses, governments, and financial institutions are controlled by information that exists only inside computer memories. Anyone clever enough to modify this information for his purpose can reap substantial rewards. Even worse, a number of people who have done this and been caught at it have managed to get away without punishment. Its easy for computer crimes to go undetected if no one checks up on what the computer is doing. But even if the crime is detected, 中国考博辅导首选学校中国考博辅导首选学校 the criminal may walk away not only unpunished but with a growing recommendation from his former employers. Of course, we have no statistics on crime that go undetected. But its disturbing to note how many of the crimes we do know about were detected by accident, not by systematic inspections or other security procedures. The computer criminals who have been caught may have been the victims of uncommonly bad luck. For example, a certain keypunch operator complained of having to stay overtime to punch extra cards. Investigation revealed that the extra cards she was being asked to punch were for dishonest transactions. In another case, dissatisfied employees of the thief tipped off the company that was being robbed. Unlike other lawbreakers, who must leave the country, commit suicide, or go to jail, computer criminals sometimes escape punishment demanding not only that they not be charged but that they be given good recommendations and perhaps other benefits. All too often, their demands have been met. Why? Because company executives are afraid of the bad publicity that would result if the public found out that their computer had been misused. They hesitate at the thought of a criminal boasting in open court of how he juggled the most confidential records right under the noses of the companys executives, accountants, and security staff. And so another computer criminal departs with just the recommendations he needs to continue his crimes elsewhere. 中国考博辅导首选学校中国考博辅导首选学校 26It is implied in the third paragraph that . A. most computer criminals who are caught have only to have only to blame their bad luck B. the rapid increase of computer crimes is a troublesome problem C. most computer criminals are smart enough to cover up their crimes D. many more computer crimes go undetected than those discovered 27Which of the following is mentioned in the passage? A. A strict law against computer crimes must be enforced. B. Companies usually hesitate to uncover computer crimes. C. Companies will guard against computer crimes to protect their reputation. D. Companies need to impose restrictions on confidential information 28What may happen to computer criminals once they are set free without being charged? A. With a bad reputation they can hardly find other jobs. B. They may walk away and easily find another jobs. B. They will be denied access to confidential records. D. They must leave the country or go to jail. 29The passage is mainly about . A. why computer criminals are often able to escape punishment B. why computer crimes are difficult to detect by systematic inspections 中国考博辅导首选学校中国考博辅导首选学校 C. how computer criminals manage to get good recommendations from their former employers D. why computer crimes cant be eliminated 30. Which of the following results that the computer criminals might get is different from other lawbreakers? A. To be driven out of the country.B. To become a prisoner. C. To commit suicide. D. To be recommended somewhere else. TextText 3 3 Coincident with concerns about the accelerating loss of species and habitats has been a growing appreciation of the importance of biological diversity, the number of species in a particular ecosystem, to the health of the Earth and human being. Much has been written about the diversity of terrestrial organisms, particularly the exceptionally rich life associated with tropical rain forest habitats. Relatively little has been said, however, about diversity of life in the sea even though coral reef systems are comparable to rain forests in terms of richness of life. An alien exploring Earth would probably give priority to the planets dominant, most distinctive featurethe ocean. Humans have a bias toward land that sometimes gets in the way of truly examining global issues. Seen from far away, it is easy to realize that landmasses occupy one third of the Earths surface. Given that two thirds of the Earths surface is water and that marine life lives at all levels of the ocean, the total three dimensional living space 中国考博辅导首选学校中国考博辅导首选学校 of the ocean is perhaps 100 times greater than that of land and contains more than 90 percent of all life on Earth even though the ocean has fewer distinct species. The fact that half of the known species are thought to inhabit the worlds rain forests does not seem surprising, considering the huge numbers of insects that comprise the bulk of the species. One scientist found many different species of ants in just one tree from a rain forest. While every species is different from every other species, their genetic makeup constrains them to be insects and to share similar characteristics with 750,000 species of insects. If basic, broad categories such as phyla and classes are given more emphasis than differentiating between species, then the greatest diversity of life is unquestionably the sea. Nearly every major type of plant and animal has some representation there. To appreciate fully the diversity and abundance of life in the sea, it helps to think small. Every spoonful of ocean water contains life on the order of 100 to 100, 000 bacterial cells plus assorted microscopic plants and animals, including larvas of organisms ranging from sponges and corals to starfish and clams and much more. 31.What is the main point of the passage? A. Humans are destroying thousands of species. B. There are thousands of insect species. C. The sea is even richer in life than the rain forests. D. Coral reefs are similar to rain forests. 中国考博辅导首选学校中国考博辅导首选学校 32.Why does the author compare rain forests and coral reefs (lines 46) ? A. They are approximately the same size.B. They share many similar species. C. Most of their inhabitants require water.D. Both have many different forms of life. 33.The passage suggests that most rain forest species are . A. insectsB. bacteriaC. mammalsD. birds 34.The author argues that there is more diversity of life in the sea than in the rain forests because . A. more phyla and classes of life are represented in the sea B. there are too many insects to make meaningful distinctions C. many insect species are too small to divide into categories D. marine life forms reproduce at a faster rate 35.Which of the following conclusions is supported by the passage? A.Ocean life in highly adaptive. B.More attention needs to be paid to preserving ocean species and habitats. C.Ocean life is primarily composed of plants. D.The sea is highly resistant to the damage done by pollutants. TextText 4 4 Rewards and punishments are used in different ways by different communities to maintain social order and preserve cultural values. 中国考博辅导首选学校中国考博辅导首选学校 In all cultures, parents must teach their children to avoid danger and to observe the communitys moral precepts. Adults also condition each others observance of social norms, using methods ranging from mild forms of censure, such as looking away when someone makes an inappropriate remark, to imprisoning or executing individuals for behavior considered deviant or dangerous. The caning of American teenager Michael Fay in Singapore for vandalism in 1994 brought wide media attention to cultural differences in the application of punishment. Faced with increasing violence at home, many Americans endorsed Singapores use of corporal punishment to maintain social order. Was Fays punishment effective? Whether he subsequently avoids vandalism is unknown, but the punishment did apparently lead to his avoidance of Singaporewhich he left promptly. The operant techniques societies use to maintain social control vary in part with the dangers and threats that confront them. The Gusii of Kenya, with a history of tribal warfare, face threats not only from outsiders but also from natural forces, including wild animals. Gusii parents tend to rely more on punishment and fear than on rewards in conditioning appropriate social behavior in their children. Caning, food deprivation, and withdrawing shelter and protection are common forms of punishment. In contrast, the Mixtecans of Juxtlahuaca, Mexico, are a highly cohesive community, with little internal conflict, and social norms that encourage cooperation. Their social patterns appear adaptive, 中国考博辅导首选学校中国考博辅导首选学校 for the Mixtecans are dominated by the nearby Spanish Mexicans, who control the official government and many economic resources in their region. The Mixtecans do not generally impose fines or jail sentences or use physical punishment to deter aggression in either adults or children. Rather, they tend to rely on soothing persuasion. Social ostracism is the most feared punishment, and social ties within the community are very strong, so responses that reinforce these ties are effective in maintaining social order. In the United States, fear of social ostracism or stigma was once a more powerful force in maintaining control over antisocial behavior, especially in small communities. Today, even imprisonment does not appear to be an adequate deterrent to many forms of crime, especially violent crime. Although one reason is the inconsistent application of punishment, another may be the fact that imprisonment no longer carries the intense stigma it once had, so that prison is no longer as an effective punishment. 36. The best title of this passage would be . ACrime and Punishment BReward and Punishment CSocial Order DTwo Case Studies: Gusii of Kenya and Mixtecans of Juxtlahuaca 37. According to the passage, what is a universal cultural norm in maintaining social order? AChildren must be obedient to their parents. 中国考博辅导首选学校中国考博辅导首选学校 BPeople must publicly complain when someone misbehaves. CPeople should do their parts to ensure that others comply with social rules. DPeople should publicly humiliate the wrongdoers. 38. What can be inferred from the Michael Fay case? AMany Americans were opposed to the corporal punishment that Michael Fay received in Singapore. BThe American media did not pay any attention to cultural differences until 1994. CThe caning was effective because Michae