日本政府发布过劳死白皮书

日本政府发布过劳死白皮书Japans first government white paper on the still largely taboo phenomenon of death by overwork has revealed that a fifth of surveyed companies acknowledge their full-time staff works dangerously long hours.日本发布了有关过劳死这个仍属禁忌的现象的首份政府白皮书。该白皮书披露，五分之一的受访企业承认，自己的全职员工工作时间长到了危险的地步。The 280-page report published almost three decades after Japan legally recognised death driven by overwork, known as karoshi acknowledged that its contents made for bleak reading.该报告发布时，日本距离从法律上承认过劳死（即工作过度导致的死亡）现象已有近三十年。这份长280页的报告承认，这个问题形势严峻。Nearly 11 per cent of companies surveyed said they had full-time staff working at least 80 hours of overtime a month a level which, by official acknowledgment, brings an increased risk of death from cardiovascular issues and other problems.近11%的受访企业表示，它们有全职员工每个月至少加班80个小时。官方承认，这样的加班水平会加大因心血管问题及其他问题死亡的风险。Almost 12 per cent of companies surveyed said they had staff working more than 100 hours of overtime a month.将近12%的受访企业表示，它们有员工每个月加班逾100小时。The white paper, which was forced into existence by a 2014 private members bill obliging the government take responsibility for preventing deaths and suicide through overwork, follows a year in which karoshi compensation claims surged to a record high of 1,456.这份白皮书是迫于2014年一份日本普通议员法案的要求发布的，该法案要求日本政府承担起防止过度工作导致死亡和自杀的责任。白皮书公布前的一年里，日本过劳死索赔案件数量达到了1456起的创纪录高点。Even then, say lawyers who have represented the families of victims, the issue is greatly understated and barely discussed.过劳死受害者家属的代理律师们表示，即使是那样，这个问题仍被大大淡化，几乎没人讨论。The survey had hoped to base its research on responses from 10,000 Japanese companies; in fact, it received replies from just 1,743.这次调查原本希望能获得1万家日本企业的回复并据此开展研究，事实上却只收到了1743家企业的回复。Government efforts have yet to bite, say labour groups.多个劳工组织表示，政府的努力仍未见效。Gentle slogans urging armies of reluctant salarymen lets work shorter hours, or more practical measures such as turning office lights out at 7pm, are making no visible dent in a work culture that has devised few mechanisms for evaluating achievement beyond simply counting the hours worked.除了简单计算工时以外，日本的职场文化未能构想出什么其他的业绩评价机制。在这样的职场文化中，用让我们缩短工作时间这样不痛不痒的口号敦促不情愿的工薪人士减少加班、或者推出下午7点办公室关灯等更实际的举措，都没有产生明显成效。The fundamental problem, said Koichi Nakano, a political scholar at Tokyos Sophia University, is that neither the government nor the business sector is especially keen to inform workers of their rights and to uphold them.东京上智大学(Sophia University)政治学学者中野晃一表示，根本问题在于，政府和企业部门都不是很热心于让员工知晓自身权利和支持他们。At the heart of the issue is a deeply unenlightened but persistent attitude on the part of the government and management that regards selfless dedication to the company shown through long hours at the office as a prime virtue?.?.?.?in reality it is arguably responsible for the steady decline of the Japanese corporate competitiveness, said Prof Nakano.中野晃一说：问题的核心在于政府和企业管理层非常落后又固执的态度，他们认为通过长时间呆在办公室展现出对企业的无私奉献是一种至高美德事实上，可以说正是这种无私奉献导致日本企业竞争力逐步下降。Reported karoshi deaths in the 2015 financial year ending in March, published by the labour ministry in April, were concentrated on sectors such as social services and construction.今年4月日本厚生劳动省发布的数据显示，在截至今年3月的2015财年里，媒体报道的过劳死案例集中在社会服务和建筑等领域。These are on the front lines of Japans chronic labour shortage itself a slow-burning crisis that derives from the countrys long-term demographic decline and historic resistance to large-scale immigration.这些都是日本长期劳动力短缺最严重的领域劳动力短缺本身就是一场缓慢发酵的危机，它源于两点，一是就长期而言日本人口趋于下降，二是日本历史上一直抵制大规模引入移民。The survey underlying the new white paper found 44 per cent of IT companies admitted that some of their employees worked more than 80 hours of overtime a month.新白皮书所依据的调查发现，44%的IT公司承认，它们的一些员工每月加班超过80个小时。But the problem is more widespread.但这个问题存在于更普遍的领域。The publication of the white paper came just a week after a Tokyo labour standards office ruled that the suicide of young graduate recruit at the Dentsu advertising agency had been a case of karoshi.就在白皮书发布一周前，东京一个劳工标准办公室裁定，电通(Dentsu)广告公司的一名刚毕业不久的年轻新员工自杀，属于过劳死案例。The family of Matsuri Takahashi, 24, said she took her life after racking up 105 hours of monthly overtime.24岁的Matsuri Takahashi的家人表示，她在月加班时间超过105个小时后结束了自己的生命。She had worked in Dentsus digital advertising division the unit at the centre of a developing scandal that involved overcharging clients, and which Dentsu blamed on staff shortages.她在电通的数字广告部门工作，该部门目前正处于一桩仍在发酵之中的、涉及多收客户费用的丑闻的核心。电通将丑闻所涉情况归咎于人手短缺。Across the full- and part-time workforce, the average hours worked by individuals are falling very slightly, said the white paper, but that includes the rising cohorts of part time workers.白皮书称，综合来看，全职和兼职员工的平均个人工作时长略有下降，但这其中有兼职劳动者数量日益增多的因素。Among full-time staffers, on whom karoshi-generating pressures fall most heavily, approximately 21 per cent of Japanese work an average of at least 49 or more hours a week far above the 12.5 per cent and 16 per cent rates reported in Britain and the US respectively.全职员工是承受导致过劳死的压力最严重的。日本约21%的全职员工平均每周至少工作49小时，远远高于英国（12.5%）和美国（16%）的比例。美大选第二场辩论 特朗普重新站稳脚跟Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump traded insults in a bitterly contentious second debate that saw the Republican regain some of his footing following a disastrous two weeks that had threatened to derail his populist campaign for the White House.希拉里克林顿(Hillary Clinton)与唐纳德特朗普(Donald Trump)在火药味儿浓厚的第二场辩论中展开了互相攻击。共和党候选人在此次辩论中重新找回了一些立足之地，此前灾难性的两周险些破坏他的民粹主义总统竞选活动。After declining to shake hands as they came on stage, the candidates launched into some of the most acrimonious and personal exchanges seen on a presidential debate stage as they questioned each others fitness to serve as president.两位候选人站上台时均拒绝握手，接着他们发表了总统辩论阶段出现的一些最激烈和私人化言论，双方均质疑对方是否适合担任总统。Mrs Clinton attacked her rival over the 2005 video where he discussed groping women in vulgar language, while Mr Trump vowed to appoint a special prosecutor to investigate her email scandal.希拉里就特朗普2005年的视频对他发起攻击，特朗普在视频中用粗俗言语讨论猥亵妇女。而特朗普则发誓要任命特别检察官调查希拉里的电子邮件丑闻。Mrs Clinton said the video, which emerged on Friday, was more evidence that Mr Trump disrespected women and lacked the temperament to be president. Defending his words as “locker room talk,” Mr Trump denied having assaulted any women, and sought to turn the tables on her husband, Bill Clinton, accusing the former president of being one of the worst abusers of women.希拉里说上周五公布的视频进一步证明特朗普不尊重女性，缺乏总统气质。特朗普辩解自己那些话是“更衣室聊天”，他否认曾对任何妇女动手，并试图将矛头转向希拉里的丈夫比尔克林顿(Bill Clinton)，指责这位前总统是最糟糕的妇女猥亵者之一。“If you look at Bill Clinton, far worse. Mine were words and his were action,” Mr Trump said.特朗普说：“如果你看看比尔克林顿，他更糟糕。我只是说说，他却付诸行动。”In heated exchanges on subjects from healthcare and tax policy to how the US should respond to the humanitarian crisis in Syria, Mrs Clinton repeatedly tried to rile her opponent as she had successfully done in the first debate.二人就医疗保健、税收政策，以及美国应如何应对叙利亚人道主义危机等问题展开激烈讨论，希拉里不断试图激怒她的对手，就如她在第一场辩论中成功做到的。But Mr Trump was more disciplined than he had been two weeks ago. While Mrs Clinton argued that he was temperamentally unfit to be president, he focused on a core argument for his campaign team: that after 30 years in public service his rival is the epitome of the political status quo.但特朗普这次比两周前表现得更有条不紊。虽然希拉里称他根本不适合担任总统，他依然锁定其竞选团队的核心论点：希拉里在担任了30年公职后，已成为政治现状的缩影。“She doesnt do anything about anything other than talk. With her, its all talk and no action,” Mr Trump said, resurrecting a line he often uses at campaign rallies.特朗普重弹起他在竞选集会上的老调：“她对所有事除了说，什么都不做。她只会说，却没有动作。”Mr Trump has been under intense pressure since the release on Friday of an Access Hollywood video, in which the former star of The Apprentice boasted in coarse language about trying to have sex with married women, groping women against their will, and claiming that beautiful women liked to kiss him just because he was a star. He also faced criticism after separate audio recordings captured him telling a shock jock that it was fine to call his daughter Ivanka a “piece of ass”.自上周五一段走进好莱坞(Access Hollywood)的视频曝光后，特朗普一直处于巨大压力之下。视频中，这位学徒(The Apprentice)节目前明星用粗俗的语言吹嘘自己试图与已婚妇女发生关系，违背意志对她们“动手动脚”，并声称，漂亮女人喜欢吻他，就因为他是一个明星。还有一份曝光他对一名电台主持人表示可以称自己的女儿伊万卡(Ivanka)为“巨臀美人”的录音也招致了批评。He apologised for his vulgar words in a video statement released late on Friday night. But at the same time, he suggested that his words were less egregious than Mr Clintons past sexual scandals, and accused Mrs Clinton of bullying her husbands “victims”.特朗普在上周五深夜发布的一段视频声明中对自己的下流言论作出了道歉。但同时，他表示，自己的言论不比克林顿昔日的性丑闻出格，并指责希拉里对自己丈夫的“受害者”进行恐吓。Shortly before the debate, Mr Trump held a short press conference with three women who have accused Mr Clinton of sexual abuse, including Juanita Broaddrick, who has accused him of rape a charge that the former president has denied. The women were in the audience for the debate, as were both candidates families.此次辩论开始前不久，特朗普与三名曾指控遭到克林顿性侵的女性一起举行了简短的新闻发布会。她们中包括指控克林顿强奸的胡安妮塔布罗德里克(Juanita Broaddrick)，但该指控已被这位前总统否认。这几名女性都坐在此次辩论的观众席中，两位候选人的家人也坐在台下。Mr Trump did not suffer significantly from the many controversial comments that he made over the past year, from describing Mexican immigrants as “rapists” to denigrating John McCain for being captured after he was shot down over Vietnam. But with only a month until the November 8 election, the video has sparked huge criticism, and forced many Republicans to withdraw their support for their presidential nominee. Several high-profile Republicans have also called on Mr Trump to withdraw from the race.过去一年，特朗普发表过许多有争议的言论从形容墨西哥移民为“强奸犯”到抹黑约翰麦凯恩(John McCain)在越南上空遭击落后被俘但这些都没有对他造成太大不利影响。但在距离11月8日大选仅剩一个月之际，这段视频引发了空前的批评，并迫使许多共和党人撤回对这位总统候选人的支持。多位共和党知名人士还呼吁特朗普退出大选。Mr Trump has fallen in the polls since the first debate when his performance was widely panned. Mrs Clinton skilfully got under his skin over everything from his refusal to release his tax returns to his description of a former Latina beauty queen as “Miss Piggy” and “Miss Housekeeping”.自第一次辩论以来，特朗普的民调支持率已经下滑，他在首辩中的表现受到了广泛批评。希拉里却巧妙地抓住了特朗普的多处软肋从他拒绝公开自己的纳税申报单到曾把一位前拉丁选美皇后称为“猪小姐”和“家务小姐”。Jana: So Peter, you also learned English as a foreign language, right?嘉娜：彼得，你也是把英语作为一门外语来学习，对吧？Peter: Thats right, yes.彼得：没错。Jana: Its not your first language? So how did you do it?嘉娜：英语不是你的母语？你是怎么学习的？Peter: Thats a good question. When I think back, I think, I try to think about the things that helped me most and I think it was a funny combination of things. I had one really interesting English teacher, she was really strict, but she was really interesting and I think she inspired me in some ways because her English was so good and I thought wow thats really great. I wouldnt mind being able to be as good as her. The other thing that really helped me was reading like I really read so much in English. I think you mentioned, I remember you saying that too at some other point.彼得：这是个很好的问题。回想一下，我想对我帮助最大的应该是各种事情有趣的事情。我的英语老师非常风趣，她很严格，不过她真的很风趣，我想从某些方面来说，是她激励了我，因为她的英语非常棒，我当时想“哇，真是太好了”。我希望我的英语能和她的一样棒。另外阅读对我帮助也很大，我读了很多英语作品。我想你之前提到过，我记得你也说过这点。Jana: Yeah, I think so too. I read a lot, not because I wanted to learn but because I like reading and so I read in English and later on I realized I must have learned a lot of vocabulary and things that I didnt even realize I learned.嘉娜：对，我也记得。我读了很多书，不是因为我想学习，而是因为我喜欢阅读，所以我看了很多英语书籍，后来我发现这让我学会了很多词汇和其他知识，我都没有意识到我其实是在学习。Peter: I think yes.彼得：对。Jana: Just through reading.嘉娜：通过阅读学习。Peter: Yeah, the same thing happened to me. My home had so many books in it, I was lucky I guess in that way and at least half of them were in English and when I discovered that there were books in the house that I couldnt get into and I was really into stories and reading, I felt so angry that I couldnt get into them so I said OK Ill start try and read them and I guess it started off there because then I started reading so much and it was really good for me in the end, I think.彼得：对，我和你情况一样。我妈妈有很多书，我想我非常幸运，其中至少有一半的书是英语书籍，我家里有那些书，可是我发现我竟然看不进去，可是我非常喜欢看故事，也喜欢阅读。所以我因为自己看不进去这些书而感到非常生气，我想“好，我要试着读这些书”，我想就是从那时开始，我阅读了大量的英语书籍，这对我非常有帮助。Jana: So that was your motivation, you wanted to read those mysterious books?嘉娜：阅读那些神秘的书籍是你的动力吗？Peter: Yes and it was really good for me that way I guess.彼得：对，我想这对我帮助很大。Jana: Thats interesting. You see people ask me how did I learn English. I didnt really have a plan, I just enjoyed English thats why I studied in my free time but I didnt think of it as something I have to do, I just did it for fun.嘉娜：真有意思。有人问我怎么学习英语。我其实并没有计划，我只是喜欢英语，所以我在空闲时间学习，但是我不认为这是我必须要做的事情，我只是为了兴趣而学习。Peter: I think so too for me. Also in high school I remember my classmates complaining about all the homework in English and they couldnt do it and they used to come to me for help and then I thought but hang on its not, it doesnt feel like work to me, it just feels like something kind of fun.彼得：我想我也是这样。我记得上高中时，同学们都抱怨英语作业，他们都做不了作业，然后他们就会来寻求我的帮助，当时我并不认为这是工作，我认为这是很有意思的事。Jana: Thats right.嘉娜：没错。Peter: But I cant tell you where that fun started. I guess it has something to do with being curious about things that are written or said. Do you think so?彼得：不过我也说不清是从何时开始产生兴趣的。我想可能是因为我很好奇那些书里写了什么吧。你也这样想吗？Jana: Yeah, I also sort of remember when I first became interested in English but later on when I met some people from different countries, I became more interested in communicating with them and, like you said, my teacher also inspired me. I enjoyed just chatting to her in English.嘉娜：对，我记得我第一次对英语产生兴趣也是因为这样，后来我遇到了很多来自不同国家的人，我想和他们进行交流，如你所说，我的老师也激励了我。我非常喜欢和她用英语聊天。Peter: Really?彼得：真的吗？Jana: Yeah, it was basically fun. It was not studying hard for me.嘉娜：对，很有意思。对我来说，这并不是努力学习。Peter: Yeah, I suppose its the same for me I think