英语段落写作

PartfourTheparagraph,IstructureandtypesofparagraphsIIBasicrequirementsofparagraphsIIICommonwaysofparagraphdevelopments,Definitionofparagraph,Aparagraphisanaturalcomponentofacompletearticle.Aparagraphisrelativelyself-independentinstructureandidea.Soaparagraphisoftenregardedasamini-essay.,Istructureandtypesofparagraphs,Aparagraphisgenerallycomposedofthreeparts:Topicsentence-indicatingthemainideaSupportingsentence-helpexplainingthemainideaConcludingsentence-makingaconclusion,anditisoftennecessarytolinkwiththetopicsentence,Structureofaparagraph,TopicsentenceSupportingsentenceSupportingsentenceSupportingsentenceSupportingsentenceConcludingsentence,Typesofparagraphs,IntroductoryparagraphBodyparagraph/supportingparagrapha:paragraphwithatopicsentenceb:paragraphwithoutatopicsentenceConclusiveparagraph(notallaritcleshavetheirconclusivepara.s,exceptessaysandresearchpapers)Transitionalparagraph(Itfunctionstransitionbetweentwoparagraphs.Itusuallyretrospectsandsummerizestheformerpara.sandsuggeststhefollowingones),Sample1para.Withatopicsentence,Changesinthepricesofgoodscancausechangesinproductionandconsumption.Productionincreaseswhenthepricesarehigh.Asthpricesofgoodsgoup,producersmakemoregoodsbecausebecausetheycanmakemoremoneywhentheysellthegoods.Ontheotherhand,consumptionincreaseswhenthepricesarelow.Asthepricesofgoodsofgoodsgodown,consumersbuymoregoodsbecauseofthelowprices.,Sample2para.withoutatopicsentence,Theaveragepopulationdencityoftheworldis47personspersquaremile.ContinentaldencitieswangefromnopermanentinhabitantsinAntarcticato211persquaremileinEurope.Inthewesternhemisphere,populationdencitiesrangefrom4persquaremileinCanadato675persquaremileinPuertoRico.InEuropetherangeisfrom4persquaremileinIcelandto831persquaremiletheNetherlands.Withincountriestherearewidevariationsofpopulationdencities.Forexample,inEgypt,theaverageis55personspersquaremile,but1,300personsinhabiteachsquaremileinsettledportionswherethelandisarable.,Sample3para.Withoutatopicsentence,Theroomislocatedonthefifthfloorofthehighbuilding.Onethirdofitstotalflooristakenupbyadoublebed.Facingit,inthecornerbehindthedoor,standsacupboardloadedwithpots,bowls,dishes,bottles,andflour.Adeskcompletelyfillsthegapbetweenthebedandthewallwiththewindow.Behindthedeskisachair,theonlyoneintheroom;anditalmosttouchestheboxesandtrunkspiledagainstthewallontheoppositeside.,1howtowritethetopicsentence,Threepoints:(1)atopicsentencemustbeacompletesentence,ratherthanasentencefragment.(2)atopicsentencecomesintwoparts,topicwords(indicatingobjecttobediscussed)andexpressionofthesis(indicatingtheparticularaspectofthethesis).E.g.TheWomenMovementhashadseveraleffectsontheEnglishlanguage.(3)atopicsentencecanbeneithertoogeneralnortoospecific.Positionofthetopicsentence:topicsentencecanbeputinthebeginning,inthemiddleandattheendofaparagraph.Itdependshowtheparagraphisdeveloped.Forexample,ifaparagraphisdevelopedbydeductivemethod,thetopicsentenceisoftenputinthebeginning;ifaparagraphdevelopedbycomparativeorcontrtastivemethod,thetopicsentenceputinthemiddle;andifbyconductivemethod,thetopicsentenceputintheend.,2Howtowritesupportingsentences,Supportingsentencesaretheextensionandspecificationofthetopicsentence.Basicrequirements：A:inthemeaning,supportivetothetheme;specificandtypicalB:intheformandalsointhemeaning,coherenceandproperorganizationC:necessaryquantitiesofsupportingmaterials,Sample4aparagraph,Anotherproblemfacinganumberofelderlypeopleislivingonareducedincome.Uponretiring,oldpeoplemayreceiveapensionfromtheircompanyofSocialSecurityfromthegovernment.Theamountoftheirchecksifoftenhalftheamountthecheckstheyreceivedwhentheywereemployed.Suddenly,retireesfindthattheycannolongercontinuethelife-stylethattheyhadbecomeaccustomedto,eventhelife-stylewasamodestone.Manyfind,afterpayingtheirmonthlybills,thatthereisnomoneyleftforamovieoradinnerout.Ofcourse,sometimestheycantgooutbecauseoftheirhealth.Maybetheyhavearthritisorrheumatismanditispainfulforthemtomovearound.Thiscanalsochangetheirlife-style.Someoldpeople,however,discoverthatthesmallamountofmoneytheyreceivewillnotevencovertheirmonthlybills.Theyrealizewithhorrorthatelectricity,atelephone,andnourishingfoodfoodareluxuriestheycannolongerafford.Theyresorttoshiveringinthedark,eatingcatfoodinordertomakeendsmeet.,3howtowriteaconcludingsentence,3rulesA:obviousindicationoftheendingoftheparagraph,somesignalwordsforending:insummaryinaword;inbrief;inconclusion;toconclude;inshort;inotherwordsB:summerizationoremphasisonthemainideatomaketheideamoreimpressive,Sampleconcludingsentencesinwritingtests,1.Takingintoaccountofallthesefactors,wemayreachtheconclusionthat_.2.Allreliableevidencespointtoonesaying,thatis_.3.Forthereasonspresentedabove,Istronglycommittothenotionthat_.4.Whileitistruethat_,Ithinkthat_.5.GiventhefactorsIhavejustoutlined,Icanonlysaythat_.6.Thisisnottosaythat_.Butintermsof_,itis_.7.Therefore,itiseasytodrawtheconclusionthat_.8.Recognizingthefactthat_shoulddriveustoconcludethat_.9.Toputallintoanutshell,I_.10.Inaword,Isupportthestatementthatitisbetterto_because,IIbasicrequirementsofpara.writing,UnityCompletenesscoherence,Unity,Allsentencesinapara.shouldservetosupportthemainideaandirrelevantsentencesshouldbeavoided.sample1JoeandIdecidedtotakethelongtripwedalwayswantedacrossthecountry.Wewerelikeyoungkidsbuyingourcamperandstockingitwithallthenecessitiesoflife.Bellabakesthebestrhubarb（食用大黄）pie.WestartedoutinearlyspringfromMinneapolisandheadedwestacrossthenorthernpartofthecountry.Webothenjoyedthosepeoplewemetatthetrailerpark.Joereceivedawatchathisretirementdinner.Tooursurprise,wefoundthatwelikedthewarmsouthernregionsverymuch,andsowedecidedtostayhereinNewMexico.,Sample2,MynameisRoseanna,andIliketokeepphysicallyfit.Iusedtoweightwohundredpounds,butIjoinedtheYMCAforanexerciseclassanddietprogram.InoneyearIlosteightypounds.Ifeelmuchbetterandneverwanttohavethatmuchweightonmyfive-feetframeagain.Iboughttwonewsuitcaseslastweek.EverydayIpracticejoggingthreemiles,swimmingfifteenlaps,liftingtwenty-poundweightsandplayingtennisforonehour.Mymotherwasaprematurebaby.,completeness,Completenessmeansaclearandsufficienttreatmentofthemainideaoftheparagraph.Sample1:Physicalworkcanbeausefulformoftherapyforamindinturmoil.Workconcentratesyourthoughtsonaconcretetask.Besides,itismoreusefultowork-youproducesomethingratherthanmoreanxietyordepression.Noclearanswerisgiventohowphysicalworkisausefulformoftherapyforamindinturmoil.,Sample1,Itisnotalwaystruethatagoodpictureisworthathousandwords.Oftenwritingismuchclearerthanapicture.Itissometimesdifficulttofigureoutwhatapicturemeans,butacarefulwritercanalmostalwaysexplainit.段首句所表达的主题思想是一种看法，必须有具体事例加以验证。上述两个推展句只是在文字上对主题作些解释，整个段落内容空洞，简而不明。如果用一两个具体的例子的话，就可以把主题解释清楚了,Improved,Itisnotalwaystruethatapictureisworthathousandwords.Sometimes,picturesareprettyuselessthings.Ifyoucantswimandfallintheriverandstartgulpingwater,willyoubebetterofftoholdupapictureofyourselfdrowning,orstartscreamingHelp?Theideabecomesmorepersuasiveandconvincingwhensupportedbyconcreteexamples.,coherence,Twosides:1)coherenceinthoughts(logicalrelationinidea)2)coherenceinform(useofnecessarytransitionalwordsorphrases),1）coherenceinthoughts,commonlogicalorganizationsofthoughts:AchronologicalarrangementB.spatialarrangementC.arrangementofimportanceD.general-to-specificarrangementE.specific-to-generalarrangement,Achronologicalarrangement,Wehadanumberofclosecallsthatday.Whenwerose,itwasobviouslylateandwehadtohurrysoasnottomissbreakfast;weknewthediningroomstaffwasstrictaboutclosingatnineoclock.Then,whenwehadbeendrivinginthedesertfornearlytwohours-itmusthavebeenclosetonoon-theheatnearlyhidusin;theradiatorboiledoverandwehadtousemostofourdrinkingwatertocoolitdown.Bythetimewereachedthemountain,itwasfouroclockandwewereexhausted.Here,judgementranoutofusandwestartedthetoughclimbtothesummit,notrealizingthatdarknesscamesuddenlyinthedesert.Sureenough,bysixwewerestrugglingandAndrewverynearlywentdownasteepcliff,draggingMohammedandmealongwithhim.Bynine,whenthewindhowledacrosstheflatledgeofthesummit,weknewasweshiveredtogetherforwarmththatithadnotbeenourluckyday.Signalwordsfortimerose“,nottomissbreakfast,closingatnineoclock)，thenclosetonoon，andBynine-“.,B.spatialarrangement,Fromadistance,itlookedlikeaskinnytube,butaswegotcloser,wecouldseeitfleshoutbeforeoureyes.Itwastubular,allright,butfatterthanwecouldseefromfaraway.Furthermore,wewerealsoastonishedtonoticethatthebuildingwasreallyintwoparts:apagodasittingontopofatubularone-storystructure.Standingtenfeetaway,wecouldmarvelathowmuchofthepagodawasmadeupofglasswindows.AlmosteverythingunderthewonderfulChineseroofwasmadeofglass,unlikethetubethatitwassittingon,whichonlyhadfour.Inside,thetubewasgloomy,becauseofthelackoflight.Thenasteep,narrowstaircasetookusupinsidethepagodaandthelightchangeddramatically.Allthosewindowsletinafloodofsunshineandwecouldseeoutformilesacrosstheflatland.Signalwordsforspace,fromadistance“,getcloser，tenfeetaway，lastlyinsidethepagoda“,C.arrangementofimportance,Ifyouworkasasodajerker,youwill,ofcourse,notneedmuchskillinexpressingyourselftobeeffective.Ifyouworkonamachine,yourabilitytoexpressyourselfwillbeoflittleimportance.Butassoonasyoumoveonestepupfromthebottom,youreffectivenessdependsonyourabilitytoreachothersthroughthespokenorthewrittenword.Andthefurtherawayyourjobisfrommanualwork,thelargertheorganizationofwhichyouareanemployee,themoreimportantitwillbethatyouknowhowtoconveyyourthoughtsinwritingorspeaking.Intheverylargebusinessorganization,whetheritisthegovernment,thelargecorporation,ortheArmy,thisabilitytoexpressoneselfisperhapsthemostimportantofalltheskillsamancanpossess.这一段谈的是表达能力，它的重要性与职业，身份有关，从notneedmuchskill或oflittleimportance到moreimportant，最后是mostimportant。,Dgeneral-to-specificarrangement）,Ifareaderislost,itisgenerallybecausethewriterhasnotbeencarefulenoughtokeephimonthepath.Thiscarelessnesscantakeanynumberofforms.Perhapsasentenceissoexcessivelyclutteredthatthereader,hackinghiswaythroughtheverbiage,simplydoesntknowwhatitmeans.Perhapsasentencehasbeensoshoddilyconstructedthatthereadercouldreaditinanyofseveralways.Perhapsthewriterhasswitchedtenses,orhasswitchedpronounsinmid-sentence,sothereaderlosestrackofwhentheactiontookplaceorwhoistalking.PerhapssentenceBisnotlogicalsequeltosentenceA-thewriter,inwhoseheadtheconnectionisclear,hasnotbotheredtoprovidethemissinglink.Perhapsthewriterhasusedanimportantwordincorrectlybynottakingthetroubletolookitup.Hemaythinkthatsanguineandsanguinarymeanthesamething,butthedifferenceisabloodybigone.Thereadercanonlyinferwhatthewriteristryingtoimply.这一段谈的是awriterscarelessness，先给出一个generalstatement作为主题句，然后通过5个perhaps加以例证。,E.specific-to-generalarrangement,IdonotunderstandwhypeopleconfusemySiamesecat,Prissy,withtheoneIhadseveralyearsago,Henry.Thetwocatsareonlyalikeinbreed.Prissy,aquiet,femininefeline,lovesmedearlybutnotpossessively.Shelikestokeepherdistancefrompeople,exertherindependenceandisneversorudeastobeg,lick,orsniffunceremoniously.Herusualpostureissittingupright,eyesclosed,perfectlystill.Prissyisaverypropercat.Henry,ontheotherhand,lovedmedearlybutpossessively.Hewasmyshadowfrommorningtillnight.Heexpectedmetoconstantlyentertainhim.Henrynevercaredwhosawhimdoanything,whetheritwasdecorousornot,andheusuallyoffendedmyfriendsinsomeway.Thecatmadehimselfquitecomfortable,onthetopofthetelevision,acrossstrangersfeetorlaps,inbeds,drawers,sacks,closets,ornooks.Thedifferencebetweenthemisimperceptibletostrangers.本段的主题句是段首句，它仅提出一个问题：为什么两只猫会被搞混。然后对两者进行比较，末句才下结论。,2）coherenceinform,Thelogicofarticleisoftenrealizedwiththehelpoftransitionalwords：Waltersgoalinlifewastobecomeasuccessfulsurgeon.First,though,hehadtogetthroughhighschool,soheconcentratedallhiseffortsonhisstudies-inparticular,biology,chemistry,andmath.Becauseheworkedconstantlyonthesesubjects,Walterbecameproficientinthem;however,Walterforgotthatheneededtomasterothersubjectsbesidesthosehehadchosen.Asaresult,duringhisjunioryearofhighschool,WalterfailedbothEnglishandLatin.Consequently,hehadtorepeatthesesubjectsandhewasalmostunabletograduateonschedule.Finally,onJune6,Walterachievedthefirststeptowardrealizinghisgoal.,Sampleanalysis,本文中起承上启下的词语有两种，一种是转换词语(transitionalwordsorphrases)，另一种是起转换作用的其他连接手段(linkingdevices)。前者依次有：first,though,so,inparticular,and,because,however,besides,asaresult,bothand,consequently,and,finally.后者依次是：he,he,his,his,he,these,them,he,those,his,he,these,his.本段共有词汇105个，所使用的转换词语及其他连接用语共26个词，约占该段总词汇量的四分之一。由此可见，掌握好transitions对行文的流畅(smoothness)很有裨益。,Sample,Speakingandwritingaredifferentinmanyways.Speechdependsonsounds.Writinguseswrittensymbols.Speechdevelopedabout500000yearsago.Writtenlanguageisarecentdevelopment.Itwasinventedonlyaboutsixthousandyearsago.Speechisusuallyinformal.Thewordchoiceofwritingisoftenrelativelyformal.Pronunciationandaccentoftentellwherethespeakerisfrom.Pronunciationandaccentareignoredinwriting.Astandarddictionandspellingsystemprevailsinthewrittenlanguageofmostcountries.Speechreliesongesture,loudness,andriseandfallofthevoice.Writinglacksgesture,loudnessandtheriseandfallofthevoice.Carefulspeakersandwritersareawareofthedifferences.,revision,Speakingandwritingaredifferentinmanyways.Speechdependsonsounds;writing