多元文化课件2.ppt

,Topioc：CanadianDiversity:immigration,immigrationpolicy,andChineseimmigrantsIndigenousissuesQuebecissues,ImmigrationanddiversityAboriginalpeoples:relativestable(slowingrising)Chartergroups:decliningEthnicminorities:increasing,esp.visibleminoritiesPopulationofethnicgroups:8%in1867,36%in2001（withvisibleminoritybeing13%）Politicshasbeenshapedbyimmigrationandracialrelations.,Somefactsaboutdiversity:Foreign-born:18%in2001(16%in1990)Over200ethnicgroups(overamillion-German,Italian,ChineseUkrainian,Native)Over100languagesasamothertongueEthniccompositionin1986:British-onethird,French-slightlybelowaquarter,other-slightlyoveronethird,Native-3%),Trend:ethnicgroupsontherise,Chartergroupsdecline,Nativesstable.81%CanadiansthinkMCpositively(Theyounger,themorepositive),ImmigrationinCanadaanddemographicchangeEarlysettlementintheEast:French(NewFrance),British(inCoastalregions),Germans(inBritisharmy),Arcadians(deported),Black(run-awayslaves),GoldrushandconstructionofCPR:Largescalewhiteimmigrants,comingofvisibleminoritiesOpeninginterior:LargescalewhiteimmigrantsfromEurope(Ukrainians,Jews,Italians,Poles,Germans,Hutterite,Mennonite,Doukhabors(religiousgroupsfleeingpersecution),Russians,AftertheWWII:After1967pointsystem:influxofvisibleminoritiesimmigrantsChangeofimmigrationcomposition:Table1,MajorchangeinCanadianimmigrationhistoryUntil1947:preferredtreatmentgiventoBritishsubjects.1949:preferredtreatmentwasbroadenedtoincludeFrance1951:furtherbroadenedtoincludeNWEuropeancountries1952:ImmigrationAct:continuationofpreferrednationalities1962:removalof“preferredtreatment”regulations,putemphasisoneducationandskills.1967:ImmigrationAct:introductionofpointsystem,applicabletoallimmigrants,linkingimmigrationtolabormarketneeds.,1976:ImmigrationAct:(startingin1978)Parliamentisrequiredtoannounceimmigrationlevelsforsubsequentyear(s),basedonconsultationwithprovincialleaders.1983:immigrationlevelslinkedtoeconomicconditions.1985:The“restrictedoccupationlist”wasintroduced.1987:Quebecassumesalargerroleinreceptionofimmigrants.1988:broadentherulesfor“familyclass”toincludeextendedfamilymembers,e.g.,cousinsandaunts.1989:anewsystemfordealingwithrefugeeclaimstoclearthebacklog,(100,000onthewaitinglist).,Refugeeadmittance:1956:Hungarianrevoltrefugee,BritishduringtheSuezcrisis.1968:Czechs(SpringofPrague)1972:AsiansexpelledfromUganda1979:Vietnameseboatpeople(60,000).1981:PolesduringtheMartialLaw1989:clearrefugeebacklog(100,000onthewaitinglist).1999:refugeefromKosovo.1990s:yearlyaverage:30,000to40,000.,ChineseimmigrantsinCanadaFirstappearance:1770sFirstimmigrants:1857Largegroups:Goldrush,CPRTable2SpecialpolicyforChineseimmigrants,55,787Chinesepaidheadtax($10-50-100-500),enoughtobuildanotherCPR.(2005:symboliccompensationtoChinesecommunity8$/person.)1923-1947:ChineseExclusionLaw,1947:repealofExclusionLaw1949:citizenrightsgrantedAfter1950s:familyreunions,sexbalance,communitygrowthAfter1967:professionals,technical,independentimmigrants,fastincreasedAfter1997:replaceHKasNo.1immigrationsourcecountryTable3DiscriminationsagainstChinese,Populationgrowth1911:27,7741921:39,5871931:46,5191951:32,538(afterExclusionLaw)1971:11.8万1981：29万1986:40万1991：61万2001：100万,comparisonbetweenoldandnewChinesecommunitiesinCanadaold:uneducated,bachelors（male-femaleratio:1914-20:1;1951-6:1;1971-1.08:1;1981-1:1）new:professionals,families,genderbalanced,Now:largestethnicgroup,largestlanguageotherthanEng.andFr.,FamousChinese-Canadians武冰枝，郑天华，林思奇，谢培智，何万成，JerryMa,YoyoMa,.Prof.PeterLi（李胜生）,insportsandart,mainlyinscienceandtech,entrepreneurs,professionals,andacademics.Profsineveryuniversity,inmostdepartments.,ContributionsCPR,restaurants,Chinatowns,DuringtheWars(500soldiers)economicdevelopment,culturalenrichment,IndigenousissuesTerms：AboriginalPeoples,Natives,Indigenous,FirstNations,FirstPeoples,Keyconcepts:Treatyrights,indigenousrights,self-determination,self-government,constitutionalrights(after1982),LegalDimensions:1StatusIndians:Population:553,316(1999,expectedtoincreaseto750,000by2005)Representativeorg:AssemblyofFirstNationsCriteria:a)registeredbythegov.,b)affiliationtooneof605bands,c)entitledtoresidenceonreserveland,d)jurisdictionundertheIndianAct.Highestprofiledinnationalpolitics5billion$/yearfinancialsupportbasedontreatyandfiduciaryresponsibilities,2Non-StatusIndians:Popu.:unknown,fluctuatingbw75,000and750,000,dependingondefinitionNotreatyrightsRepresentativeorg.:CongressoftheAboriginalPeoples,3Metis:Popu.:210,000;Lackofjudicialrecognition,lackoforiginaloccupancyRepresentativeorg.:MetisNationalCouncil,4.Inuit:Popu.:41,000Representativeorg.:InuitTabirisat(associationofvariousInuitleaders)ConcentrationinNunavutAllAboriginalpopu:overamillion,(3.7%ofCanadiantotalin2001).,Social-economicStatus:Atthebottomofsociety,onsomereserves,95%liveonwelfareorunemploymentbenefits,Only20%finishsecondaryschooling,birthrate70%higher,onethirdofthechildrenunder15liveinoneparentfamily,infantmortalityrate60%higher,80%deathsrelatedtoalcohol,threequartersofmaleshavebeenimprisoned,suiciderateveryhigh.,Aboriginalpolicy:Table4.StagesandMilestones,Accommodation:(before1820)ColonialPeriod:NewFrance:Furtrade,peacefulandcooperativeBritishRoyalProclamationof1763:recognizedAboriginality,referredtoAboriginalsforthefirsttimeinpolicy,as“nationswithin,”jurisdictionoverland,nation-to-nationstatus,Supremecourtruling:Britishprotectiveroledoesnoteliminateaboriginalrightsbutreinforcetheirstatusasadistinctcommunitywithexclusiveauthoritywithintheirborder.Significance:basisforcontemporaryaboriginal-federalrelations,Before1812:Mainaim:Americans,French;fosteringallieswithAboriginalsAfter1912War,CrownassertedsovereigntyoverlandandpeoplewithoutAboriginalpeoplesconsent.,Assimilation(1867-1945)Post-Confederationperiod:BNAof1867(firstconstitution):enshrinedBritishsovereigntyoverAboriginallandandpeopleCanadaignoredAboriginalissues,paternalism,assimilationpolicyforIndianproblem,civilizing,ChristianizingthroughResidentialschools,eliminatingculturesandlanguagesfromchildhood,11treaties(1871-1923),establishingasystemofreserves,GradualEnfranchisementActof1869:tryingtoeliminatingIndianstatusthroughenfranchisement,“NoMoreIndians”IndianActof1876:speciallawtocontrol,govern,andassimilateIndians,regulateeveryaspectofIndianlife,divideandruleforoveracenturyResidentialSchoolSystem:KilltheIndiansinChildhoodResult:failure,Integration:(1945-73)RiseofHumanrights,UNconventions,internationalembarrassment,Aboriginalservicecostly,failureledtorethinkingIndianaffairs,fromisolationtointegration,WhitePaperof1969(HawthornReport):suggestingeliminatingspecialstatus,normalizingrelationswithaboriginals,abolishingIndianActandtreatyprivileges,transferringpowertoprovince,Aboriginalresponses:“suigeneric”(uniqueness,beingdifferentfromanyother)relationswithfederalgov.,ThenationalIndianBrotherhood,IndiancontrolofIndianeducationResult:WhitePapernotimplemented,Devolution(1973-1990)Calderdecisionin1973:federalgovagreedtoexpandAboriginaljurisdictionovertheiraffaires,basedonself-determinationprinciple,Aboriginalstartedtotakeinitiatestochangegovpolicyagenda,1982Constitution:entrenchAboriginalrightsfromcommonlawtoconstitutionalrights,strengthenlegalpositionforpreferentialtreatmentandfurthernegotiation,“nationswithinstate”,(secessionnotlegitimized),1986:devolutionprogramofcommunity-based,municipal-styleself-government,towardself-sufficiency,nowmanycommunitiesestablishedself-gov.,(now82%offederalprogramexpenditurewasadministeredbyAboriginalgov).;gov-togovrelations,result:progressslow,Conditionalautonomy(since1990)1990OkaCrisis:civildisobedience,govre