语言学教程 chapter6ppt课件

1,.,认知语言学,2,.,含义渊源基本理论应用,3,.,WhatisCognition?,Mentalprocesses,informationprocessingMentalprocessorfacultyofknowing,includingawareness,perception,reasoning,andjudgment.,4,.,CognitiveLinguistics,Cognitionisthewaywethink.Cognitivelinguisticsisthescientificstudyoftherelationbetweenthewaywecommunicateandthewaywethink.Itisanapproachtolanguagethatisbasedonourexperienceoftheworldandthewayweperceiveandconceptualizeit.,5,.,含义：,Categorization（范畴化）：Theprocessofclassifyingourexperiencesintodifferentcategoriesbasedoncommonalitiesanddifferences范畴：指事物在认知中的归类,6,.,层次：,basiclevelsuperordinatelevelsubordinatelevel.,7,.,BasicCategory（基本范畴）,含义：特征,8,.,superordinateCategory,含义,9,.,subordinateCategory,含义,10,.,BasiclevelSuperordinatelevelAnimalHorseDogCatChihuahuaGermandachshundshepherdSubordinatelevelVerticalorganization,11,.,原型理论,Prototypes：thebestexamplesofacategory作用原形范畴的特点：成员之间享有家族相似性成员之间的地位不是平等的，具有中心成员和边缘成员之分,12,.,行为ThecastestructureofIndia,27,.,Pathschema,Involvesphysicalormetaphoricalmovementfromplacetoplace,andconsistsofastartingpoint,agoal,andaseriesofintermediatepoints.,28,.,Examples(English):Physical:Paths;TrajectoriesMetaphorical:Thepurpose-as-physical-goalmetaphor,asexpressedinthefollowingsentences:Tomhasgonealongwaytowardchanginghispersonality.Youhavereachedthemidpointofyourflighttraining.Shesjuststartingouttomakeherfortune.Janewassidetrackedinhersearchforself-understanding.,29,.,Scaleschema,Involvesanincreaseordecreaseofphysicalormetaphoricalamount,andconsistsofanyofthefollowing:Aclosed-oropen-endedprogressionofamountApositionintheprogressionofamountOneormorenormsofamountAcalibrationofamount,30,.,Examples:PhysicalamountsPropertiesinthenumbersystemEconomicentitiessuchassupplyanddemand,31,.,Verticalityschema,Involves“up”and“down”relations.Examples:StandinguprightClimbingstairsViewingaflagpoleWatchingwaterriseinatub,A,B,32,.,Metaphor,GeorgeLakoffandMarkJohnson(1980).MetaphorsWeLiveBy.UniversityofChicagoPress.,33,.,含义：,Metaphorsareactuallycognitivetoolsthathelpusstructureourthoughtsandexperiencesintheworldaroundus.Metaphorisaconceptualmapping,notalinguisticone,fromonedomaintoanother,notfromawordtoanother.,34,.,Targetdomain-whatisactuallybeingtalkedabout.Sourcedomain-thedomainusedasabasisforunderstandingtargetOntologicalcorrespondenceEpistemiccorrespondenceTargetdomainSourcedomain,RATIONALARGUMENT,WAR,35,.,完形心理基础,相似原则顺接原则,36,.,起源,需要是隐喻之母,37,.,类型-常规隐喻,含义：指隐喻意义已成为词汇的部分含义，已收入辞典中，成为约定俗成的字面含义。类型实体隐喻ontologicalmetaphor结构隐喻StructuralMetaphor方位隐喻OrientationalMetaphor,38,.,实体隐喻ontologicalmetaphor,含义：人们将抽象的和模糊的思想，感情，心理活动，事件，状态等无形的概念看做是具体的，有形的实体，因而可以对其进行谈论，量化，识别其特征及原因等。,39,.,例子:LIFEISAJOURNEY,40,.,41,.,结构隐喻StructuralMetaphor,含义：指以一种概念的结构来构造另一种概念，使两种概念相叠加，使谈论一种概念的各方面的词语用于谈论另一概念。,42,.,例子：ARGUMENTISWAR:Yourclaimsareindefensible.Heattackedeveryweakpointinmyargument.Hiscriticismswererightontarget.Idemolishedhisargument.Iveneverwonanargumentwithhim.Youdisagree?OK,shoot!Ifyouusethatstrategy,hellwipeyouout.Heshotdownallofmyarguments.,43,.,方位隐喻OrientationalMetaphor,含义：指参照空间方位而组建的一系列隐喻概念。,44,.,例子：MOREISUP,Thestockpriceskeeprisingthesedays.Thenumberoferrshemadeisincrediblylow.科学技术使农业生产逐年提高。,45,.,例子:HAPPYISUP;SADISDOWNThatboostedmyspiritsImfeelingdownImdepressedCONSCIOUSISUP;UNCONSCIOUSISDOWNWakeupHefellasleepHesunderhypnosis,46,.,类型-创新隐喻,文学隐喻-扩展隐喻科学中的隐喻：在科学理论的阐释中经常使用隐喻隐喻可以帮助科学家发明和发现新事物隐喻在科学中的命名功能,47,.,3.5Metonymy,Itisacognitiveprocessinwhichoneconceptualentity,thevehicle,providesmentalaccesstoanotherconceptualentity,thetarget,withinthesamedomain.,48,.,Twogeneralconceptualconfigurations:wholeICManditspart(s)partsofanICM.(1)WholeICManditspart(s)(i)Thing-and-PartICM,whichmayleadtotwometonymicvariants:WHOLETHINGFORAPARTORTHETHING:Americafor“UnitedStates”PARTOFATHNGFORTHEWHOLETHING:Englandfor“GreatBritain”,类型,49,.,(ii)ScaleICM.Scalesareaspecialclassofthingsandthescalarunitsarepartsofthem.Typically,ascaleasawholeisusedforitsupperendandtheupperendofascaleisusedtostandforthescaleasawhole:WHOLESCALEFORUPPERENDOFTHESCALE:Henryisspeedingagainfor“Henryisgoingtoofast.”UPPERENDOFASCALEFORWHOLESCALE:Howoldareyou?for“whatisyourage?”,50,.,(iii)ConstitutionICM.Itinvolvesmatter,materialorsubstanceswhichareseenasconstitutingathing.OBJECTFORMATERIALCONSTITUTINGTHEOBJECT:Ismellskunk.MATERIALCONSTITUTINGANOBJECTFORTHEOBJECT:woodfor“forest”,51,.,(iv)EventICM.Eventsmaybemetaphoricallyviewedasthingswhichmayhaveparts.WHOLEEVENTFORSUBEVENT:Billsmokedmarijuana.SUBEVENTFORWHOLEEVENT:MaryspeaksSpanish.,52,.,(v)Category-and-MemberICM.Acategoryanditsmembersstandinakindofrelation.CATEGORYFORAMEMBEROFTHECATEGORY:thepillfor“birthcontrolpill”MEMBEROFACATEGORYFORTHECATEGORY:aspirinfor“anypain-relievingtablet”,53,.,(vi)Cateory-and-PropertyICM.Propertiesmayeitherbeseenmetaphoricallyaspossessedobjects(PROPERTIESAREPOSSESSIONS)ormetonymicallyaspartsofanobject.CATEGORYFORDEFININGPROPERTY:jerkfor“stupidity”DEFNINGPROPERTYFORCATEGORY:blacksfor“blackpeople”,54,.,(vii)ReductionICM.AfinaltypeofaPARTFORWHOLEmetonymyisfoundinthereductionoftheformofasign.PARTOFAFORMFORTHEWHOLEFORM:crudefor“crudeoil”,55,.,(2)PartsofanICM(i)ActionICM.Itinvolvesavarietyofparticipantswhichmayberelatedtothepredicateexpressingtheactionortoeachother.AGENTFORACTION:toauthoranewbook;tobutcherthecowACTIONFORAGENT:writer,driver,56,.,INSTRUMENTFORACTION:toski,tohammerACTIONFORINSTRUMENT:pencilsharpener;screwdriverOBJECTFORACTION:toblanketthebed;todusttheroomACTIONFOROBJECT:thebestbites;theflightiswaitingtodepart,57,.,RESULTFORACTION:tolandscapethegardenACTIONFORRESULT:theproduction;theproductMANNERFORACTION:totiptoeintotheroomMEANSFORACTION:Hesneezedthetissueoffthetable.,58,.,TIMEFORACTION:tosummerinParisDESTINATIONFORMOTION:toporchthenewspaperINSTRUMENTFORAGENT:thepenfor“writer”,59,.,(ii)PerceptionICM.PerceptionplayssuchanoutstandroleinourcognitiveworldthatitmeritsanICMofitsown.Sinceperceptionsmayalsobeintentional,thePerceptionICMmaycross-classifywiththeActionICM.THINGPERCEIVEDFORPERCEPTION:Theregoesmykneefor“Theregoesthepaininmyknee”PERCEPTIONFORTHINGPERCEIVED:sightfor“thingseen”,60,.,(iii)CausationICM.Causeandeffectaresocloselyinterdependentthatoneofthemtendstoimplytheother.Moreover,theyprobablyaccountforthefactthatpeopleoftenconfusecausesandeffects.Inprinciple,thecausationICMmaygiverisetoreversiblemetonymies:CAUSEFOREFFECT:healthycomplexionfor“thegoodstateofhealthbringingabouttheeffectofhealthycomplexion”EFFECTFROCAUSE:slowroadfor“slowtrafficresultingfromthepoorstateoftheroad”,61,.,(iv)ProductionICM.Itinvolvesactionsinwhichoneoftheparticipantsisaproductcreatedbytheaction.Theproductionofobjectsseemstobeaparticularlysalienttypeofcausalaction.PRODUCTIONFORPRODUCT:IvegotaFordfor“car”,62,.,INSTRUMENTFORPRODUCT:Didyouhearthewhistle?For“itssound”PRODUCTFORINSTRUMENT:toturnuptheheatfor“theradiator”PLACEFORPROCUCTMADETHERE:china,mocha,camembert,63,.,(v)ControlICM.Itincludesacontrollerandapersonorobjectcontrolled.Itgivesrisetoreversiblemetonymicrelationships:CONTROLLERFORCONTROLLED:NixonbombedHanoi.CONTROLLEDFORCONTROLLER:TheMercedeshasarrived.,64,.,(vi)PossessionICM.ThepossessionICMmayleadtoreversiblemetonymies:POSSESSORFORPOSSESSED:Thatsmefor“mybus”;Iamparkedtherefor“Mycar”POSSESSEDFORPOSSESSOR:Hemarriedmoneyfor“personwithmoney”,65,.,(vii)ContainmentICM.Theimage-schematicsituationofcontainmentissobasicandwell-entrenchedthatitdeservestobetreatedasanICMofitsownamonglocationalrelations.CONTAINERFORCONTENTS:Thebottleissourfor“milk”CONTENTSFORCONTAINER:Themilktippedoverfor“themilkcontainertippedover”,66,.,(viii)LocationICMs.Placesareoftenassociatedwithpeoplelivingthere,well-knowninstitutionslocatedthere,eventswhichoccuroroccurredthereandgoodsproducedorshippedfromthere.Hence,wefindthefollowingmetonymies:PLACEFORINHABITANTS:Thewholetownshowedupfor“thepeople”INHABITANTSFORPLACE:TheFrenchhostedtheWorldCupSoccerGamesfor“France”,67,.,PLACEFORINSTITUTION:Cambridgewontpublishthebookfor“CambridgeUniversityPress”INSTITUTIONFORPLACE:IliveclosetotheUniversity.PLACEFOREVENT:Waterloofor“battlefoughtatWaterloo”EVENTFORPLACE:Battle,nameofthevillageinEastSussexwheretheBattleofHastingswasfought.,68,.,(ix)SignandReferenceICMs.Theyleadtometonymiescross-cuttingontologicalrealms.Insignmetonymy,a(word-)formstandforaconventionallyassociatedconcept;inreferencemetonymies,asign,conceptor(word-)formstandsfortherealthing.WORDSFORTHECONCEPTSTHEYEXPRESS:aself-contradictoryutterance,69,.,(x)ModificationICM.Itmainlyappliestovariantformsofasignapartfromreduction.SUBSTITUTEFORMFORORIGINALFORM:Doyoustillloveme?Yes,Ido.,70,.,隐喻和转喻对词汇发展的作用,词汇化：基本词义由于隐喻和转喻的作用发展了其他义项，而这些义项又由于反复使用而失去了其修辞特征，这种由修辞意义向字面意义转化过程及词汇化。例子：头,71,.,象似性,含义：所谓象似性是说语言的能指和所指之间，也即语言的形式和内容之间有一种必然联系。认知语言学中的相似性是指语言与思维的关系，即语言结构直接映照经验结构。,72,.,象似性,类型：隐喻相似性：指从一个概念投射到另一个概念，从一个认知域映射到另一个认知域的过程，包括认知语言的运用，隐喻概念体系等。拟象相似性：指语法结构映照认知结构的现象，即当一语言表达式（长短，顺序及构成成分之间的关系）与所表达的概念内容，经验有一致性时，我们就说这一表达式具有象似性质。,73,.,拟象相似性-类型：,顺序象似性：事件发生的时间顺序以及概念时间顺序与语言描述的线性顺序相对应。例子：Heope