Unit 1 跨文化.ppt

InterculturalCommunication,RationaleforstudyingInterculturalCommunication:1.Technologicaldevelopment2.Globalizationofeconomy3.Widespreadofpopulationmigration4.Developmentofmulticulturalism,Chapter1Culture,ChapterOutline,Culture,Anthropological,Intercultural,Formation,Characteristics,Subculture,Co-culture,Subgroup,TheNatureofCulture,CulturalIdentity,Definition,Definitions,Learned,Dynamic,Pervasive,Sociological,Integrated,adaptive,CultureswithinCulture,Characteristics,Psychological,I.DEFINITIONSOFCULTURE,1.DefiningCulturefromtheAnthropologicalPerspective2.DefiningCulturefromthePsychologicalPerspective3.DefiningCulturefromtheSociologicalPerspective4.DefiningCulturefromtheInterculturalPerspective5.OurDefinitionofCulture,1.DefiningCulturefromtheAnthropologicalPerspective,“Cultureconsistsofpatterns,explicitandimplicit,ofandforbehavioracquiredandtransmittedbysymbols,constitutingthedistinctiveachievementofhumangroups,includingtheirembodimentsinartifacts;theessentialcoreofcultureconsistsoftraditionalideas,especiallytheirattachedvalues”.-KroeberandKluckhohn,2.DefiningCulturefromthePsychologicalPerspective,Cultureisthecollectiveprogrammingofthemindwhichdistinguishesthemembersofonecategoryofpeoplefromanother.-GeertHofstede,3.DefiningCulturefromtheSociologicalPerspective,Cultureisdefinedasapatternoflearned,group-relatedperceptionincludingbothverbalandnonverballanguageattitudes,values,beliefsystem,disbeliefsystems,andbehavior.,-socialscientists,4.DefiningCulturefromtheInterculturalPerspective,Cultureisasystemofsharedbeliefs,values,customs,behavioursandartifactsthataretransmittedfromgenerationtogenerationthroughlearning.-BatesandPlog,5.OurDefinition,Wedefinecultureas“thedepositofknowledge,experience,beliefs,values,actions,attitudes,hierarchies,religions,notionsoftime,roles,spatialrelations,conceptsoftheuniverse,andartifactsacquiredbyagroupofpeopleinthecourseofgenerationsthroughindividualandgroupstriving.”,Questions,Culturalelementsmaterialorartifactmusic,painting,cuisineinstitutionalfamily,education,lawvaluesandbeliefsfreedom,democracy,equality,TypesofcultureVISIBLEmaterial/artifactandinstitutionalandINVISIBLECULTUREvalues/beliefsBIGCCULTUREintellectualandartisticactivityandSMALLCCULTUREwayoflife(Bright,1976)HIGHCULTURE(lowculture)andANTHROPOLOGICALCULTURE,II.NatureofCulture,1.Cultureislikeaniceberg.2.Cultureisoursoftware.3.Cultureislikethewaterafishswimsin.4.Cultureisthegrammarofourbehavior.,1.CultureIsLikeAnIceberg,Cultureislikeaniceberg.CulturemanifestsitselfbothimplicitlyandexplicitlyCultureisoursoftware.Cultureislikethewaterafishswimsin.Cultureisthestorywetellaboutourselves.Cultureisthegrammarofourbehavior.,III.CharacteristicsofCulture1.Cultureislearned.Welearnourculturethroughproverbs.fromfolktales,legendsandmyths.throughart.throughmassmedia.,2.Cultureisusuallyacquiredunconsciously.ourrelationshipwithcultureislikethatbetweenbirdsandthesky,fishandwaterorpeopleandair.,3.CultureissharedamongitsmembersWhenwesayAandBcomefromthesameculture,weassumeAandBsharethesamepatternsofliving:thesamesetofsymbolsusedforcommunication,thesamerulesofspeaking,thesameideaaboutwhatwecanbeeatenasfoodandwhatcannot,thesamebeliefaboutnatureandman,andsoon.,4.CultureispersistentandenduringCultureisthedepositofhumanknowledgeandcollectionofbothmaterialandnon-materialwealthcreatedbymanoverthelongprocessofhumancivilization,whichgivescontinuitytothedevelopmentofacultureandprovidesreinforcementtoitsmembersintheirlifetimelearningoftheirculture.,CultureisadaptiveandchangeableOnthesuperficiallevel,anygreatinventionsandprocessofmankindwillbringaboutchangesinpeoplesideas,wayoflife,modeofbehavioretc.Historyaboundswithexamplesofhowcultureshavechangedbecauseoflaws,naturaldisasters,wars,orothercalamities.whileonthedeepstructures,i.e.ideologicalperceptions,valuesandvalueorientations,worldviewsandbeliefs,arelikelytostayorchangeslowly.Therefore,weshouldtakeadynamicperspective.,6.CultureisrelationalAnycultureisanintegratedentity.Allthecomponentsofcultureareinterrelated.Thechangeofoneaspectofculturewillcertainlybringaboutchangesinotheraspectsaswell.So,weshouldstudyoneaspectofcultureinrelationtootheraspects.Onlyinthiswaycanwegainatrueunderstandingofacultureanditspeople.,7.CultureistransmittedfromgenerationtogenerationForaculturetoexist,itmustensurethatitscrucialmessageandelementsarepassedon.Iftherearevaluesconsideredcentraltoasocietythathaveexistedformanyyears,thesemustbetransmittedfromonegenerationtoanother.,8.CultureIsPervasive,Liketheairwebreathe,culturepenetratesintoeveryaspectofourlifeandinfluencesthewaywethink,thewaywetalk,andthewaywebehave.,9.CultureIsIntegrated,Wesometimesbreakdownandisolatevariouspartsofcultureandtalkaboutthemasiftheyareseparateparts.However,inreality,culturefunctionsasanintegratedwholeanditissystemic.,IV.CulturalIdentity,Culturalidentityreferstoonessenseofbelongingtoaparticularcultureorethnicgroup.Peopleconsciouslyidentifythemselveswithagroupthathasasharedsystemofsymbolsandmeaningsaswellasnormsforconduct.,V.CulturesWithinCulture,DOMINANTCULTUREANDSUBCULTURE/CO-CULTURECultureissubdividedintodominantculture,mainstreamculture,andsubculture(s),whichcoexistwithineachculture.,Asubcultureresemblesacultureinthatitusuallyencompassesarelativelylargenumberofpeopleandrepresentstheaccumulationofgenerationsofhumanstriving.However,subcultureshavesomeimportantdifferences:theyexistwithindominantculturesandareoftenbasedoneconomicorsocialclass,ethnicity,race,orgeographicregion.Todaythetendencyistosayco-cultureandsub-groupstoavoidprejudice.,FunctionsofCulture,1)Makingthingseasyhelpingfacilitatethetransitionfromthewombtothisnewlifebyprovidingmeaningstoevents,objects,andpeople,thusmakingtheworldalessperplexingplace.makinglifelessconfusingbecausemostofcultureisautomaticandsubconscious.,2)Satisfyingpeoplesneeds:thephysiologicalneeds;thesafetyneeds;thebelongingnessneeds;theesteemneeds;theself-actualizationneeds,3)providingacontextinwhich3aspectsofhumansocietyareembedded:linguistic,physicalandpsychological4)providingstructure,stability,securityusedbythegrouptomaintainthemselve