江苏省泰州市姜堰2018年中考英语考前必背知识点学案

江苏省泰州市姜堰四中2018年中考英语考前必背知识点1、区别可数/不可数名词可数名词的单数形式前可加 “a或an”；有复数形式，前面可加基数词（one, two.）。不可数名词前面不能用a/an及基数词,没有复数形式。只有复数形式的名词 trousers, clothes, glasses, shorts, jeans, people(人们)由man 和woman在前面构成的合成词变复数时，每个名词都要变复数a man doctor two men doctors, a woman teacher-several women teachers常见不可数名词：water 水， information 信息， news 新闻， mutton羊肉， beef牛肉， salad沙拉， work 工作， housework 家务， homework 家庭作业， juice 果汁， ice cream冰淇淋， tea茶， rice米饭， bread面包， milk 牛奶， money 钱， meat 肉， space 空间， advice 建议， traffic 交通， energy 能量，fun 有趣 乐趣，health 健康，sand 沙子，metal 金属， weather天气， furniture 家具， population人口，coke 可乐，honey 蜂蜜， chocolate 巧克力，salt 盐， peace 和平，trouble 麻烦，gold 黄金，culture 文化，rubbish 垃圾smoke 烟雾，freedom 自由，importance 重要性，practice 练习，wine 酒，society 社会，porridge 粥，silence 沉默，heat热，medicine 药， stone 石头, development 发展，illness疾病兼类词 （前为不可数后为可数）paper 纸 / 报纸、试卷， experience经验 / 经历， room空间 / 房间;pleasure快乐 / 快乐的事，chicken鸡肉 / 鸡（动物）， fish鱼肉 / 鱼glass玻璃 / 玻璃杯（glasses眼镜），change 零钱 / 变化， life 生活 / 生命、一生 time时间/ 次数 、的一段时光（a good/ great/hard.time），exercise 锻炼 / 练习（math exercises）、操（morning/eye exercises）有些抽象名词表示 “一份一顿一阵一场等”时,可转化为可数名词.如: three coffees (三份咖啡) a good supper a heavy rainsnow a strong wind hair 毛发、头发（总称时为不可数/ 指一根或多根头发、毛发为可数） food食物 （表示特定类别时为可数helpful foods）fruit水果 （表示个别水果或种类为可数 peel a fruit）death（表抽象意义的“死”为不可数名词，表示具体的死亡人数等，则为可数名词）2、冠词与以下各词不能连用：this, that, these, those; my, your. Merrys, my friends; some, any, no, every, each, either, neither, enough等 3、复合不定代词用法（ something, somebody, someone, anything, anybody, anyone, nothing, nobody, no one, everything, everybody, everyone ）(1) 含-one和-body等指人的复合代词可有-s属格形式。如：Everybodys business is nobodys business.大家的事情没人管。Is this anybodys seat? 这儿有人坐吗？(2) 含-one和-body等指人的复合代词后跟else时，-s属格应加在else之后。 Can you remember someone elses name? 你还记得其他人的姓名吗？(3) 复合不定代词通常被看成是单数第三人称。作主语时，其后的谓语动词用单数形式。Is everyone here today? （4）复合不定代词的定语必须后置，即放在复合不定代词的后面。如：Can you tell something interesting? 你能讲些有趣的事情吗？（5）(此用法同some, any ) something，someone，somebody通常用于肯定句中，而anything，anyone，anybody一般用于否定句，疑问句或条件状语从句中。在表示请求、邀请、提建议等带有委婉语气的疑问句，和希望得到对方肯定答复的疑问句，以及表示反问的问句中，也用something，someone，somebody等复合不定代词。如:Would you like something to eat？要些吃的东西吗？当anything表示“任何事（物），无论何事（物）”，anyone，anybody表示“无论谁，任何人”等意义时，它们也可以用于肯定句中。如：Anybody knows the answer. 任何人都知道答案。（6）“not every-”表示的是部分否定，意为“并非都，不都”。例如：Not everything will go well. 并非一切都会那么顺利。“not any-”和no-均表示全否定。例如：He listened, but heard nothing.他听了听，但什么也没听到。= He listened, but didnt hear anything.（7）someone，anyone，everyone, no one都只能指人，且不和介词of连用；some one，any one，every one, none则既可指人又可指物，可与介词of连用。例如：Anyone should be polite to every one of them.-Which toy would you like? -Any one is OK.4、“几点过几分 ”，30分钟”用介词past。 7：15 fifteen （a quarter）past seven 7：30 half past seven。 “差几分几点”用介词“to”。7：40 twenty to eight；7：45 fifteen（a quarter） to eight。 5、分数修饰名词作主语的时候，谓语动词的单复数要看那个名词，如果是不可数名词，则谓语动词用单数，如1/3的水：One-third of the water in this river is polluted. 这条河里面的水，三分之一都被污染了。 如果后面是复数名词或者复数名词，则用复数：One-third of the students are girls. 这些学生中三分之一是女生。 6、基数词单数名词（形容词）构成合成形容词。a five-year-old boy, an 800-metre-long bridge, ten-minute walk7、名词作定语的基本原则名词作定语原则上用单数，不用复数。如：a fruit shop, tomato noodles有些只有复数形式的名词，则用复数作定语： clothes shop 服装店个别有单复数区别的词也习惯上用复数作定语sports shoes8、英语中的表达跟汉语不同，表示因果关系、转折关系的because和so，although (though)和but 不能连用9、形容词、副词用法大多数以a开头的形容词只能作表语，这类形容词没有级的变化，也不可用程度副词修饰。 well，unwell，ill，faint，afraid，alike，alive，alone，asleep，awake （错）He is an ill man. （对）The man is ill.（错）She is an afraid girl.（对）The girl is afraid.副词very 可以修饰形容词、副词，但不能修饰动词。(错)I very like English. (对)I like English very much.副词enough要放在形容词、副词的后面，enough放在名词前后都可。 I dont know him well enough. There is enough food for everyone to eat.可修饰比较级的词a bit, a little, rather, much, far, by far, many, a lot, lots, a great deal, any, still, even等10、情态动词用法 情态动词一般疑问句的回答(1) May I.?-Yes, you may/can. 或者 Sure, go ahead. -No, you cant/mustnt. 或者No, please dont.(2) -Could I.? -Yes , you can/go ahead.-No, you cant /please dont. / Youd better not (3) -Must I.? -Yes, you must. -No, you neednt/dont have to. (4) -Need I.?-Yes, you must. /Yes, please (do) -No, you neednt/ dont have to.(5) Could / Would you please.? -Yes, of course. /Yes, with pleasure. / Yes, no problem / Yes, Im glad to. / Certainly. / Sure./ Ok-No, I cant./ Sorry, but.(6) -Would you mind.?“不介意”或“同意”时，常用否定形式。如： No, of course not. / No, certainly not. / No, not at all. / No, go ahead. No, please. / No, I dont mind. / No, do it please. / Not in the least. 等。 “介意”或“不同意”时，则常用较委婉的方式加以拒绝。如： Im sorry but I do. / Sorry, youd better not. / Im afraid you cant. / Im sorry, but its not allowed . (7) Would you like to.?Yes, please. / Yes, Id like/ love to.No. thanks.11、系动词用法表示人体感官sound，taste，look，feel，smell等，后面接形容词；表示变化系动词become，get，go，turn，后面接形容词、名词；表示主语继续或保持含义系动词continue，keep， stay等，后面接表示状态的形容词；表示判断的系动词seem和appear，后面接形容词、to be+名词或形容词、that-clause、不定式等。12、及物动词和不及物动词的区别后面必须跟宾语意义才完整的实义动词，叫做及物动词（transitive verb）。有的动词必须接一个宾语，有的必须接两个宾语。如：Hes reading a magazine.本身意义完整后面不须跟宾语的实义动词，叫做不及物动词（intransitive verb）。如： It happened in June 1932. 如果想接宾语，动词后面必须加上介词：错: He is looking me. 对: He is looking at me.注意：不及物动词没有被动语态。13、动词+副词 构成的短语 （代词作宾语只可以放在词组的中间）give away, take away, put away, turn off, break off, put off, take off, make up, use up, look up, end up, give up, open up, pick up, cut up, call up, wake up, fix up, cheer up, put on, turn on, take out, keep out, clean up, give out, hand out, let down, turn down, keep down, pull down,14、各种时态连用时间状语及其构成：一般现在时 （1）be在一般现在时中根据主语用am / is / are的形式，注意不可与行为动词连用。（2）含行为动词的句子单三主语+动词的单数第三人称+其他 单三主语+doesnt+动词原形+其他 Does+单三主语+动词原形+其他非单三主语+动词原形+其他 非单三主语+dont+动词原形+其他 Do+非单三主语+动词原形+其他 连用时间状语sometimes, usually, never, always, often; every day / week / month / year / . ; on Sunday (s) / Monday (s) /. ; at seven forty; in the morning / afternoon / evening; now; today等等。一般过去式（1）be动词在一般过去时中根据主语用was/ were，注意不可与行为动词连用。（2）含行为动词的句子主语+动词过去式+其他 Did+主语+动词原形+其他 主语+didnt+动词原形+其他连用时间状语yesterday, the day before yesterday, in 1989, at the age of 5, one day, long ago, once upon a time, yesterday morning （afternoon, evening ）, just now （刚才）, before （以前） , then （at that time ）（当时） , last +时间 （如 last week, month, year, Monday, January, spring, , etc. ）, that +时间 （如 that day, afternoon, summer, , etc. ）, 时间段 + ago （如 a few minutes ago, two weeks ago , years ago, etc.）现在进行时主语+am / is/ are +动词ing形式+其他now, at the moment; 另外，以Look, Listen 或 Dont . 等开头的祈使句常常会引出现在进行时的句子。现在完成时主语+has/ have+动词过去分词+其他 连用时间状语already（肯定）, yet（否定，疑问）, just, before, recently,still, lately ever, never, twice, now, up to now/ these few days/weeks/months/years, this morning/week/month/year, today, so far, in/during the past/last+时间段， until now, for+时间段， since+时间点一般将来时一般将来时由助动词shall / will+动词原形，或be going to + 动词原形构成。1）tomorrow,the day after tomorrow,tomorrow morning/afternoon/evening 2）next year/week/month/hour/day/century 3）in+一段时间 4)in the future 5)this afternoon/Sunday/evening 6)from now on 7)one day,someday （未来的）某天 8)soon过去进行时用法was /were + V-ing 常用的时间状语at six yesterday morning ,at his time yesterday, the whole morning, all day, from nine to ten last evening, at that time,. just now，a moment agowhen, while引导的时间状语从句过去将来时用法过去将来时的构成（句型如下：） 主语+be（was，were）going to+动词原形+其它 主语+would（should would）+动词原形+其它 时间状语：主要用于宾语从句中，主句的谓语为 said, asked, thought, knew, told by (the time / the end of ) + 表示将来时间的短语和句子；before (the end of ) + 表示将来时间的词语或句子；when, after等加上表示将来动作的句子等过去完成时用法主语+had+过去分词 连用时间状语在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。She said (that) she had never been to Paris.在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在先，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。 When the police arrived, the thieves had run away.by（the time）+ 过去的时间点。By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himselfby the end of + 过去的时间点。before + 过去的时间点。15、反义疑问句（1）当陈述部分为主从复合句时，附加疑问部分一般应与主句的主语和谓语动词保持对应关系。She says that I did it, doesnt she?（2）当陈述部分的主语是I，谓语是think, believe, suppose, expect这类动词时，附加疑问部分则往往与从句中的主语和谓语动词保持对应关系，但要注意否定的转移。I suppose that hes serious isnt he?（3）以lets开头的祈使句，附加疑问部分用shall we;以let us开头的祈使句，如果含义是allow us，不包括听话人在内，疑问部分用will you。如：（4）当陈述部分带有情态动词must表示“必须”时，疑问部分用mustnt。如： You must work hard next term, mustnt you?表推测这层含义时，不能用must，而要根据陈述部分的不定式结构（即must之后的动词）以及含义采用相应的动词形式。You must have made a mistake, havent you? （5）陈述部分含有情态动词used to时，疑问部分可用usednt或didnt。如： The old man used to smoke, didnt he?或usednt he? （6）陈述句子中的主语为动词不定式短语、动名词短语或其他短语时，疑问部分的主语通常用it。Learning how to repair motors takes a long time, doesnt it?（7）陈述句中是I am时，简短问句则用arent I。（8）反意疑问句的回答：前肯后否，正常回答；前否后肯，根据事实从后往前翻译。如： They work hard, dont they?他们努力工作，不是吗？ Yes, they do.对,他们工作努力。/No, they dont.不，他们工作不努力 They dont work hard, do they? 他们不太努力工作，是吗？ Yes, they do. 不，他们工作努力。/No, they dont. 是的， 他们工作不努力16、主谓一致当kind of,pair of, glass of 等表示确定数量的名词短语修饰主语时，谓语与kind,pair,glass等一致。This pair of shoes is Toms.There are two glasses of wather on the table. 17、分词用法（过去分词和现在分词）分词后置 (i分词词组；ii 个别分词如given, left； iii 修饰不定代词 something等)There was a girl sitting there. This is the question given. There is nothing interesting.过去分词作定语，与其修饰的词是被动关系，相当于一个被动语态的定语从句。Most of the people invited to the party were famous scientists. Most of the artists invited to the party were from South Africa. 连词+分词(短语)，有时为使分词短语与主句关系更清楚，可在分词前加连词。 连词有： when，while，if though，after, before, as.但分词的主语和主句的主语必须为同一个。While waiting there, he saw two pretty girls come out of the building.非谓语动词总结一后面可跟动词的ing形式的情况1.动词： finish doing sth.完成做某事；enjoy doing sth. 喜欢做某事；practice doing sth. 练习做某事；imagine doing,想象做某事；consider doing sth.考虑做某事；suggest doing sth.建议做某事；mind doing sth.介意做某事； keep doing sth.持续做某事2.固定短语： feel like doing sth.喜欢做某事；be busy doing sth.忙于做某事；be worth doing 值得做某事；spend time (in) doing sth.花费时间（金钱）做某事； have a difficult /hard time doing sth, have trouble in doing sth做某事有困难；have fun doing/have a good time doing sth做某事高兴3.介词后(on, in, of, about, at, with, without, for, from, up, by等)如：be good at doing sth.；thank you for doing sth.；give up doing sth.；stop sb. from doing sth.；do well in doing sth.；be afraid/terrified of doing sth.；be interested in doing sth.；be proud of；instead ofdoing sth ；decide on doing sth, take an interest indoing sth ,aim at doing sth, be used for doing sth4.to作介词的情况look forward to doing sth期望做某事； prefer doing sth. to doing sth与相比较更喜欢； pay attention to doing注意做某事； be/get used to doing sth.习惯于做某事；二后面可跟动词的不定式形式的情况1.动词：agree to do同意去做；afford to do买得起；decide to do决定去做某事；hope to do希望去做；wish to do希望去做；fail to do做某事失败去；plan to do打算去做；pretend to do假装去做； refuse to do拒绝去做；would like to do想要去做；want to do想要去做某事；learn to do 学做；prefer to do sth. 喜欢（爱）做某事；sb. seem to do sth好像做某事；want/would like to do sth. 想做；used to do sth. 过去常做某事；offer to do sth （主动）提出做某事2.句型. allow sb. to do sth. 允许某人去做某事asked sb. (not) to do sth. 叫某人做事某事（叫某人不要去做某事）tell sb. (not) to do sth. 叫某人去（不要）做某事follow sb. to do sth. 跟随某人去做某事get sb. to do sth. 让某人做某事warn sb. (not) to do sth. 警告某人做某事（或不要做某事）be amazed to do sth. 对做某事感到惊讶be afraid to do sth. 害怕做某事be excited to do sth. 对做感到兴奋 be frightened to do sth. 害怕去做某事be glad/happy to do sth. 高兴去做某事be/get ready to do sth.准备做某事be sorry to do sth. 对做某事感到抱歉 be surprised to do sth. 对做某事感到惊奇cant wait to do sth. 迫不急待地去做某事get/have a chance to do sth. 得到一个做某事的机会Its + adj.+(for sb.) to do sth. 做某事（对某人来说）怎么样Its +adj. +(of sb.) to do sth.It takes sb. some time/money to do sth. 花费某人多长时间做某事（常考）Its best for sb. to do sth. 对某人来说做某事是最好的Its time for sb. to do sth. 是某人做某事的时候了too(for sb.) to 太以致不能 =not enough to do prefer to do sth. rather than do sth. 宁愿而不愿（常考）something to eat/drink 一些吃/喝的东西（词不定式放在something等后修饰这些Sth. is hard/difficult/easy to do 做好某事很难/容易take turns to do sth. 轮流做There is no time (for sb. ) to do sth. 对（某人来说）没时间做某事了There is no need (for sb.) to do sth. 对某人来说没必要做某事try/do ones best to