儿童神经心理及行为1.ppt

ChildrensNeuropsychologicalandBehavioralDevelopment,Professor:Malian,Childrensdevelopmentalprogressofneuropsychology,Developmentalfoundationofhumanbehaviorbrain:370g900g(60%)85-90%1500gnewborn1y4-6y7yspinalcord:fetus:atthesecondlumbarspinemargoinferior.4y:atthefirstlumbarspinemargoinferior.4m:kerning+;2y:barbinski+,Childrensdevelopmentalprogressofneuropsychology,TheoryofneuropsychologicaldevelopmentinchildrenDevelopmentistheresultofmaturation.Developmentistheresultofconflictsolution.Developmentistheresultoflearning.Developmentistheadvanceofcognition.Developmentistheorientationofculture(ecosystem)system.,PerceptivedevelopmentSenseofvision,NewbornsabilityofvisualrespondsWithcertaindegreeofvisualsenseWithabilitytoseetheobjectbrieflyWithabilitytodistinguishseveralsimplecolorsWithanarrowfieldofvisionWithavisualfocusthatcantmovewiththeobject.,Senseofvision,Thechildcanstareatthelightsource1monthold,andcanmovehisheadonthelevelfor90degrees;Theyliketoseehisownhands3-4monthsold,andcanmovehisheadonthelevelfor180degrees;Theycanseesmallobjects8-9monthsold,thedepthofvisionbegintodevelop.开始出现视深度感觉，看到小物体Theycandistinguishshapesofobjectssince18monthsold;Theycandistinguishperpendicularlinesandhorizontallines,since2yearsold;candistinguishdifferentcolorssince5yearsold;thedepthofvisionhavedevelopedfullysince6years.,Auditognosis,Whenaninfantisborn,auditognosisisbadwithnoairinthetympanum.Atage3-7daysauditognosisbecomesbetter.Atage34monthstheheadcanturntosoundsource,andtheinfantcansmileatpleasingsound.Atage7-9monthsaninfantcanmakesureofasoundsource,anddistinguishdifferentspeech.Atage13-16monthsunderstandthename;Atage4yearsthedevelopmentofauditognosisisalreadyperfect.,Senseoftaste,Newbornssenseoftasteisalreadyveryperfect.Atage4-5monthsaninfantarealreadyverysensitivetoaslightvariationoffood.,SenseofsmellandSkinfeeling,SenseofsmellNewbornssenseofsmellisalreadygood.Atage3-4monthsaninfantcandistinctpleasantanddispleasantsmell.Atage7-8monthsaninfantwillmakearesponseforthefragrance.SkinfeelingNewbornssensesoftouch,pain,temperaturehavealreadyexisted.,GrossMotordevelopment,Raisehead:anewborncanraisehisheadfor12seconds；Childcanraisehisheadsteadilyfromthethirdmonth,andmoresteadilyfromthefourthmonth.Sit:childcansitwithhishandssettingupinfrontofhisbody6monthsold.Andcansitsteadilyandturnroundsincethe8thmonths.,GrossMotordevelopment,Turnoverthebod:4m180；7m360Climb：childcangrabblewithupperlimbswhenheis8to9monthsold,andgrabblewithbotharmsandlegs12monthsold.,GrossMotordevelopment,Stand：childcanstandforamomentwithholding8monthsold,canstandaloneforamoment10-11monthsold；Walk：canwalkwithholding10-12monthsold,canwalkalonesteadily15monthsold；Run：canrun18monthsold；Jump：canjumpwithfeet24monthsandwithonlyonefootfor1-2times30monthsold，etc.,Finemotordevelopment,3m:playhand,onehandcantouchtheotherhand;Atage34monthstheinfantsgraspreflexdisappears,andinfantcangrasptheobjectbyhand.At3-6monthsoldaninfantcangrasptheobjectcoordinately,andcanholditinthecenterline.Atfirstwithtwohands,thentheinfantcanholditwithonehand.At6-7monthsoldaninfantcanchangehandstoholdtheobjectandholditbyfingers,andcanstrikeitetc.,Finemotordevelopment,Atage910months,aninfantcanholdobjectsbythumbandindexfinger,andlikestearingpaper.Atage1215monthsthechildwilluseaspoon,andlearntoscribble.Atage18monthsthechildcanbuild23piecesofsquaretoybricks.Atage2yearsthechildcanbuild6-7piecesofsquaretoybricks,andcanturnoverabook.,Languagedevelopment,PrespeechStages:PreparativestagesforgraspinglanguageStageofsimplevocalization(03months)Stageofcontinuousvocalization(48months)Embryonicstageoflearninglanguage(912months),Languagedevelopment,StagesoflanguagedevelopmentAge11.5yearsisacriticaltimewhenanchildlearnslanguage.Thechildcantalkfromasinglewordtoasinglesentence.Age1.53yearsisatthestageofpositivespeeches,andthechildcangrasp1000orsovocabulariesatage3years.Thechildatage34yearshasgraspedthebasicskillsinmothertongue.,Behavioraldevelopment,SocialbehaviorofearlierperiodChildrenwillshowrecognitionoftheparentswithsmile,cry,expressionintheeyesandvoicebyage23months.Childrenwillshowthereactivecachinnationatsomethinginterestingbyage3-4months.Childrencryatstrangersandbeinterestedinphonationtoysbyage78months.,Behavioraldevelopment,SocialbehaviorofearlierperiodChildrenliketoplaygamesbyage12-13months.Childrenhavegraduallyself-controlabilitybyage18months.Childrenarehighpeakforrefusingstrangersbyage912months;childrennolongerrefusestrangersbyage2yearsold.Childrencanplaygameswithkidsafterage3yearsold.,Attentiondevelopment,Unintentionalattentionismainduringinfantsperiod,thengraduallywiththeagechildrenhaveintentionalattention.Childrencancontrolonesownattentionbyage56years.,Memorydevelopment,ConceptThememoryisabrainactivitytosave”andreadtheacquiredinformation,wasdividedinto3system:theperception;briefmemory;longmemory.Thelongmemoryisdividedinto:re-cognitionandre-appearance.（识别、再现）,Memorydevelopment,Byage36months,infantscanmemorizetheinformationreceivedseveralhoursbefore.1yearsoldbefore,therecollectionofthefirststepoccurs,andinfantscanfindouttheobjectshidatalreadyknownlocation.Childreninside1yearsoldhaveonlyre-cognitionbuthavenotre-appearance.Inchildhoodsmemory,theinformationisremainedbythesurfacecharacteristicsofthing,themachinememoryismain.Beforeage3years,childrensmemoryisunintentional,andinteresting,freshthingthatcanremainclearandstrongimpressioniseasilymemorized.,Thinkingandcognitivedevelopment,NewbornHavingtheshapeperceptionPayingdifferentattentiontotheobjectsofdifferentshapeorwithorwithoutlifeHavingtheabilityofdeterminingthespacepositionofvoiceHavingtheabilityofjudgingsmalldifferenceinspeechShowingtheobviousinteresttomothersspeech,Thinkingandcognitivedevelopment,ChildrenHavingtheabilityofthinkingandimaginationafterage1yearShowingonlytheabilityofimaginalthinkingbeforeage3yearsHavingtheabilityofabstractthinkingafterage3years,butbeingmainlyunintentionalimaginationbeforeschoolyearsGraduallydevelopingtheabilityofsynthesizesanalysis,classification,comparison,abstractthinking,andhavingaquickdevelopmentaboutintentionalandcreativeimaginationafterage6years,Moodandemotiondevelopment,MoodandemotionofnewbornHavingatleasttwokindsofthemoodPositiveandpleasedNegativeanddispleasedMoodandemotionofinfantandchildBecominggraduallysocialoninfantsmoodbyassociatingwithadultsShowingthemoodofexasperationexasperation（恼怒）,sorrow（悲痛）,happinessandfearbyage2.5-7monthsHavingshystateandanxietyoverstrangers,andfeelingreluctanttoleaveparents,andshowingsorrowwhenseparatedfromparentsbyage6-8months,Moodandemotiondevelopment,Beingsurprisedatseeingstrangeobjectsbyage1yearsHavingfurtheruneasy（心神不安的）,ashamed（惭愧的、羞耻的）,qualmish（受良心责备的）,envious（嫉妒的、羡慕的）andproudmoodatage1.5yearsorsoHavingclearexpressionofproudandsympathy（同情心）ideas,andhavingadultsbasicmoodandemotionatage2yearsorso,Developmentofpersonality,Duringinfantsearlyperiod,establishinggraduallythedependence（依赖,）andtrustinpeoplearounditbyassociatingwithothersIninfancy,havingthestateofindependenceanddependence,andoftenappearinginthetransitionfromthedisobedience（不服从,违抗）todependence。,Developmentofpersonality,Beforeschoolage,havinganincreasinginitiativefordoingsomething,buteasilyemergingdisappointmentandqualmishbecauseofa