高三英语基础知识复习(中)

高三英语基础知识复习（中） -复合句 高三考生对所学过的复合句进行全面的梳理是英语语法备考的重要内容之一。 复合句的学习贯穿于初高中全学段，因此是高考的重点和热点，是高考过关的语法 项目。因为我们日常生活的交流，如果没有复合句，语言的表达可能就会比较平淡、 乏味。例如以下段落的比较，表达的效果截然不同。 English becomes more important. All of us know the fact. Our society is more open to the world. But it is difficult to learn. I have learned English for seven years. But I still can not master it well. And we havent an environment. （简单句堆积，语义缺乏连贯。） It is well known that English has become increasingly important, especially to a society more open to the outside world. It is difficult, however, to have a better command of it-although I have learned English for 7 years-because of the lack of an English- speaking environment. （修改后的段落，由于句式的变化使语义连贯、有层次，表 达生动有力。） 掌握各种从句的重要性还体现在日常生活中阅读文章、书信往来、口语表述等。 并且在现实的语言交流中不都是单一类型复合句的运用，因此在复习梳理的过程中 要重视复合句的综合运用能力的提高。例如以下高考阅读中出现的长句理解（一句 话中使用了不同种类的复合句）： 1. Shed ask me if there was someone for whom I had done a special kindness. (全国 I卷 A 篇 Ph.2) 2. As a girl, though, I had more fun imagining that it might be a boy I had run into. (全国 I卷 A 篇 Ph.2) 3. This feeling exhibits itself most strongly in those English and American tourists who seem to believe that they can make the natives of any country understand English if they shout loud enough. 4. “By refusing to sign the agreement, the US has effectively taken away the freedom of future generations of Tuvaluans to live where their forefathers have lived for thousands of years,” Laupepa told the BBC. 复习要点 1、掌握基本概念 （各复合句概念，尤其要掌握关联词的使用） 2、学会综合分析 （长难句分析） 3、课文精读时注意长句子的理解；课外阅读每天必须保持一定数量，从中择一篇准精读，其中一项是对长难句分析的领会，久而久之就会形成对复杂句领悟的能力；书面表达时注意使用较复杂的语言结构，尝试使用复合句，提高文章的档次。 复习重点 关联词的灵活运用 1 名词从句： 连接代词和连接副词的灵活运用 名词性从句使用的连接代词有：that, who, whom, whose, which, what, whatever, whoever； 连接副词有：when, where, why, how。主句与从句间必须使用上述连接 词（that除外）, that在从句中没有任何意思，也不担当任何语法成分外，其他连 接词在从句中必须充任一个语法成分。名词性从句关联词的使用要注意以下几方 面： A. if, whether何时、如何使用 1) 我不知道珍妮今晚是否参加聚会。 I dont know if (whether) Jane will come to the party this evening. 2 ) 他是否能来关系不大。 Whether he comes or not does not matter too much. 3 ) 问题是新法律能否获得通过。 The question is whether the law can be passed. 结论: 用在宾语从句，不起任何作用，作“是否”解。作“是否”解时，Whether出现在主语从句和表语从句中，不能用if。 B. what在从句中的作用和解释. 1) 错误：I dont know what the matter is. 正确：I dont know what is the matter. (主语)2）错误：Do you know what is happened? 正确：Do you know what is happening? （主语） 3）错误：Tell me what is your name. 正确： Tell me what your name is. （表语） 4）错误：He said what just now made me sad. 正确：What he said just now made me sad. （宾语） 结论：保留“什么”这一意思；译成中文时，用“所的”解释。在句子中可以作主语、表语和宾语。when, where, how, why为连接副词，在句子中的作用是比较明确的。例如： 1) Can you tell me how you came here? 2) When and where will the conference be held has not been decided yet. 主语从句: 形成固定句型，其实是被动语态. 例如,表示“据说，据悉，据信，众所周知，据报载”的句型： It is said that.It is known that. It is believed that. It is well known that, It is reported that. 1）据报道,印度2004年软件出口达到173亿美圆,大约是中国的5倍。 It is reported that in 2004, Indias Software exports reached US$17.3 billion, about five times that of China. 2）据悉两家著名法国影视学会4月8日在京开办了第一个海外分支机构。 It is believed that two famous academies opened their first overseas branch in Beijing on April 8. 3）据说哪个女孩出国留学去了。 It is said that that girl has gone abroad for further education. =That girl is said to have gone abroad for further education. 但是It is well-known .就不这样使用。比如，It is well-known that China is the largest developing country in the world.就不写成 China is well-known to be the largest developing country in the world. 其他主语从句示例：4) That most of these languages are now threatened and may disappear is a serious matter to people in Britain. 5) What life will be like in the future is difficult to predict. 6）What she couldnt understand was why fewer and fewer showed interest in her lessons.(上海2000) 表语从句: 1) The reason why I plan to go is that she will be disappointed if I dont. 2) He didnt go cycling with us yesterday. Thats because there was something wrong with his bike. 3.) This is why chapters are discouraged from raising money or doing something for themselves. 结论: 主语从句与出现在系动词后边的与表语从句若从句结构完整，要用 that作连接词，that无任何意思，也不担当任何语法成分，仅仅表示所引导的是个从句。若表达“是否”这一概念时要用whether,不能用if。前边例句中用到what, why, because因为从句结构不完整，分别缺少宾语、状语。 同位语从句： 1)The idea that he could be chosen to do the job suddenly came to my mind. 2) My proposal that every one in our unit should donate at least five books to those who study in rural places can be discussed before it is realized. 3) The idea that England stands for Fish & Chips, Speakers Corner, Big Ben and the Tower of London is past .(B.2A p.37) 遇到the fact, the idea, the news, the plan, the proposal, the suggestion, the thought,等词汇时，后边用引导一个同位语从句，对前边的名词作进一步说明 宾语从句： 名词作宾语-最基本的常识 1）I am good at English. He speaks Chinese. 宾语从句 2）The British Isles realize that it is of great value to record and teachthem to the younger generation. 3）Some people feel that Wales is an ancient fairy land.(above two B.2A p.37) 4）能告诉我他为什么还没露面吗？ Could you tell me why he hasnt turned up? 5）我不清楚老师住在哪里。 I dont know where our teacher lives. 6）Do you know why he hasnt turned up? 以上例句中that没有其任何语法作用，也没有任何意思;而what, why ,where 分别作从句的主语、状语。 注意： *Who do you think can do the work? *When do you suppose she will come. 结论：在含有宾语从句的复合句中主句与从句有时态要求；遇到有think, suppose, guess的问句时，连接词提前到句首；介词后边的宾语从句应特别注意： 1） Im satisfied with what you said. 2） I know nothing about him except that he lives downstairs. 3） I am interested in how you did the experiment. 2、定语从句： 形容词作定语系基本概念 各类短语作定语 I have no jewellery to wear. This is the best way to cure a headache. The man with glasses on comes from Peking University. The birds in the tree are singing. There are two rivers running through the city. The boy dressed in white is John. 结论：形容词作定语时放在名词的前边分词短语、介词短语、不定式短语作定 语时，放在被修饰的名词的后边定语从句是每年必考项目关系代词 that, which, as, who, whom,关系物主代词whose 被修饰词的词应当是名词或代词，叫做先行词引导词叫关系代词或关系副词关系代词在从句中作主语或宾语，关系副词在从句中作状语。例如： 1） I have an uncle. He works in Tsinghua University. I have an uncle who(that) works in Tsinghua University. 2） The book is lost. I bought it yesterday. The book (which, that) I bought is lost. 3）I live in a flat. Its windows face south. I live in a flat whose windows face south. 4）This is the girl. His father is a famous artist. This is the girl whose father is a famous artist. 非限定定语从句： 1) My father, who lives in Shanghai will come back soon. 辨：My father who lives in Shanghai will come back soon. 2）His parents died in a traffic accident, which made it impossible for him to go abroad for further education. Which在非限定性定语从句中句中作“那”，“那就”或“那样的话”解 。 2) As everybody knows, China is a country with a long history. =China is a country with a long history, which is known to all. =China is a country with a long history, as everybody knows. =Chin is a country with a long history, as is known to all. which与as都可引导非限定性定语从句，as引导的从句可以放在句子前边，而which引导的从句只能放在句子的后半部分。as在句子中作“正如”解。在许多情况下两者都讲得通。但是，His parents died in a traffic accident, which made it impossible for him to go abroad for further education. 只能用which,不能用as。同样，Which is well-known to all, China is a country with a long history. 就是错句子了。 以上结论未必是单选考项，但这是基本概念，必须明白。 3、that使用的要点：1）先行词被形容词的最高级修饰时 This is the most interesting novel that I have ever read. 2）先行词被序数词限定时 You are the last one that I want to meet. 3）先行词前边有限定词时， the only, the very, the right, just the时 The pretty girl is just the person that I am after. 4）先行词同时有人和事时 They talked about the things and persons that they could remember. 5）以Who, Which等疑问词开始的疑问句时 Who is the man that has white hair? Which is the book that you want to borrow? 4、介词要点 介词+关系代词的用法 例：This is the house. (A) I once lived in it when I was a child. (B) I once visited it when I was a child. This is the house in which (where) I once lived. ( A ) This is the house (which, that) I once visited when I was a child.(B) A句的谓语动词live，是个不及物动词，后边是个地点状语；B句的谓语动词visit是个及物动词，后边是宾语。 注意流传甚广的两句： *Is this the museum that we visited last month? *Is this museum the one that we visited last month? 前者的主语是This,后者的主语是This museum,这样他们的表语用词就不同了。 状语从句 常见的关联词： 时间 when, as, as soon as, since, till, while, before, after 原因because, as ,since, (for不是) 结果sothat 目的so that 条件if 让步although, now that, no matter. 地点 where 状语从句重点要掌握unless, although, before, until, in case等连词的使用（高考热点）。例如06年高考试题： 1. I always take something to read when I go to the doctors _ I have to wait. (Nat.3-9) A. in case B. so that C. in order D. as if 2. It is known to all that _ you exercise regularly, you wont keep good health. (chq- 21) A. unless B. whenever C. although D. if 3. Mark was a student at this university from 1999 to 2003, _ he studied very hard and was made Chairman of the Students Union. (chq-32 ) A. during which time B. for which time C. during whose time D. by that time 4. It was some time _ we realized the truth. (Shd-24) A. when B. until C. since D. before 5. -Why didnt you tell him about the meeting? -He rushed out of the room _ I could say a word. (sch35) A. before B. until C. when D. after Before的用法是高考中失分较高的词：要关注它的多种表达法，避免受汉语干扰。 例如： *It is long before you take the entrance exam. 离高考还有好长时间 *He almost knocked me down before he saw me.他几乎要把握撞到了这才看见我 *Three years passed before I realized.不知不觉都过去三年了 *It wont be long before you take the entrance exam.用不了多久你就得参加高考了 注意 1易混的地点状语从句与定语从句；例如： 1）Put the book where it was.这是地点状语从句 2）Put the book in the place where it was.这是定语从句2由before 语when 引导的句子在表述上的不同； 1）We sailed westward only several days before the engine broke down. 2）We sailed westward only several days when the engine broke down. 以上两句表达了两种不同意思。各自有可以预测的内容。前者的潜台词是，发动 机怎么不早点儿出故障，；后者的意思则是，机器出毛病了，下一步我们该怎么办？ 3初中，甚至高中同学都习惯于这样的说法，“主将从现”，意思是，在含有时间状