考研英语写作高分策略.ppt

考研英语写作高分策略,康建刚,引言,Tom,tenyearsold,wasfailingmaths.Hisparentstriedeverythingtogethimtodowellinschool,butinvain.FinallytheyenrolledhiminaCatholicschool.Fromthefirstday,Tomspenteverynightporingoverhisbooks.Whenhisfirstreportcardarrivedhome,hehadreceivedanAinmathematics.,“Son,”thefatherasked,“whatmadethedifference?Thenuns?Thetextbooks?”“Idnevertakenmathsseriouslybefore,”Tomadmitted,“butwhenIwalkedinandsawthatguynailedtotheplussign,Iknewthisplacemeantbusiness.”FromReadersDigest,三大纪律，八项注意,纪律一：“死去活来”,一、爱考研英语作文,PygmalionEffectRosenthal,R.&Jacobson,L.(1968,1992)IloveEnglish.IloveNETEM(NationalEntranceTestofEnglishforMA/MSCandidates).,二、写作提高三“步”曲,死背改写活用Practicemakesperfect.,纪律二：表达内容,有钱能做很多事情。Havemoneycandomanythings.Havingmoneycandomanythings.Wecandomanythingswithmoney/ifwearerich.Itgoeswithoutsayingthatwecandomanythingswithmoney.,纪律三：英语vs.汉语,共性程工，1999,语言共性论，上海外语教育出版社。特性正迁移：Iloveyou.负迁移：Thereare50studentsplaycomputergames.,王红（2002）,在抽样的30篇作文里，所发现的学生的错误有284个和母语干扰有关，占全部398个错误的2/3以上。,一、英语：形合；汉语：意合,英语：形合（“借助形态和形式词来表示词间、小句间和句子间的关系”，周志培，2003，p.34)汉语：意合（“不借助形态和形式词，靠词语与句子本身意义上的连贯与逻辑顺序而实现的连接”，周志培，2003，p.34）,形态词,internationalizationinternationalizeinternationalist,internationalisminternationalinternationality,internationallyinternationalenationnation-hood,nation-state,nation-widenationally,nationalitynationalnationalize,nationalization,nationalismnationalistnationalisticnationalistically,形式词,情有可原罪不可赦罪不可赦情有可原,二、英语：繁复；汉语：简单,Socialscienceisthatbranchofintellectualenquirywhichseekstostudyhumansandtheirendeavorsinthesamereasoned，orderly，systematic，anddispassionedmannerthatnaturalscientistsuseforthestudyofnaturalphenomena.社会科学是知识探索的一个分支，它力图像自然科学家研究自然现象那样，用理性的、有序的、系统的和冷静的方式研究人类及其行为。,比较：,Thepicturehasasnake.Thepicturehasacat.Thecatandsnakearecrying.Theyaregoingtobeeatenbypeople.Asisvividlydepictedinthecartoon,boththecatandthesnakeareonthetable,withtearsintheireyes,waitingtobeeatenbyhumans.,三、英语：形聚神聚；汉语：形散神聚,睡时，灯是不敢点的，她怕楼上的灯光招惹是非，也希冀眼前干净些，完全一片黑。（叶圣陶夜）Whenshewenttobedshedarednotlightthelampforfearthelightupstairswouldattractattentionandcausetrouble,besides,shepreferredtoseenothing,tobeinsheerdarkness.（周志培，2003，p.174）,2003年作文,Directions:Studythefollowingsetofdrawingscarefullyandwriteanessayinwhichyoushoulddescribethesetofdrawings,interpretitsmeaning,andpointoutitsimplicationsinourlife.Youshouldwriteabout200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.（20points）,20分例文,ItgoeswithoutsayingthatthedrawingsaimatrevealingacommonandseriousprobleminChina:howtoeducateandcultivatetheyoung.Letstakeacloserlookatthedrawings.Inanidealcondition,theflowerblooms.Butwhenmovedoutofthegreenhouse,itperishesundertherainandstorm.Itisobviousthatthefloweringreenhousecantwithstandwindandrains.,NowadaystheyounggenerationinChina,liketheflowerinthegreenhouse,liveunderthefullprotectionfromtheirparents.Parentswanttoshowalltheirlovetotheirchildren.Theygivetheirchildrenallthebestthingstheycanaffordanddonotlettheirchildrendoanythingathome.Self-centerednessandarbitrarinesshavebecomeatraitoftheyounggeneration.Onceleavingtheirparents,manyyoungpeoplecannotmakealivingoftheirown.Theygetlostwhensteppingintothecomplexrealityandcannotfaceanyhardshipsanddifficulties.,Childreneducationhasbecomeoneofthemostpopulartopicsdiscussednotonlybyeducationexperts,butalsobypeopleinallwalksoflife.Thefailureofchildreneducationdoesmoreharmtothedevelopmentofoursocietyandourcivilizationthantochildrenthemselves.Thus,itshightimethatparents,educatorsandthegovernmentmadeconcertedeffortstoputanendtothissituation.,注意一：选词要精,Ithink?Ibelieve/argue/hold/insist/maintainAsfarasIamconcerned/Whenitcomestome/Inmyopinion/InmyviewItgoeswithoutsayingthat/Thereisnodenyingthefactthat,王立非，张岩，2007，p.110,Hyland,2006,p.61PhrasesinaHKLearnerCorpus,Frequencyofphrasesper50,000words,精选词汇,madcowdiseaseBSEbovinospongiformencephalopathy（牛海绵状脑病）,注意二：句型多变,一、定语从句（限定性和非限定性）,Asisshown/demonstrated/illustrated/depicted/describedinthecartoon/picture,Therearemanyreasonswhypeoplemakeinsincerecommitments,but.Thefoodsupplywillnotincreasenearlyenoughtomatchthis,whichmeansthatweareheadingintoacrisisinthematterofproducingandmarketingfood.,二、主语从句,Whatyouhavedoneforuswillbeinourmemoryforever.Itiscommonknowledgethathonestyisthebestpolicy.ItisknowntoallthatItisgenerallybelievedthatItgoeswithoutsayingthatItisuniversallyacknowledgedthat,日积月累,Itisatruthuniversallyacknowledged,thatasinglemaninpossessionofagoodfortunemustbeinwantofawife.PrideandPrejudice,三、宾语从句,TheybelievethatthecentralgovernmentsdecisiontodevelopthewesternpartofthecountryandthesuccessofBeijingsbidtohostthe2008Olympicswillopenupfurtheropportunitiesforthecountrysdevelopment.Experiencefromforeigncountriessuggeststhatnoaircraftmanufacturerscansurvivedependingonlyontheirdomesticmarket.,四、表语从句,Thisiswhereshelivedwhenshewasyoung.Qualityiswhatcountsmost.Theproblemisnotwhowillgo,butwhowillstay.,五、状语从句（时间，原因，地点，条件，让步，转折等）,Whateverthereason,therearestillsomeproblemswithstudentuseofcomputers.Althoughwefocusontheneedsofexceptionalchildren,wefindourselvesdescribingtheirenvironmentaswell.,六、分词短语做定语或状语,ThegreatbannerofsocialismwithChinesecharacteristicsisthebannerguidingdevelopmentandprogressincontemporaryChinaandrallyingthewholePartyandthepeopleofallethnicgroupsinthecountryinourcommonendeavor.(FromHuJintaosreportdeliveredatthe17thNationalCongressoftheCommunistPartyofChina(CPC),七、被动句,Somemeasuresshouldbetakentodealwiththeproblem.Manypeoplebelievethat(Itisbelievedthat)Thegovernmentandthepublicshouldpayenoughattentionto(Enoughattentionshouldbepaidtofromboththegovernmentandthepublic.),八、设问句,Doyoustillremembertheboywhocriedwolfforseveraltimessonoonewouldtrusthim?Shouldwejuststandbyandwatchthissituationworsendaybyday?,九、倒装句,Onlythroughthesemeasurescanwehopetosolvetheproblem.Onlythroughintensiveeducationandself-disciplinefromyoungpeoplecantheyouthhaveadesiredattitudetowardidols.,十、强调句,Itisthisperspectivethatwemusttaketoformabalancedviewontheworldaroundus.Itisthegovernmentthatisresponsibleforprovidingjobopportunitiesfortheyoung.,如何对待“万能句型”,Directions:,Writeanessayof160200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressay,youshould1)describethedrawingbriefly,2)explainitsintendedmeaning,andthen3)supportyourviewwithanexample/examples.YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.(20points),Aswecanseefromthepicture,afootballmatchisgoingon.Onguardingthedoor,theleftmanseemstobekeepinga“hugedoor”thatiseasyandinevitableforagoal,whiletherightpersonhesitatestokicktheballwithanillusionaboutthe“hugedoorkeeper”.Itisobviousthatbothofthemexaggeratethedifficultiesinfrontofthem.,Thisphotodoesreflectathought-provokingsocialphenomenonwhichisnotuncommoninChinanow.Theyoungalwaysgiveupbecausetheproblemisbeyondtheirabilitytocopewith.Superficially,itseemstobesomewhatreasonable,butwhenweighinginthemind,wefindthereisanapparenttendencyunderlyingthisphenomenon:thelackofconfidence.,Firstly,itiswell-knownthatweexistinadynamicworldwithvariousdifficulties.Wecandonothingbutfacethem.Secondly,attitudeisthekeypointtotakethefirststep.Assumebraveryandconfidencetosolvetheproblem,youwillfindthequestionisnotas“huge”asyouimagine.,Takeusforexample,theentranceexamforgraduatestudentsevenseemstobeahorriblemonsterbeforeus.Somepeoplemaygiveup,somepersist.So,withconfidenceandtherightassessmentofthedifficulties,tryandexertyourstrength,andthenwewillovercomeallproblems.,Onthewhole,Ibelieveweyoungpeopleshouldfacethedifficultiesinrightmanner.Andnothingisimpossible,justdoit.,注意三：段落结构,注意三：段落结构,启承转合,王之焕登鹳雀楼,白日依山尽首句启春之生黄河入海流次句承夏之住欲穷千里目三句转秋之异更上一层楼四句合冬之灭,红楼梦贾家的四个小姐（傅道彬，1996）,元春：贾府的保护伞，是大观园的创基者；迎春：有木丫头之称，凡事无可无不可，她是承；探春：探与叹谐音，因此她的主要性格体现在贾府处于变异时期，一展身手；惜春：则是息，是停止，只在最后才真正出场，她是富于总结性的人物。,字数分配,开头段,主题句；展开句（12句）；小结句。,中间段的展开方法,1、列举法(Listing),first,second,third.lastfirstly,secondly,thirdly.finallytobeginwith,whatsmore,intheendfirstofall,then,next,moreover,hefirstplace,inthesecondplace,lastbutnotleast,2、举例法(Exemplification),forexample,forinstance,suchas,likeagoodcaseinpointisTherearemanyexamplestoprove.HereIwillcitejustafew.Thereisenough/convincing/sufficientevidencetoprove.Take.asanexample.,3、比较对比法(ComparisonandContrast),justas,incomparison,like,similarly,likewise,correspondingly,similartoincontrast,ontheotherhand,onthecontrary,unlike,whereas,but,however,yet,whileTherearesomesimilarities/differencesbetween.havesomething/littleincommonwith.,4、因果法(CauseandEffect),because,becauseof,since,nowthat,owingto,duetocause,resultin,leadto,therefore,thus,consequently,asaresult,asaconsequenceThereasonswhy.canbetracedto.Thecausesfor.areasfollows.,结尾段,1、解决问题，展望未来,（2005年）AsfarasIamconcerned,weshoulddosomethingtopreventsuchanevilphenomenonfromhappeningagain.Tobeginwith,allthesocietyshouldcondemnsuchawrongdoingandthesechildrenshouldbepunishedbylaw.Whatsmore,everycitizenmustrealizeitisourdutytosupportourparentswhentheyareold.Onlywiththejointeffortscanwehopetosolvethisproblem.,2000年,Therefore,itisimperativeforustotakedrasticmeasures.Foronething,weshouldappealtoourauthoritiestomakestrictlawstocontrolcommercialfishing.Foranother,weshouldenhancetheawarenessofpeoplethattheoceanresourcesarevitaltooursurvival.Onlyinthiswaycanweprotectouroceanresources.Also,Ibelievethatwehumanbeingscanovercomethisdifficulty,andwewillhaveabrightfuture.,2002年,AsChinesecitizens,weshouldrespectourownnationalcultureandlearnusefulthingsfromtheculturesofdifferentnations,whichwillenableustomakegreatprogressinmanyways.Ibelieveahappyandbrightfutureisawaitingusifwemakeeveryefforttopromoteculturaldevelopmentbothnationallyandinternationally.,2、总结归纳,（1998年）Idaresaythatoursocietyissufferingcorruptionandcheatwhicharecausingdamagetosocietybothmateriallyandmorally.Butthehenandherlikeshouldknowthatbydishonestwordsnoonecouldsurvivetheintensecompetitioninthemarketeconomy.Theyshouldremembertheoldsaying,Honestyisthebestpolicy.,2001年,Sotosumup,weshouldofferourhelptoallwhoareinneed.Weexpecttogetlovefromothersandwealsogivelovetoothers.Ibelievethattherelationshipbetweenpeoplewillbeharmoniousandoursocietywillbeabetterplaceforustolivein.,注意四：文章脉络清晰,Asisvividlydescribedinthetwopictures,manyyoungpeoplearefansofstarsandtheytryeverymeanstoshowtheiradoration.Thefirstphotoshowsafaceofaguywhohasthename“Beckham”afamousBritishfootballerwrittenonhisface,whileinthesecondpictureanotherguyspends300yuanabigsumofmoneyformanypeopledoingahairstyleofBeckham.,Thephotosclearlyrevealaseriousandpervasivesocialproblemnowadays.Firstofall,thereisnodenyingthatmanyyoungsterswanttobefamousorrichovernight,thereforetheirfocusisonlyonthesuccessofthesuperstars,ignoringthefactthatthefamouspeoplehavetoovercomemanyhardshipsanddifficultiesbeforetheyattaintheirsuccess.AcaseinpointisBeckhamorLiuXiang.,Whatsmore,followingthefootstepsofsuperstarswillwastetheyoungstersprecioustime.Theyareataprimetimetolearnnewknowledgeandlayasolidfoundationfortheirfuturecareer.Sheeradorationofstarswillruintheirstudyandtheirfuture.,Lastbutnotleast,somestarsarenottheidealidolsforyoungpeople,forexample,thefamousfootballerMaradonausedtoabusedrugs.This,ofcourse,hasanegativeeffectonthedevelopmentoftheyoungpeople.,Inmypointofview,effectivemeasuresmustbetakentocorrectthissituation.Itistheresponsibilityoftheauthoritiestoeducatetheyoungpeopletoachievesuccessinacorrectway.Meanwhile,theyoungergenerationshouldredirecttheiradorationforstarstohardwork,thusmakinggreatercontributionstothesociety.,注意五：题材,一、问题解决型,1、1997,2、1998,3、1999,4、2000,5、2003,6、2005,7、2006,二、积极弘扬型,1、2001,2、2002,3、2004,三、客观分析型,1、2006,2、2007,注意六：体裁,论说文,注意七：卷面,一、拼写正确二、书写工整，清晰易读,注意八：杜绝低级错误,Isourchildrenlearning?Ourchildrensdolearn.GeorgeW.BushIisastudentWemustdidsomething“木桶理论”,三大纪律,一、练习“死去活来”；二、表达优先；三、英语的归英语。,八项注意,一、词；二、句；三、段；四、文；五、题材；六、体裁；七、卷面；八、少错。,更多信心？！,2001,Amongalltheworthyfeelingsofmankind,loveisprobablythenoblest,buteveryonehashis/herunderstandingofit.Therehasbeenadiscussionrecentlyontheissueinanewspaper.Writeanessaytothenewspaperto,1)showyourunderstandingofthesymbolicmeaningofthepicturebelow,2)giveaspecificexample,and3)giveyoursuggestionastothebestwaytoshowlove.,Itisgenerallybelievedthatloveisahottopicwhichismosttalkedabout.ThisistruenotonlyinChinabutalsoinothercountries.Weliveindifferentcountries,speakdifferentlanguages,butloveissomethingcommontousall.Buthowtoshowlovemaybedifferentwithdifferentpeopleindifferentcountries.Thisissomethingweshould