Manuscript_Form_and_Punctuation(英语标点符号用法)课件

ManuscriptFormandPunctuation,1,学习交流PPT,I.ManuscriptForm,1.Arrangement1)Whenwewriteanessaytobereadbytheteacher,weshouldwriteoneveryotherlinesothattherewillberoomforcorrections.Itisnecessarytoleaveamarginofabouttwocentimetersatthetopandthebottomofthepage,andoneofacentimeterandahalfontherightandleftside.,2,学习交流PPT,2)Thetitleortopicoftheessayshouldbeplacedinthemiddleofthefirstline.Everywordofthetitle(includingwordsfollowinghyphensincompoundwords)shouldbecapitalized,exceptarticles,prepositions,coordinatingconjunctions(and,or,but,nor,andfor)andtoininfinitives.Butifoneofthesewordsisthefirstorlastwordofthetitle,itshouldbecapitalized.,3,学习交流PPT,Topicsaregenerallynounphrases(nounswiththeirmodifiers),thoughotherformsarepossible.Nofullstopshouldbeusedattheendofatitle.Aquestionmarkisneededifthetopicisadirectquestion(butanindirectquestionisnotfollowedbyaquestionmark).Thetitleofabookwithinthetopicshouldbeunderlined(italicizedinprinting),andthetitleofanarticleputbetweenquotationmarks.,4,学习交流PPT,Belowaresomeexamples:MyImpressionsofBeijingTheWallBetweenWhereDoAlltheNewWordsComeFrom?WhatTraditionsMeantotheChineseAClean,Well-LightedPlaceDifferentViewsonJaneEyreInterpretationsofRobertFrosts“FireandIce”,5,学习交流PPT,3)Thefirstlineofeveryparagraphshouldbeindented(startedafteraspaceoffourorfiveletters).4)Arabicnumeralsaregenerallyusedforpaging.Theycanbeputeitherintheupperright-handcornerorinthemiddlebelowthelastlineofeverypage.,6,学习交流PPT,5)Alineisneverbegunwithacomma,aperiod,asemicolon,acolon,aquestionmarkoranexclamationmark;alineneverendswiththefirsthalfofapairofbracketsorquotationmarks.Thehyphenthatshowsawordisdividedisputattheend,notatthebeginning,ofaline.,7,学习交流PPT,2.WordDivision,Thefollowinghintsmaybehelpfultousinthedivisionofwords:One-syllablewordsuchascount,healthandthoughtcannotbedivided.Wordswithtwoormoresyllablescanbedividedaccordingtotheformationofsyllables:repeat,insist,punctual,sandal,decline,translationAstressedclosesyllableusuallytakesaconsonantwithit:dedicate,gratify,laboratory,finishAconsonantplusleistreatedasasyllable:mingle,people,noble,giggleAsinglelettercannotbeputattheendoratthebeginningofaline:evoke,hearty,8,学习交流PPT,Atwo-letterendingshouldnotbeputatthebeginningofaline:handed,hardenDivisionsthatmaymisleadthereadershouldbeavoided:really,laymanWordswithhyphensshouldbedividedonlyatthehyphen:broad-minded,broken-heartedTwo-syllablewordswithdoubleconsonantsinthemiddleareasaruledividedbetweenthetwoconsonants:struggle,latterDivisionofpropernamesshouldbeavoided:Dickens,Paris,9,学习交流PPT,Thelastwordofapageshouldnotbedivided.Itshouldbewrittenonthenextpage.Divisionofwordsattheendsofseveralconsecutivelinesshouldbeavoided.Divisionofwordsisnotalwayseasy.Whenwearenotsure,weshouldconsultadictionary.Insomedictionariessyllabicationisindicatedbyadot,asintheexamplesgivenabove;inothersbyaspace:together,summer,10,学习交流PPT,3.Capitalization,Capitalizedwordsareusedmainlyinthreeplaces:propernames,keywordsintitles,andthefirstwordsofsentences.(examplesomitted)Lookatthefollowingexamplesandpayspecialattentiontotheuseofcapitallettersandpunctuationinquotedwordsandsentences.,11,学习交流PPT,MissJohnsonsaid,“Whenyouwriteanessay,youshouldpayattentiontobothcontentandlanguage.”“Whenyouwriteanessay,”shesaid,“youshouldpayattentiontobothcontentandlanguage.”“Whenyouwriteanessay,youshouldpayattentiontobothcontentandlanguage,”theteachersaid.MissJohnsonadvisedusto“payattentiontobothcontentandlanguage”whenwewroteanessay.,12,学习交流PPT,Theseexamplesshow:thesubjectandverbofsayingbeforethequotationarefollowedbyacomma;acompletesentencewithinquotationmarksaftertheverbofsayingbeginswithacapitalletterandendswithafullstop;,13,学习交流PPT,ifthequotedsentenceisbrokenintotwopartsandputbetweentwopairsofquotationmarks,withthesubjectandverbofsayingplacedbetweenthem,thefirstpartendswithacomma,thesecondpartdoesnotbeginwithacapitalletter(unlessthefirstwordisapropername),andthewholesentenceendswithafullstop;,14,学习交流PPT,ifthequotedsentenceisputbeforethesubjectandverbofsaying,itendswithacomma,andtheverbofsayingisfollowedbyafullstop;ifthequotedwordsareaphraseinsteadofacompletesentence,thephraseistreatedaspartofthewholesentence.,15,学习交流PPT,4.Handwriting,Therearetwocommonwaysofwritingtheletters:toformloopsandtoprint.Botharegood,butwehadbettersticktooneofthetwostyles.Weshouldalwaystrytowriteneatlysothatourhandwritingcanbereadeasily.,16,学习交流PPT,Whenwewanttocrossoutaword,weshoulddrawathicklinethroughit.Itismisleadingtoputitbetweenbrackets,becausethatmeansthewordisanexplanatoryremark.Whenwewanttoaddaword,weshouldwriteitabove,notbelow,thelineofwordswehavewrittenwithaclearsignshowingwhereitistobeinserted.,17,学习交流PPT,II.Punctuation,TheComma(,)(1)Acommaisusedtojoincoordinateclauses.Itisputbeforetheconjunction(and,but,or,for,so,nor,oryet)Weshouldrememberthatcoordinateclauseshavetobejoinedwithacommaandaconjunction.OnecommaalonecannotdothejobthoughitispossibleinChinese.Usingacommatolinktwoclausesisacommonmistakewhichhasaname:thecommafaultorthecommasplice.Butwecanuseasemicolon,adash,oracolonbetweencoordinateclauses(seeexplanationsofthesemarks).,18,学习交流PPT,(2)Acommaisusedafteranadverbialclauseorphrase,includingaprepositionalandaparticipialphrasebeforethesubject,orinsertedinthemiddleofthesentence:Whentherainstopped,wecontinuedtoworkinthefields.Onhearingabouttheaccident,hewenttothesiteatonce.Somelisteners,boredbythelengthytalk,closedtheireyesanddozedoff.Iftheadverbialelementfollowsthemainclause,nocommaisrequired.Thestudentswerebusyworkingintheclassroomwhenthelightswentoff.,19,学习交流PPT,(3)Commasareusedtoseparateaseriesofwordsorphraseswiththesamefunctioninthesentence:Thechildrensang,danced,jumped,andchasedeachother.Thecommabeforetheconjunctionandthelastitemisoptional.Itcanbeomittedifthereisnodangerofmisreading.,20,学习交流PPT,(4)Nonrestrictiveclausesandphrasesaresetoffbycommas:Mr.Huang,thenewdirectorofthecompany,willsoonannouncehisplansforreforms.Restrictiveclausesandphrasesarenotsetoffbycommas:Thisisthelabwherestudentslistentotapesandseefilms.,21,学习交流PPT,(5)Commassetoffparentheticalelements:Themachinesyouhavesuppliedus,Imgladtotellyou,workverywell.(6)Indates,acommaisusedtoseparatethedayandtheyeariftheorderismonth-day-year;nocommaneedbeusediftheorderisday-month-year:July1,1997;15September1980(7)Withnumbersof1000orover,commasorlittleblankspacesmaybeusedtoseparatedigitsbythousands.Fromrighttoleft,acommaisplacedaftereverythreenumerals.1,253,900690843201279,22,学习交流PPT,2.ThePeriod(.),(1)Theperiod(fullstop)isusedattheendofadeclarativesentence,amildlyimperativesentence,andanindirectquestion.Theperiodmarkstheendofasentence.Thewordafteritbeginsanewsentenceandhastobecapitalized.(2)Theperiodisusedwithmostabbreviations:Mr.Mrs.U.S.A.a.m.Butsomepeopleprefernottousetheperiodwithabbreviations.,23,学习交流PPT,(3)Threespacedperiodsmaketheellipsismark,whichindicatestheomissionofoneormorewordswithinaquotedpassage.Threespacedperiodsaresometimesusedtoapauseinconversationorfalteringspeech:“Hesaidmanythings,suchassuchasoh,yes,hesaidthathewouldresignfromthecommittee.”Ifasentenceendswithanellipsis,aperiodshouldbeusedafterit.Theresultisthatfourperiodsareusedtogether.,24,学习交流PPT,3.TheSemicolon(;),(1)Thesemicolonisusedbetweentwocoordinateclauseswhicharenotlinkedbyaconjunction.Shedoesntlikethisfilm;sheisdisgustedwithit.Theabovesentencecanbeturnedintotwoseparatesentenceswithoutanychangeinmeaning.Butthereisthisdifference:thetwopartsinonesentenceseemmorecloselyconnectedthantheyareastwosentences.Ontheotherhand,thetwopartsgetgreateremphasisastwosentences.,25,学习交流PPT,(2)Conjunctiveadverbsliketherefore,however,nonetheless,hence,otherwise,besides,moreover,etc.,shouldnotbeusedasconjunctionstolinktwocoordinateclauses.Beforethemthereshouldbeasemicolon,notacomma.Hepromisedtocometothemeeting;however,hedidntappear.(3)Thesemicolonisusedwithconjunctionswhentheclausescontaininternalpunctuation.Ashepromised,hedonatedalargesumofmoney;andthismoneyhelpedwiththecompletionoftheproject.,26,学习交流PPT,(4)Thesemicolonisusedtoseparateaseriesofitemswithinternalcommas.AmongthosewhojoinedthediscussionwereMissXu,awell-knownwriter;Mr.Li,editorofthelocalnewspaper;Dr.Qian,aprofessor:.(5)Asemicolonmaybeusedtojoinclauseswithwordsomitted,andtheomissionissometimesindicatedbyacomma.Inthisprestigiousuniversitytherearemanyfamousprofessors;inthatsmalleruniversity,afew;inourcollege,none.,27,学习交流PPT,4.TheColon(:),(1)Thecolonisusedtointroduceaquotationorastatement.(2)Thecolonisusedtointroduceanexplanation,asummary,oranappositive.Hegavetworeasonsforhisfailureintheexamination:poorhealthandinsufficienttimeforpreparation.,28,学习交流PPT,(3)Thecolonisusedbetweenthehourandtheminutetoshowthetime,torecordthescoresofgames,toendthesalutationofabusinessletterandtheintroductoryremarkofaspeakertothechairmanandaudience.at11:30ChinabeatJapan3:2inthechampionships.DearMr.Johnson:Mr.Chairman,LadiesandGentlemen:,29,学习交流PPT,5.TheQuestionMark(?),(1)Thequestionmarkisusedafteradirectquestion.Anindirectquestionispunctuatedinthesamewayasadeclarativesentence.(2)Thequestionmarkisusedafterastatementturnedintoaquestion(saidinarisingtone).“Youlikeit?Youwanttobuyit?”,30,学习交流PPT,(3)Aquestionmarkputbetweenparenthesesindicatesthewritersuncertaintyaboutthecorrectnessoftheprecedingword,figureordate.CaoXueqin,whowroteDreamoftheRedMansions,wasborninanaristocraticfamilyin1715(?),anddiedinpovertyin1764(?).,31,学习交流PPT,6.TheExclamationMark(!),(1)Theexclamationmarkisusedafteranexclamatorysentence,oranemphaticinterjection,oraphraseexpressingstrongemotion.Howbeautifulitis!“Help!Help!”“Getout!”heyelled.(2)Sometimestheexclamationmarkisusedafteraslogan.LonglivethePeoplesRepublicofChina!,32,学习交流PPT,7.QuotationMarks(“”),(1)Doublequotationmarksareusedtoenclosedirectquotationsindialogueorfrombooksorarticles.(2)Singlequotationmarksareusedtoencloseaquotationwithinaquotation.Theprofessorsaid,“Confuciussays,Donotimposeonotherswhatyoudonotdesireyourself.Thisisaverygoodprincipleofmoralconduct.”,33,学习交流PPT,(3)Indirectquotationsarenotenclosedbyquotationmarks.Theprofessorsaidthatoneprincipleofmoralconduct,accordingtoConfucius,isnottoimposeonotherswhatonedoesnotdesireoneself.(4)Quotationmarksareusedfortitlesofarticles,essays,shortstories,shortpoems,songs,etc.,andforheadingsofchaptersorsubdivisionsofbooks.Titlesofbooks,newspapersandmagazinesaregenerallyunderlinedoritalicized.,34,学习交流PPT,(5)Wordswithspecialmeaningaresometimesputbetweenquotationmarks.Here“register”referstoaparticulartypeofvocabulary.Thatwarlordwassaidtohavebeen“elected”presidentofhiscountry.(6)Whenothermarksofpunctuationareusedwithquotedwordsorsentences,thefollowingrulesaregenerallyobserved:thecommaandtheperiodmaybeplacedeitherinsideoroutsidethequotationmarks;Ihavejustfinishedreadinghisstory“AnUnusualExperience,”whichisveryinteresting./Ihave“AnExperience”.,35,学习交流PPT,thecolonandthesemicolonareplacedoutsidethequotationmarks;thedash,thequestionmark,andtheexclamationmarkareplacedwithinthequotationmarkswhentheyareconnectedonlywiththequotedwords,andtheyareplaceoutsidewhentheyareconnectedwiththewholesentence.Sheasked,“whatdoyoumean?”Couldyouexplainthemeaningof“postmodernism”?Themancried,“Fire!Fire!”,36,学习交流PPT,8.Parentheses/Brackets(),(1)Parenthesesareusedtosetoffparenthetical,supplementary,orillustrativewords.AWTO(WorldTradeOrganization)delegationistovisitChinanextweek.(2)Parenthesesenclosefiguresorlettersusedforenumeration.Thisbookconsistsofthreeparts:(1)ancienthistory,(2)modernhistoryand(3)contemporaryhistory.,37,学习交流PPT,9.SquareBrackets(),(1)Squarebracketsareusedtoindicatecorrectionsorexplanationsinquotedmattermadebythewriterwhoisquoting.Inthearticlehewrote,“NotforamomentdidsheEmilyDickinsonintendtomakeherselffamousbypublishingherpoems.”(2)Squarebracketsareusedinsteadofparentheseswithinparentheses.TherearequiteafewgoodtranslationsofclassicalChineseliteraryworksinthesetwovolumes(AnthologyofChineseLiteratureNewYork:GrovePress,Inc.,1965).,38,学习交流PPT,10.TheDash(),(1)Thedashindicatesabreakinthoughtorachangeintone,oraspeakersconfusionorhesitation.Atthebeginningoftheyear,hemademanyresolutionsonlytobeforgotteninafewdays.(2)Thedashindicatesanunfinishedorinterruptedstatement.“Heismakingpreparationsfor”“Forgoingabroad?”,39,学习交流PPT,(3)Apairofdashessetoffaparentheticalelement.Allhisbelongingsafewarticlesofclothingandafewbooksarehere.(4)Thedashissometimesusedtointroduceasummarizingclauseafteraseriesofnouns.Bob,Lily,Andrian,Judynoneofthemknowwhereheis.,40,学习交流PPT,(5)Thedashissometimesusedjustlikequotationmarksinadialogue.WhenwasShakespeareborn?Hewasbornin1564.(6)Thedashmaybeusedtointroducesubheadingsandauthorsafterquotations.WangZhaojuninAutumnintheHanPalaceAnInterpretationoftheThemeofthePlay“Itisuponbadfortunethatgoodfortuneleans:itisupongoodfortunethatbadfortunerests.LaoZi,41,学习交流PPT,11.TheSlash(/),(1)Theslashindicatesalternatives,representingthewordsororand/or.Theschoolgivesstudentswhohavefinancialdifficultiesloans/part-timejobs.(2)Theslashisusedtoseparatelinesinshortquotationsofpoetrybeingquotedinrunningtext.InthispoemKeatswrotethesefamouslines:“Beautyistruth,truthbeauty,thatisall/Yeknowonearth,andallyeneedtoknow.”,42,学习交流PPT,(3)Whenfractionsarewritteninasentence,aslashisusedtoseparatethenumeratorfromthedenominator.Thisfactorynowemploys2/3oftheworkersitemployedlastyear,butitsoutputisincreas