职称英语A补全短文教材原题与译文

第十二篇The Enemy WithinAllergy has become more and more common over the last 30 years. Now one-third of us are affected by allergy at some point in our lives and half of these sufferers are children. In the UK, three million people suffer from asthma, and five per cent of children suffer from food allergy.Allergy is a reaction that occurs when the immune system has a strange and unnecessary reaction to a substance which is normally harmless, such as pollen or peanuts. _1_ To defend your body against an attacker, the immune system remembers these dangerous micro-organisms and attacks them if it meets them again. This work is done by antibodies. The immune system in allergy sufferers makes antibodies against harmless substances, because it mistakenly believes them to be dangerous.An allergic reaction may not happen the first time a sufferer meets an allergen (the substance causing the reaction, such as pollen, milk or strawberries). Sometimes people can eat nuts for years and then suddenly become allergic to them. What has happened is that the immune system has now decided the substance is dangerous and has made an allergy antibody. This antibody then attaches itself to cells, which contain histamine. _2_ As they do that, the surface of the cells is broken, and histamine is released. The histamine and other chemicals inflame the tissues. This leads to the symptoms of allergy, such as swelling, rashes, sneezing, sore eyes and breathlessness. Anaphylaxis is the most severe allergic reaction of all and is most often triggered by wasp or bee stings or peanuts. This must be treated immediately._3_ Some people are born with the ability to make lots of allergy antibodies, and they are more likely to develop allergies and allergic disorders such as hay fever and asthma._4_ We eat more processed foods, with a wide range of additives and colourings; more and more people have central heating and double glazing, making our houses warmer and less draughty-an ideal environment to breed the house dust mite.There may also be a link between allergies and antibiotics. At one time our immune systems were kept busy fighting off disease and trying to win the battle for health, but antibiotics have reduced the amount of work our immune systems have to do. Now experts think they may direct spare energy to harmless substances such as strawberries. _5_A good deal of research is being devoted to finding a cure for allergies. Sufferers may be given medicine to control symptoms, and they may also be offered tests to find out what substances trigger an allergic reaction so that they can avoid contact with these in future.词汇：allergyn.过敏，过敏症sufferern.患者，受害者asthman.哮喘substancen.物质pollenn.花粉micro-organismn.微生物antibodiesn.antibody的复数形式，意为抗体allergenn.过敏源nutn.坚果histaminen.组织胺，组胺tissuen.人体组织symptomn.病症，征兆rashn.疱疹sneezingn.打喷嚏breathlessnessn.呼吸急促，气喘吁吁anaphylaxisn.全身性过敏反应，过敏反应waspn.黄蜂stingn.蟄，咬hayfevern.枯草热，花粉病additivesn.添加剂，食品添加剂curen.治疗，解药注释：1suffer from.忍受的折磨2be devoted to sth. .全身心投入于练习：AThe immune system is there to protect the body against outside attackers, including viruses, bacteria and parasites.BIn other words our immune systems have become over-sensitive.CAllergies run in families.DInternational differences have been associated with the number of individuals within a population have allergy.EWhen the antibodies meet the allergen the next time, they attempt to destroy it.FExperts believe more people have developed allergies because of changes in our lifestyle which have exposed us to more allergens.答案与题解：1A该是对机体免疫系统功能的介绍，而文中对免疫系统的首次提及是在该选项的上一句话，即描述过敏反应是免疫系统的活动，该选项故而可被视为是对上一句话的补充与说明。2E本题做题线索有两点，首先是上下文，本段前几句都是对抗体的描述与介绍，故与选项E主题相符，同时第二个做题点为逻辑顺序词，本段的第一句话中提到了An allergic reaction may not happen the first time a sufferer meets an allergen，而该选项中又有了the next time，这两个逻辑顺序词也构成了解题线索。3C该选项在文章的第四段，讲的是过敏反应在特殊人群中的反应，选项C的意思为“过敏反应是具有遗传性的”，与该段后一句some people are born with the ability.相对应。4F文章第五段主要讲的是能导致过敏反应的两个例子，缺少中心句，而选项C恰好能对这两个例子进行概括说明，故答案为选项C。5B该选项为概括总结项，是对前文说的内容进行总结，该段的前面部分提及的是抗生素与过敏反应之间的关系，即其对于人体免疫系统的影响，而该选项则是一个结果性的描述，即免疫系统变得过于敏感了，其可对前文中抗生素的作用进行总结说明。过敏在过去30年中，已经变得越来越普及。目前，在我们生活的不同时期内，有1/3的人发生过过敏，其中半数为儿童。在英国，有300万人受哮喘病的折磨，并有5%的儿童对食物过敏。过敏指的是免疫系统对于通常无害的物质（如花粉、花生）所做出的奇怪且不必要的反应。免疫系统能够保护我们的身体免受外界的侵袭，这些物质包括病毒、细菌以及寄生虫。为了保护人体免受外界的侵袭，免疫系统会记忆这些危险的微生物，并在再次遭遇它们时对其进行攻击。这一功能由抗体完成。过敏患者的免疫系统会对无害物质产生抗体，错误地认定这些物质是危险的。过敏反应在患者首次接触过敏源（造成过敏反应的物质，如花粉、牛奶、草莓）时可能不会发生。有时，人们会在多年正常食用坚果后，突然变得对其过敏，其免疫系统在这一过程中认定该类物质为危险物质并针对其产生了免疫抗体。这种抗体将其自身与人体中含有组织胺的细胞相连接。当再次遭遇这类过敏源时，这一抗体就会试图摧毁它。当抗体发挥功效时，与其连接的细胞的外表会破裂并释放出组胺。组胺及其他化学物质使人体组织发炎。过敏症状就会发生，如浮肿、疱疹、打喷嚏、眼痛及呼吸急促。全身性过敏反应是最严重的过敏性反应，其通常由黄蜂或蜜蜂叮咬或食用花生所致。这类过敏反应必须立刻就医。过敏症会在家庭成员中传播。有些人天生能产生多种过敏抗体，因此他们更容易发生过敏或者过敏性失调，如花粉病及哮喘。专家认为，会有越来越多的人出现过敏反应，因为我们生活方式的变化使我们暴露在越来越多的过敏源之中。我们食用越来越多经过精加工的食物，这些食物添加了多种添加剂与色素；越来越多的人采用了集中供暖系统并使用双层玻璃，这使得我们的房子变得更加温暖且更加密闭，为尘螨提供了完美的繁育环境。过敏还可能与抗生素有关。我们曾一度依靠自身的免疫系统与疾病抗争来保护我们的健康，但抗生素减少了免疫系统本该做的工作。如今，专家们认为，免疫系统会把多余的能量用到一些无害物质上，如草莓。换句话说， 我们的免疫系统变得过于敏感了。人们正在为寻找治疗过敏的方法展开大量研究。患者可以通过药物治疗来抑制症状，还可以通过各种检查来确定引起过敏反应的物质，这样他们就可以在将来避免与这类物质接触。第十四篇Primer on SmellIn addition to bringing out1 the flavor of food, what does the sense of smell do for us?Smell “gives us information about place, about where we are,” says Randall Reed, a Johns Hopkins University professor whose specialty is the sense of smell. _1_ “Whether we realize it or not, we collect a lot of information about who is around us based on smell,” says Reed.Even at a distance, odors can warn us of2 trouble spoiled food, leaking gas, or fire. “Its a great alert,” offers Donald Leopold, a doctor at Johns Hopkins. For example, if something in the oven is burning, everyone in the house knows it.With just a simple scent, smell can also evoke very intense emotion. Lets say, for example, that the smell is purple petunias. _2_ Now lets imagine that your mother died when you were three, and she used to have a flower garden. You wouldnt need to identify the smell or to have conscious memories of your mother or her garden. You would feel sad as soon as you smelled that spicy odor.Compared with3 animals, how well do people detect smelts?That depends on what you mean by “how well”. We are low on receptor cells ： current estimates say that humans have roughly five million smell-receptor cells, about as many as a mouse. _3_Reed says that, across species, there is a relatively good correlation between the number of receptor cells and how strong the sense of smell is. “You can hardly find the olfactory bulb in a human brain its a pea-sized object. In a mouse, its a little bigger. Its bean-sized in a rat, about the size of your little finger in a rabbit, and the size of your thumb in a bloodhound.”Does that mean that our sense of smell is not very acute?Not exactly. While we may not have the olfactory range of other creatures, the receptors we do have are as sensitive as those of any animal. _4_ A trained “nose”, such as that of a professional in the perfume business, can name and distinguish about 10,000 odors. Reed says that a perfume expert can sniff a modem scent that has a hundred different odorants in it, go into the lab, and list the ingredients. “In a modest amount of time, he comes back with what to you or me would smell like a perfect imitation of that perfume. Its amazing.”What happens to4 our sense of smell as we age?Many people continue to have good olfactory function as they get older. _5_ Leopold says that smell is generally highest in childhood, stays the same from the teens through the 50s, and drops starting at about 60 for women and 65 for men. “The average 80-year-old is only able to smell things half as well as the average 20-year-old,” says Leopold.词汇：scent /sent/ n. 气味，香味petunia /ptju:ni/ n. 喇叭花olfactory /lfkt()ri/ adj. 嗔觉的，味道的sniff /snif/ v. 嗅，闻，用力吸注释：1. bring out：使显出，使变得明显2. warn of：发出关于的警告。warn sb. of sth.：警告某人某事3. compare with：与相比4. happen to：发生于，发生在练习：A These flowers have a rich spiciness that no other petunia has.B Odors, or smells, can warn us about trouble.C Thats not the rule, however.D And smell tells us about people.E We can also think, and we make conscious (and successful) efforts to tell the difference between one smell and another.F A rat has some 10 million, a rabbit 20 million, and a bloodhound 100 million.答案与题解：1. D根据后文提到的“我们能够根据气味收集到有关人的很多信息”可以推断此处答案是D选项。2. A前文提到以紫喇叭花的香味举例，选项中只有A选项提到了喇叭花。3. F前文提到人类和小鼠的嗅觉受体细胞数量，可以推断此处应介绍其他物种的嗅觉受体细胞数量。4. E后文都在介绍人类可以区分味道的不同，所以此处E选项最符合原文意思。5. C后文介绍了不是每个人都随着年龄的增长嗅觉能力不发生变化，所以此处C选项最符合原文。参考译文第十四篇 嗅觉入门嗅觉除了能让我们感受到食物的气味外，还能做什么？美国约翰霍普金斯大学研究嗅觉的专家Randall Reed教授指出，气味能提供给我们关于位置，关于我们在哪儿，以及有关人的信息。“无论我们是否意识到，我们能根据气味收集到许多关于谁在我们身边的信息，”Reed讲道。即使还隔着一段距离，气味就能提醒我们注意很多麻烦：变质的食物，煤气泄漏，或是火灾。“它是一个很好的警告，”约翰霍普金斯大学的医生Donald Leopold说道。比方说，烤箱中有东西烧焦了，屋内的每个人都会知道。仅仅是简单的气味，嗅觉就会引起强烈的情感。比如说那种气味就是紫喇叭花。它的气味中有一种其他喇叭花没有的香味。现在我们想象一下，你的母亲在你3岁时就去世了，她曾经拥有一座花园。你不必去辨认那种气味或者有意识地回忆起你的母亲或者她的花园，只要是你闻到那种紫喇叭花的香味，你就会感到伤感。与动物相比，人类感知气味的能力有多强？那要取决于你所谓的“多强”是什么意思。我们人类的受体细胞很少：目前估计人类有大概500万个嗅觉受体细胞，差不多和一只小鼠的一样多。一只大鼠大约有1 000万个，一只兔子有2 000万个，一只寻血犬有1亿个。Reed谈到，在不同的物种中，受体细胞的数量和嗅觉的强弱大体是正相关的。“人的大脑中是几乎找不到嗅球的，它像豌豆般大小。小鼠的脑中，嗅球大一点。大鼠的脑中，嗅球有蚕豆那么大，兔子脑中的有你的小手指那么大，而寻血犬脑中的有拇指那么大。”这是不是就意味着我们的嗅觉不够敏锐呢？不完全是。尽管我们的嗅觉范围可能没有其他生物的那么广，但是我们已有的受体细胞和其他动物的一样敏感。我们也可以认为，我们在有意（并且成功地努力区别不同的气味。受过培训的鼻子，比如研究香水的专家的鼻子就能够区分1万种气味并说出其名字。Reed说，一个香水专家可以在闻完一种含有100种不同香料的现代香水后，走进实验室，列出这些成分。“一段时间过后，他调制出来的气味对于你我来说都是那种香水气味的完美复制，太不可思议了。”随着年龄的增长，我们的嗅觉会发生什么变化？许多人年龄增大时还会有很好的嗅觉能力。但并不都是这样。指出，一个人的嗅觉在儿童时最强，在青少年时期一直到50多岁都保持不变，女人通常从60岁、男人从65岁开始下降。“通常来说，80岁的人能闻到的东西是20岁的人能闻到的一半，”Leopold说道。第十一篇LeukemiaLeukemia is the most common type of cancer kids get, but it is still very rare. Leukemia involves the blood and blood-forming organs, such as the bone marrow._1_A kid with leukemia produces lots of abnormal white blood cells in the bone marrow. Usually, white blood cells fight infection, but the white blood cells in a person with leukemia dont work the way theyre supposed to. _2_The abnormal white blood cells multiply out of control1, filling the bone marrow and making it hard for enough normal, infection-fighting white blood cells to form. Other blood cells such as red blood cells (that carry oxygen in the blood to the bodys tissues) and platelets (that allow blood to clot) are also crowded out2 by the white blood cells of leukemia. These cancer cells may also move to other parts of the body, including the bloodstream, where they continue to multiply and build up3.Although leukemia can make kids sick, most of the time it is treatable, and kids get better. Almost all leukemia patients are treated with chemotherapy, which means using anti-cancer drugs._3_Chemotherapy quickly goes to work, traveling through the blood to the bone marrow. There, the drugs can attack the cancer cells. After several weeks of chemotherapy, many kids begin to feel better.Some children with leukemia will also have to have radiation therapy, too. _4_If the cancer isnt getting better from using the usual amounts of chemotherapy and radiation, then kid with leukemia will probably need more treatment with higher doses of chemotherapy and radiation to finally kill the cancer cells. But this heavy-duty treatment will also harm the normal cells in the kids bone marrow too, and the bone marrow will no longer be able to produce normal blood cells. So, doctors will then give a kid or anyone else with bone marrow that is no longer working normal bone marrow tissue from someone else who is healthy. _5_词汇：leukemia 白血病 marrow 髓 innermost 最内的，最深处的abnormal 反常的，变态的 infection 感染 multiply .增加，繁殖platelet 血小板 clot (血等)凝结成块 bloodstream 血流chemotherapy 化学疗法 catheter 导管 insert 插入，嵌入invisible 看不见的，无形的 cancerous 生癌的;患癌症的heavy-duty . 重型的;大剂量的 transplant 移植注释：1.out of control：失去控制;不受控制2.are also crowded out：也被排挤出去3.build up：逐渐积聚;集结练习：A. The chemotherapy drugs are given through a catheter, a narrow tube that is inserted into a blood vessel, sometimes in the kids upper chest.B. Early symptoms of leukemia are often overlooked, since they may resemble symptoms of the flu or other common diseases.C. This is a special procedure called a bone marrow transplant, and it helps the patient make new blood cells so they can recover from the leukemia.D. Bone marrow is the innermost part of some bones where blood cells are first made.E. They dont protect the person from infections very well.F. Radiation therapy uses invisible high-energy waves (similar to X-rays) to kill cancerous cells.答案与题解:1.D前一句提到，白血病涉及血液和造血器官，如骨髓。接下来应首选阐释骨髓的句子。2.E前一句讲，通常情况下，白细胞会对抗感染，但是白血病病人身上的白细胞却发挥不了其应当发挥的作用。这意味着它们不能很好地保护病人免受感染的侵袭。3.A前一句涉及化学疗法，即抗癌药物的使用。接下来应首选表达如何使用化疗药物的句子。4.F前一句讲到，有些患白血病的孩子也将接受放射治疗。接下来应选择能够说明放射治疗的句子。5.C此段的主要意思是，接受大剂量化疗的白血病患者骨髓可能出现问题，不再正常发挥作用。这时，医生就要把一个正常人的骨髓组织移到他身上。这一医疗措施的名称及其作用应该是下一句话所表达的内容。译文：白血病白血病是儿童所得癌症中最普遍的一种病症，不过这种病仍然是很少的。白血病涉及血液和造血器官，如骨髓。骨髓是一些骨头中最内部的部分，并在那里产生红细胞。患白血病的孩子会在骨髓中产生大量不正常的白细胞。通常情况下，白细胞会对抗感染，但白血病人身上的 白细胞却发挥不了其应有的作用，它们不能保护人体免受感染。骨髓中不正常的白细胞的繁殖无法控制，使得骨髓中难以形成足够的正常感染的白细胞。其他的血细胞，像红白细胞(将血液中的氧气运送到身体其他器官的细胞)、血小板(凝血功能的细胞)也被白血病产生的白细胞排挤出去。这些癌细胞还可能扩散到身体的其他部位，包括血液，并在那里继续繁殖积聚。尽管白血病令儿童身受其苦，大大多数情况下还是可以治愈的，孩子们也会好起来的。几乎所有的白血病患者都要接受化疗，即采用抗癌药物。化疗药物通过导管进入病体，导管就是插在病人血管中的一根细管，有时插入孩子的胸上部。化疗能很快起效，抗癌药物通过血液到达骨髓并杀死癌细胞。警告经过几周的化疗，很多孩子都会感觉好一些。有些患白血病的儿童还必须采用放射疗法。放疗采用肉眼看不见的高能光波(类似X光)来杀死癌细胞。如果使用正常量度的放疗和化疗不能使病情好转的话，那么这个孩子可能需要接受更多的治疗，用更大剂量的放疗和化疗来治疗以最终杀死癌细胞。但是大剂量的化疗可能有害于白血病患儿骨髓中的正常细胞，使骨髓不能产生正常的血细胞。因此，医生会把正常人的骨髓组织一直到这个患儿或任何一个骨髓不能正常工作的人身上，这就是名叫骨髓移植的特殊疗法，它能帮助病人产生新的血细胞来战胜白血病而康复。第十三篇What Is Insulin-dependent Diabetes?When you eat, your body takes the sugar from food and turns it into fuel. _1_ Your body uses glucose for energy, so it can do everything from breathing air to playing a video game. But glucose cant be used by the body on its ownit needs a hormone called insulin to bring it into the cells of the body.Most people get the insulin they need from the pancreas, a large organ near the stomach. The pancreas makes insulin; insulin brings glucose into the cells; and the body gets the energy it needs. When a person has insulin-dependent diabetes, its because the pancreas is not making insulin. So someone could be eating lots of food and getting all the glucose he needs, but without insulin, there is no way for the body to use the glucose for energy. _2_You may have heard older people talk about having diabetes, maybe people of your grandparents age. Usually, this is a different kind of diabetes called non-insulin-dependent diabetes. It can also be called Type 2 diabetes, or adult-onset diabetes. _3_When a kid is diagnosed with juvenile (insulin-dependent) diabetes, he will have that type of diabetes for his whole life. It wont ever change to non-insulin-dependent diabetes when he gets older.Scientists now think that a person who has juvenile diabetes was born with a certain gene or genes that made the person more likely to get the illness. _4_ Many scientists believe that along with having certain genes, something else outside the persons body, like a viral infection, is necessary to set the diabetes in motion by affecting the cells in the pancreas that make insulin.But the person must have the gene (or genes) for diabetes to start out with this means you cant get diabetes just from catching a flu, virus, or cold. And this type of diabetes isnt caused by eating too many sugary foods, either. Diabetes can take a long time to develop in a persons body sometimes months or years. Another important thing to remember is that diabetes is not contagious. _5_词汇：viral 病毒(性)的;病毒引起的 infection 感染sugary 糖的;含糖的;甜的;太甜的 contagious 触染的;传染的insulin 胰岛素 diabetes 糖尿病 glucose 葡萄糖hormone 激素，荷尔蒙 pancreas 膜(腺)onset 开始 juvenile 少年的注释：1.insulin-dependent diabetes：胰岛素依赖型糖尿病2.on its own：独立地，靠自己的力量3.non-insulin-dependent diabetes：非胰岛素依赖型糖尿病4.adult-onset diabetes：成人型糖尿病5.juvenile (insulin-dependent) diabetes：少年型(胰岛素依赖型)糖尿病6.to set the diabetes in motion by affecting the cells in the pancreas that make insulin：通过对胰腺中生成胰岛素的细胞的影响而导致糖尿病的发作练习：AGenes are something that you inherit from your parents, and they are in your body even before youre born.BThis sugar-fuel is called glucose.CIt may be possible to beat insulin resistance through lifestyle changes.DYou cant catch diabetes from people who have it, no matter how close you sit to them or if you kiss them.EThe glucose cant get into the cells of the body without insulin.FWhen a person has this kind of diabetes, the pancreas usually can still make insulin, but the persons body needs more than the pancreas can make.答案与题解：1.B文章第一句讲，人进食后，身体便会从食物中获得糖并将其转化成燃料。接下来应首选对这种糖燃料加以解释的句子。2.E前两句讲到，患胰岛素依赖型糖尿病的病人，其胰腺不能生成胰岛素，因此，尽管某人进食大量食物并获取所需的全部葡萄糖，但没有胰岛素，身体就无法利用这些葡萄糖获取能量。也就是说，没有胰岛素，葡萄糖就不能进入身体的细胞内。3.F此段的前几句主要讲非胰岛素依赖型糖尿病，并指出它不同于胰岛素依赖型糖尿病。二者之间的主要区别是什么呢?回答这个问题的句子应当首选。4.A前一句讲，科学家们现在认为，患少年型糖尿病的人出生时就具有某个或者某些使其易患此病的基因。基因是什么呢?回答这问题的句子当然应该首选A。5.D前一句说明了糖尿病不具有触染性，接下来应当是对该句加以阐释的句子。译文：什么是胰岛素依赖型糖尿病?你在吃东西时，你的身体会从食物中获得糖并将其转化成燃料。这种糖燃料就是葡萄糖。你的身体通过葡糖糖产生能量，这使你能够做从呼吸道打电子游戏的任何事情，但葡糖糖不能直接被身体利用它需要通过一种叫胰岛素的荷尔蒙来将其运送到身体的细胞中。大多数人通过胃旁边的一个大型器官胰中获得所需的胰岛素。胰腺生成胰岛素;胰岛素把葡糖糖运送至细胞后肌体获得其所需能量。胰岛素依赖型糖尿病人的胰腺不能生成胰岛素，因此，尽管他大量进食并获取所需的全部葡糖糖，但没有胰岛素，身体就无法利用这些葡糖糖获取能量。没有胰岛素，葡糖糖就不能进入身体的细胞内。你可以听到过老人谈论糖尿病，可能有些老人与你的祖父母年龄相仿。一般说来，这是一种不同类型的糖尿病，叫作非胰岛素依赖型糖尿病，也叫型糖尿病或成人型糖尿病。患这种糖尿病的人，其胰腺仍能生成胰岛素，但它满足不了身体对胰岛素的需求量。当一个孩子被诊断为少年型(胰岛素依赖型)糖尿病时，他将终生都患该种糖尿病，而且不会随着年龄增长而变成非胰岛素依赖型糖尿病。科学家们现在认为患青少年型糖尿病的人出生时就具有某个或某些使其易患此病的基因。基因是从父母那里遗传得来的，它在人出生前就存在于其体内。许多科学家还认为，除了有某种基因外，一些人体外部的原因，比