词汇学第四章word-formation-PPT课件

.,1,Chapter4,WordFormation,.,2,.,3,4.1Affixation,Whatisaffixation?Itistheformationofwordsbyaddingword-formationorderivationalaffixestobases.Thisprocessisalsoknownasderivation,andwordscreatedinthiswayarecalledderivatives.Accordingtothepositionsaffixesoccupyinwords,affixationfallsintotwosubcategories:prefixationandsuffixation.,.,4,4.1.1Prefixation,Definition:itistheformationofnewwordsbyaddingprefixtostems.Features:non-classchangingExceptions:class-changingprefixesInmodernEnglish,therearesmallpartofprefixesthatdochangethepartofspeech,eg.ainasleep,eninencourage.,.,5,Nowlookatthefollowingwords.Canyouseparatetheirprefixedfromtheirrootorstem?Anexamplehasbeendoneforyou.,Observethewordsandtheirrootsorstems,doyouthinkeverywordenjoysthesamepartofspeechwithitsrootorstem?,.,6,Onsemanticbasis,prefixesaredividedintotengroups:NegativePrefixes否定前缀Reversativeorprivativeprefixes逆反前缀Pejorativeprefixes贬义前缀Prefixesofdegreeorsize表范围和程度的前缀Prefixesoforientationandattitude表方向和态度的前缀Locativeprefixes方位前缀Prefixesoftimeandorder表时间和顺序的前缀Numberprefixes数字前缀Conversionprefixes转化前缀Miscellaneousprefixes其他类型的前缀,.,7,4.1.2Suffixation,Definition:suffixationistheformationofnewwordsbyaddingsuffixestostems.Features:unlikeprefixeswhichprimarilychangesthemeaningofthestem,suffixeshaveonlyasmallsemanticrole,theirprimaryfunctionbeingtochangethegrammaticalfunctionofstems.Inotherwords,theymainlychangethewordclass.Classification:onagrammaticalbasis,suffixesaredividedintonounsuffixes,verbsuffixes,adjectivesuffixes,etc.,.,8,freedom,reality,Japanese,princess,socialism,translation,interviewee,childhood,cookery,n.,n.,n.,n.,n.,n.,n.,n.,n.,n.,Inthefollowingtable,thereare12wordsofdifferentpartsofspeech.Matchthewordswiththecorrespondingsuffixestoformanewword.Writeoutthenewwordanditspartofspeech.Anexamplehasbeendoneforyou.,.,9,Comparethetwolistsofwords.Couldyoutellhowthepartsofspeecharechanged?Thedifferentpartsofspeechinlistonearechangedtonounsinlisttwo.So,whenasuffixisaddedtoastem,whateverpartofspeechithasbeen,thenewwordwillbeanoun.Thuswecallthissuffixnounsuffix.Itisthesamecasewithadjectivesuffix,adverbsuffix,andverbsuffix.Asforthenewword,ifitisoriginallyanoun,byaddinganounsuffix,itisstillanoun,butwecallitadenominalnoun,whileifitisoriginallyaverb,thenewnouniscalledadeverbalnoun.Itisthesamecasewithde-adjectivenoun.,.,10,4.2Compounding,pigtail,dog-ear,.,11,Definition:Itistheformationofnewwordsbyjoiningtwoormorebases.Whatisacompound?Itisalexicalunitconsistingofmorethanonebaseandfunctioningbothgrammaticallyandsemanticallyasasingleword.Types:solid:easygoing,necklacehyphenated:honey-bee,go-betweenopen:easychair,.,12,Phonologicalfeatures:compoundvs.freephrasesSemanticfeatures:e.g.Frenchleave;Chinesecopy;DutchtreatTheirmeaningsdonotjustfollowthe“1+1Principle”,thatistosay,theirmeaningsarenotthecombinationofthemeaningsofthetwoelementsinthecompound.Grammaticalfeaturese.g.bad-mouthed/s;new-bornsOrthographicalfeaturesPersonalpreference,Characteristics:,.,13,Formation:Nouncompounds;Adjectivecompounds;Verbcompounds;,.,14,4.3Conversion,Definition:Itistheformationofnewwordsbyconvertingwordsofoneclasstoanotherclass.,.,15,Readthefollowingsentences;trytomakethepartofspeechoftheword”up”.Canyouliftthatboxupontotheshelfforme?Weclimbedslowlyupthehill.IssomethingupwithJohn?Helooksreallysad.Withoutsayinganotherword,heuppedandleft.Susanseemstobeonanupatthemoment.Ihopeitlasts.Wordsproducedbyconversionareprimarilynouns,adjectivesandverbs.Themostproductive,however,istheconversionthattakesplacebetweennounsandverbs.Itdeservesnotingthatconversionisnotonlyachangeofgrammaticalfunctionofthelexicaliteminvolvedbutwithitthedifferentrangeofmeaningthatitoriginallycarried.,.,16,ItisthesamecaseinEnglish.,.,17,Morewordsaboutconversion:Insomecases,conversionisaccompaniedbycertainchangesthataffectpronunciationsorspellingorstressdistributions.Themostcommonchangesare:VoicelesstovoicedconsonantInitialtoendstress,.,18,4.4Blending,Whatisblending?Blendingistheformationofnewwordsbycombingpartsoftwowordsorawordplusapartofanotherword.Wordsformedinthiswayarecalledblendsorportmanteauwords.,.,19,Trytodrawoutthemajorformationoftheblends.brunch,Oxbridge,motel,smog-sitcom,telex-telequiz,medicare-eggwich,videophone-,head+tail,head+head,head+word,word+tail,.,20,4.5Clipping,DefinitionClippingistoshortenalongerwordbycuttingapartofftheoriginalandusingwhatremainsinstead.e.g.planeandexamareoftenusedinplaceofaeroplaneandexaminationrespectively.,.,21,refrigerator,gasoline,influenza,detective,popularmusic,zoologicalgarden,.,22,Tosumup,therearefourcommontypesofclipping:FrontclippingBackclippingFrontandbackclippingPhraseclipping,.,23,4.6Acronymy,DoyouknowwhatarethefullnamesofthefollowingwordsinChinese.人大，政协，妇联，高考，英专，邓论，超市，中青旅，公交,.,24,Now,letslookatsomepictures,payattentiontotheEnglishwordsonthepicture.Pickoutthosewordsformedbycapitalletters.,.,25,Whatisacronymy?Itistheprocessofformingnewwordsbyjoiningtheinitiallettersofcompositenamesofsocialandpoliticalorganizationsorphrasesusedastechnicalterms.WhatarethewordscalledbyAcronymycalled?Initialisms:pronouncedlette