工业工程概论1

1,I2.extensivereadingsomeparts;3.sometranslationworks;4.masteringthebasicwordsandphrasesofI5.yourfinalscore:30%homeworksand70%finalexam.,IntroductiontoIndustrialandsystemsEngineering,10,Part1HistoryandPerspectiveofIndustrialEngineering（工业工程的历史与展望）,1HISTORYOFENGINEERINGANDDEVELOPMENTOFINDUSTRIALENGINEERING（工程的历史与工业工程的发展）2INDUSTRIALANDSYSTEMSENGINEERING（工业与系统工程）,11,WhatstheIEsprofessionisgoingtodo?,CHAPTER1.HistoryofEngineeringandDevelopmentofIndustrialEngineering,1.1.Introduction（引言）Industrialengineeringisemergingasoneofasmallnumberof“glamor”（glamour的变体，魔力,魅力）professionsthatwillbecountedon（认为）forsolvingcomplexproblemsinthehighlytechnologicalworldofthefuture.Weareseeingrapidadvancesintheuseofautomationandotherformsofhightechnologyinfactoriesandproductionsystemsaroundtheworld.,自动化,12,1.1.Introduction（引言）Designinga“factoryofthefuture”isachallengingandcomplextaskonethatrequiresaknowledgeoffundamentalsciences(基础科学),engineeringsciences（工程科学）,behavioralsciences（行为科学）,computerandinformationsciences（计算机与信息科学）,economics（经济学）,andabroadarrayoftopicsconcerningthebasicprinciplesofproductionsystems.,CHAPTER1.HistoryofEngineeringandDevelopmentofIndustrialEngineering,WhatstheIEstask?,13,WhatstheIEscurriculaabout?,1.1.IntroductionIndustrialengineering(I.E.)curricula（课程）aredesignedtopreparestudentstomeetthechallengesofthefuture.ManyI.E.graduateswill,indeed,designmodernmanufacturingfacilities（设施）.Otherswillelecttodesignhealth-caredeliverysystems（卫生保健系统）,transportationsystems（交通运输系统）,orothersystemsthatprovideservicesratherthanmanufacturedproducts.,CHAPTER1.HistoryofEngineeringandDevelopmentofIndustrialEngineering,14,1.1.IntroductionThedemandforI.E.s（IndustrialEngineers）isstrongandgrowingeachyear.Infact,thedemandforI.E.sgreatlyexceedsthesupply.Thisdemand/supplyimbalanceisgreaterforI.E.thanforanyotherengineeringorsciencedisciplineandisprojectedtoexistformanyyearsinthefuture.,CHAPTER1.HistoryofEngineeringandDevelopmentofIndustrialEngineering,15,1.1.IntroductionThepurposeofthisbookistoprovideanintroductionandoverviewoftheexcitingfieldofindustrialengineering.Ourintentistoprovideaframework,sothatthestudentmayhaveabasicframeofreferenceasheorsheencountersindepthcoursesineachofthespecialtyareaswithinI.E.,CHAPTER1.HistoryofEngineeringandDevelopmentofIndustrialEngineering,16,1.1.IntroductionDefinitionofIndustrialEngineeringIndustrialEngineeringisconcernedwiththedesign,improvement,andinstallation（装配）ofintegratedsystemsofpeople,materials,information,equipment,andenergy.Itdrawsupon（利用）specializedknowledgeandskillinthemathematical,physical,andsocialsciencestogetherwiththeprinciplesandmethodsofengineeringanalysisanddesigntospecify（详明指明）,predict,andevaluatetheresultstobeobtainedfromsuchsystems.工业工程是由人力、物资、信息、设备和能源组成的集成系统的设计、改善与装配的学科（专业）。它利用数学、物理学和社会科学的专门知识和技能，并运用工程分析与设计的原理及方法来描述、预测及评价这类系统可能获得的结果。,CHAPTER1.HistoryofEngineeringandDevelopmentofIndustrialEngineering,17,Asusedinthiscontext,thetermindustrialisintendedtobeinterpretedinthemostgeneralway.Althoughthetermindustrialisoftenassociatedwithmanufacturingorganizations,hereitisintendedtoapplytoanyorganization.Thebasicprinciplesofindustrialengineeringarebeingappliedwidelyinagriculture（农业）,hospitals,banks,governmentorganizations,andsoforth.industrialengineering，工业工程,工业管理学(简明英汉词典);industrialengineering,n.Abbr.IE,I.E.:Thebranchofengineeringthatisconcernedwiththeefficientproductionofindustrialgoodsasaffectedbyelementssuchasplantandproceduraldesign,themanagementofmaterialsandenergy,andtheintegrationofworkerswithintheoverallsystem.企业管理学：管理学的一支，主要研究影响工业产品生产效率的因素，如设施和程序的设计，材料和能源的管理，以及在整个体系中工人的结合等(美国传统词典双解)；industrial，Of,relatingto,orresultingfromindustry（1.Commercialproductionandsaleofgoods.产业，工业：商业性生产和货物的销售;2.Aspecificbranchofmanufactureandtrade:行业：制造业或商业中具体的分支：thetextileindustry.纺织业）,CHAPTER1.HistoryofEngineeringandDevelopmentofIndustrialEngineering,18,1.2.EarlyDevelopments（早期发展）Howdidthetwowords“industrial”and“engineering”becomecombinedtoformthelabel“industrialengineering”?Whatistherelationshipofindustrialengineeringtootherengineeringdisciplines,tobusinessadministration(工商管理),tothesocialsciences（社会科学）?Tounderstandtheroleofindustrialengineeringintodayscomplexworld,itishelpfultolearnthehistoricaldevelopmentsthatwereinstrumentalintheevolutionofI.E.Therearemanywaystowriteahistoryofengineering.Thetreatmentinthischapterisbriefbecauseourinterestisinreviewingthehighlights（要点）ofengineeringdevelopment,particularlythoseleadingtoindustrialengineeringasaspecialty.Morecompletehistoriesareavailableinthereferences.与工业工程演化相关的工程历史,CHAPTER1.HistoryofEngineeringandDevelopmentofIndustrialEngineering,19,1.2.EarlyDevelopmentsEngineeringandsciencehavedevelopedinparallel,complementary(互补的)fashion,althoughnotalwaysatthesamepace（发展速度不一致）.Whereasscienceisconcernedwiththequestforbasicknowledge,engineeringisconcernedwiththeapplicationofscientificknowledgetothesolutionofproblemsandtothequestfora“betterlife(改善生活).”Obviously,knowledgecannotbeapplieduntilitisdiscovered,andoncediscovered,itwillsoonbeputtouse.Initseffortstosolveproblems,engineeringprovidesfeedbacktoscienceinareaswherenewknowledgeisneeded.Thus,scienceandengineeringworkhandinhand携手并进.,CHAPTER1.HistoryofEngineeringandDevelopmentofIndustrialEngineering,20,1.2.EarlyDevelopmentsAlthoughscience“and”engineering“eachhavedistinguishingcharacteristicsandareregardedasdifferentdisciplines（不同学科）,insomecasesa”scientist“andan”engineer“mightbethesameperson.Thiswasespeciallytrueinearliertimeswhentherewereveryfewmeansofcommunicating（交流手段有限）basicknowledge.Thepersonwhodiscoveredtheknowledgealsoputittouse.Acompletechronology（年代史）ofearlyengineeringpractice（工程实践）isbeyondthescopeofthistext.Theinterestedreaderwillfindanexcellenttreatise（论文）inTheAncientEngineersbydeCamp,inwhichnumerousearlydevelopmentsaredescribedandillustrated.（有关工程实践发展史可阅读相关文献）,CHAPTER1.HistoryofEngineeringandDevelopmentofIndustrialEngineering,21,1.2.EarlyDevelopmentsWenaturallythinkofthepyramids（金字塔）,theGreatWallofChina,theRomanconstructionprojects（罗马建筑）,andsoforth,whenwethinkofearlyengineeringaccomplishments（早期工程成就）.Eachoftheseinvolvedanimpressiveapplication（有效应用）offundamentalknowledge（基础知识）.Justasfundamental,however,wereaccomplishmentsthatarenotaswellknown.Theinclinedplane(斜面),thebow(弯弓),thewheel(车轮),thecorkscrew(螺丝锥),thewaterwheel,thesail(帆船)，thesimplelever(杠杆),andmany,manyotherdevelopmentswereveryinstrumentalintheengineerseffortstoprovideabetterlife.Almostallengineeringdevelopmentspriorto1800hadtodowithphysicalphenomena：overcomingfriction(克服摩擦),lifting(起重),storing,hauling（牵引）,constructing（构造）,fastening(连接).Laterdevelopmentswereconcernedwithchemicalandmolecularphenomena:electricity（电）,propertiesofmaterials（材料性能）,thermal(加热)processes,combustion(燃烧),andotherchemicalprocesses.,CHAPTER1.HistoryofEngineeringandDevelopmentofIndustrialEngineering,22,1.2.EarlyDevelopmentsFundamentaltoalmostallengineeringdevelopmentsweretheadvancesmadeinmathematics.Proceduresforaccuratelymeasuringdistances,angles,weights,andtimewerenecessaryforalmostallearlyengineeringaccomplishments.Astheseprocedureswererefined,greateraccomplishmentswererealized.Anotherveryimportantcontributionofmathematicswastheabilitytorepresentrealityinabstractterms数学的另一贡献是将现实抽象化.Amathematicalmodelofacomplexsystemcanbemanipulatedsuchthatrelationshipsbetweenvariablesinthesystemcanbeunderstood.ThesimplerelationshipcommonlycalledthePythagoreantheorem（勾股定理）issuchanexample.Thistheoremstatesthatthehypothenuse（斜边）ofarighttriangleisexpressedasthesquarerootofthesumofthesquaresoftheadjacentsides.Theuseofabstractmodelsrepresentingcomplexphysicalsystemsisafundamentaltoolofengineers（工程师经常需要使用抽象模型来表示复杂实际系统）.,CHAPTER1.HistoryofEngineeringandDevelopmentofIndustrialEngineering,23,1.2.EarlyDevelopmentsAsafinalcommentonearlydevelopments,letusdiscussanearlydevelopmentthatdidnotoccur.Themissingearlydevelopmentisrelatedtothebehavioralsciences.Theunderstandingofhumanbehaviorhaslagged(落后)considerablybehinddevelopmentsinthemathematical,physical,andchemicalsciences.行为科学在早期发展中远远落后于数学、物理及化学科学ThisisimportanttoindustrialengineersbecausethesystemsdesignedbyI.E.sinvolvepeopleasbasiccomponents.Thelackofprogressinbehavioralsciencehashinderedtheindustrialengineerinhiseffortstodesignoptimalsystemsinvolvingpeople.但行为科学对于工业工程师至关重要，因为工业工程师不管是设计还是优化改善系统，都必须考虑人的因素。,CHAPTER1.HistoryofEngineeringandDevelopmentofIndustrialEngineering,24,1.3.TheModernEra现代发展状况Weshallarbitrarilydefinethemoderneraofengineeringasbeginningin1750,eventhoughthereweremanyimportantdevelopmentsbetween1400and1750.Wechoose1750asthebeginningofmodernengineeringfortworeasons:现代工程开始于1750年，基于两个理由(1)EngineeringschoolsappearedinFranceintheeighteenthcentury.(2)Thetermcivilengineer(土木工程)wasfirstusedin1750.Animportantadvancementwasthedevelopmentofapracticalsteamengine(应用蒸汽机)thatcouldperformusefulwork.Anotherexampleofsuchadvancementwasthefundamentalwork(基础性研究)conductedinthelatterpartoftheeighteenthcenturyonelectricityandmagnetism磁学.Thefirstsignificantapplicationofelectricalsciencewasthedevelopmentofthetelegraph(电报)bySamuelMorse(approximatelyl840).ThomasEdisonsinventionofthecarbon-filamentlamp（碳丝灯炮）(approximately1880)ledtowidespreaduseofelectricityforlightingpurposes.(Civilengineering:Fieldofengineeringdealingwithlargestructuresandsystems.Civilengineersprovidefacilitiesforliving,industryandtransportation,suchasroads,bridges,airports,dams,harboursandtunnels.),CHAPTER1.HistoryofEngineeringandDevelopmentofIndustrialEngineering,25,1.3.TheModernEraAsindustrialorganizationsemergedtocapitalizeontherapidlydevelopingarrayoftechnologicalinnovations,thesizeandcomplexityofmanufacturingunitsincreaseddramatically.Massproductionwasmadepossiblethroughtwoimportantconcepts:Interchangeabilityofparts.零件互换Specializationoflabor.专业化分工大批量生产改变了人们的生活方式和文化生活，发达国家基本上在这半个世纪内从农业经济过渡到了工业经济；这种变化使得曾经的小工厂或小农场的经营管理实践方法不再适用于复杂的制造组织。为了更有效的科学的管理需要，促进了工业工程学科的出现及发展。,CHAPTER1.HistoryofEngineeringandDevelopmentofIndustrialEngineering,26,1.3.TheModernEraFivemajorengineeringdisciplines(civil土木,chemical化学,electrical电气,industrial工业,andmechanical机械)werethebranchesofengineeringthatemergedpriortothetimeofWorldWarI(1914-1918).五大主要工程学科出现于第一次世界大战前DevelopmentsfollowingWorldWarII(1939-1945)ledtootherengineeringdisciplines,suchasnuclear(原子)engineering,electronic(电子)engineering,aeronautical(航空的)engineering,andevencomputerengineering.TheSpaceAge(太空时代)ledtoastronautical(航天的)engineering.Recentconcernswiththeenvironmenthaveledtoenvironmentalengineeringandbioengineering(生物工程).,CHAPTER1.HistoryofEngineeringandDevelopmentofIndustrialEngineering,27,1.4.TheEngineeringProcessWehavesketchedthedevelopmentofseveralengineeringbranches,andweallhaveageneralunderstandingaboutwhatparticularengineersactuallydo.Aretherecharacteristicsthatdistinguishengineersfromotherprofessionals?Ifso,whatarethesecharacteristics?Letusexploresomeofthegeneralactivitiesinwhichallengineersareinvolved.Engineerssolveproblems,butsodomathematicians.Engineersanalyze,butsodostatisticiansandeconomists.Engineersdesignsystems.Doothers?Thedistinguishingcharacteristicofengineeringisthatitisconcernedwiththedesignofsystems.显著性特点系统设计能力Designinvolvesaconsiderableamountofcreativity.Synthesis(综合)isatermwhosemeaningisalmostthesameasdesign.Analysisisconcernedwithresolving(分解)somethingintoitsbasicelements(基本要素);synthesisisconcernedwithcombining(结合)elementsintoawhole.Typically,analysisisconcernedwithexistingsystems.Synthesisisusuallyconcernedwithaneworimprovedsystem.,CHAPTER1.HistoryofEngineeringandDevelopmentofIndustrialEngineering,28,1.4.TheEngineeringProcess工程程序Whenfreshmenengineeringstudentstakestatics(静力学),theylearnmuchaboutanalysis.Forexample,theyaregivenabeamhavingcertainproperties(size,material,loadingpoints负载点,andsoforth)andtheyareaskedtoanalyzethebeamintermsofitsloadingcharacteristics.Theanalysismayshow,forexample,thatthebeamwillsupportamaximumof100tons.Thereisonlyoneanswertoproblemsinvolvinganalysis.Now,letusconsideradifferentquestion:Supposeyouareaskedtodesignabeam(横梁)thatwillsupport100tons.Therearealargevarietyofbeamsthatwillsupport100tons;thus,thereisnotnecessarilyonebestanswertothedesignproblem.,CHAPTER1.HistoryofEngineeringandDevelopmentofIndustrialEngineering,29,1.4.TheEngineeringProcessTheengineeringprocessinvolvesbothsynthesisandanalysis.Figure1.1isanillustrationoftheengineeringprocess.,Fig.1.1Basicengineeringprocess,ThedualarrowsinFigure1.1betweenthetwoblocksrepresentinganalysisandsynthesisareintendedtoportraytheiterativenature(反复性质)oftheengineeringprocess.Onestageofanalysisprovidessufficientinsight(洞察力)topostulate(要求，假设)aparticulardesign.Thisdesign,inturn,providesadditionalinformationthatchangesthebasisoftheanalysis.Thisiterativeprocessisrepeateduntilanacceptablesolution,system,ormethodisderived.(Thewordacceptableisusedinsteadofthewordoptimalbecauseatrueoptimaldesignisrarelyachieved,andthenonlywithinthelimitationsoftheassumptionsunderwhichtheengineerisworking.),CHAPTER1.HistoryofEngineeringandDevelopmentofIndustrialEngineering,a1,a2,S,30,1.5.EngineeringasaProfession（工程作为一种职业）Althoughtherecanneverbegeneralagreementonthismatter,thevocationsthatarecommonlyreferredtoasprofessionsaremedicine,teaching,architecture,law,ministry,andengineering.Smithpointsoutthatthesevocations(职业)havefourcommoncharacteristics:(1)Associatedwithaprofessionisasignificantbodyofspecialknowledge.(2)Preparationforaprofessionincludesaninternship-like(实习式)trainingperiodfollowingtheformaleducation(正规教育).(3)Thestandardsofaprofession,includingacodeofethics(职业道德规范),aremaintainedatahighlevelthroughaself-policingsystem(自律规则)ofcontrolsoverthosepracticingtheprofession.(4)Eachmemberofaprofessionrecognizeshisresponsibilitiestosocietyoverandaboveresponsibilitiestohisclientortoothermembersoftheprofession.,CHAPTER1.HistoryofEngineeringandDevelopmentofIndustrialEngineering,31,1.5.EngineeringasaProfessionOtherdefinitionsofaprofessiongofurtherandstatethatitsmembersmustengageincontinuedstudyandthatitsprimepurposemustberenderingofapublicservice.Althoughthesemattersaresubjecttointerpretation,theyareevidencethatprofessionalismisindeedaseriousmatter(严肃的事情)andthatmuchisexpectedofpeoplewhoclaimtobeprofessionals.Chapter4ofKempersbookisentitled“IsEngineeringReallyaProfession?”andishighlyrecommendedreading.Kemperconcludesthatengineeringisindeedaprofession.Hecautions,however,that“.justbecauseengineeringisaprofessionitdoesnotnecessarilyfollowthateveryengineerisaprofessional.Everyindividualremainschargedwiththeresponsibilitytomeetthecriteriaonapersonalbasis.”KemperalsopointsoutthatthedefinitionofaprofessionalintheTaft-HartleyAct(法案)includesengineers.,CHAPTER1.HistoryofEngineeringandDevelopmentofIndustrialEngineering,32,1.6.ProfessionalEthics（职业道德）Engineersarefrequentlyinvolvedindecisionsthathaveaprofoundeffectonsociety.Thedesignofparticulardevicesalmostalwaysinvolvesthesafetyoftheuser.Thedesignofprocessesfrequentlyaffectstheenvironment.Thedesignandlocationofafactoryaffectthecommunityanditscitizens.Thedesignofamanagementsystemgreatlyaffectstheindividualsworkingfortheorganizationtheircomfort(舒适度),theirsenseofworth(价值观),theirfinancialstatus(收入状况),andsoon.Engineershavebeenunjustlyaccusedofcreatingalmostallthecurrentproblemsinoursociety,Engineersdo,however,haveatremendousresponsibilitytoprotectthepublicwelfare.Engineersarealsofrequentlycaughtinacontroversy(争论)betweentheiremployerorclientandthepublic,CHAPTER1.HistoryofEngineeringandDevelopmentofIndustrialEngineering,33,1.6.ProfessionalEthics（职业道德）Engineershavebeenunjustlyaccusedofcreatingalmostallthecurrentproblemsinoursociety,forexample,pollutionandcrowding.Thetruthisthatengineershaveworkeddiligentlyandpersistentlytoprovidesocietywiththethingsthesocialscientistsclaimedwereneeded.Pollution,crowding,andunsightlyfreewaysaresimplythebyproducts.Engineersdo,however,haveatremendousresponsibilitytoprotectthepublicwelfare.Theymustcontinuallyengageintrade-offs(权衡)betweencostsandfactorsaffectingpublicwelfare,suchassafety.Anautomobilecanbemadealmostcompletelysafeforitsoccupants,buttheautomobilewouldcostapproximately$100,000andwouldweighapproximately14tons,Evenifsomeonewerewillingtopaythismuchforanautomobile,thereareotherconsiderations:thesafetyofpeopleinlightercarstravelingonthesameroadwaysandthefuelconsumptionofa14-tonvehicle.,CHAPTER1.HistoryofEngineeringandDevelopmentofIndustrialEngineering,34,1.6.ProfessionalEthicsEngineersarealsofrequentlycaughtinacontroversybetweentheiremployerorclientandthepublic.Companiesmustproduceitemsforsaleatcompetitiveprices,eventhoughacheapdesignmaymeananunsafeorunreliableproduct.Theengineeringprofession(工程职业)enjoysaveryfavorablereputation(声誉)regardingitsadherencetoprofessionalethics(坚持职业道德).Fortunately,earlyengineerswereperceptive(敏感)andconscious(意识到)ofthepublicgood(公众利益).TheNationalSocietyofProfessionalEngineers(seeSection1.8)publishesasetofCanonsofEthics(道德守则)forengineers.Theydonotanswereveryquestionorresolveeverycontroversy,buttheydoprovideagoodfoundationfromwhichonemayextrapolate(推断)tocoveralmostanysituation.AcopyoftheCanonofEthicsmaybeobtainedbywritingtoyourStateEngineeringRegistrationBoard.,CHAPTER1.HistoryofEngineeringandDevelopmentofIndustrialEngineering,35,1.7.ProfessionalLicensing（执业执照、职业许可/登记/注册）Howwouldyouliketobetreatedbyamedicaldoctorwhohadnotbeenexaminedandapproved(检验和批注)byyourstateslicensingboard(当地执照颁发委员会)?Howwouldyouliketoberepresentedinacourtcasebyalawyerwhohadnotprovenhisknowledgeofthelawbypassingthebarexam?Ifweagreethatdoctorsandlawyersshouldberequiredtobeexamined(需要考试)beforebeingadmittedtopractice(允许执业之前),letusexaminethesamegeneralquestion(同样的问题)abouttheengineeringprofession.Shouldbridgesbedesignedbypeoplewhohavenotproventheirknowledgeofcivilengineering?Shouldairplanesbedesignedbypeoplewhohavenotproventheirknowledgeofaerodynamics(空气动力学)?,CHAPTER1.HistoryofEngineeringandDevelopmentofIndustrialEngineering,36,1.7.ProfessionalLicensingProfessionallicensingofengineershasnotbeenasrigidly(严格)pursuedaswiththeprofessionsoflawandmedicine.Indeed,manystatesrequirebarbers(理发师)tobelicensed,butnotengineers!Oneofthereasonsforthisisthatalmostallengineersworkforlargecompanies,butdoctorsandlawyers(andevenbarb