Feudal-England英国文学史PPT课件

.,1,FeudalEngland,.,2,TheDanishInvasion,About787,theEnglishbegantobetroubledbybandsofDanishVikings.KingAlfredtheGreat(849-901)succeededindrivingtheDanesoffwithforce.Afterhisdeath,theDanesoccupiedthecountryin1013,andhelditfor30years.ThenEnglandwasoncemoregovernedbyanotherforeignruler.,.,3,TheNormanConquest,TheFrench-speakingNormansunderDukeWilliamcamein1066.AfterdefeatingtheEnglishatHastings,WilliamwascrownedasKingofEngland.NormanConquestmarkstheestablishmentoffeudalisminEngland.,.,4,Question:WhatsthemeaningofFeudalism?,.,5,WilliamtheConquerorruledEnglandwithahighhand.HeconfiscatedthelandsoftheEnglishlordsandbestowed(授予）largepatchesoflandtohisNormanbarons，TheNormanbaronsinturndividedtheirlandsamongtheirownknights.,.,6,InordertosecuretheKingsauthorityoverhisbarons(贵族，男爵）,Williamcompelledallvassals封臣totakeoathtohimdirectlyaswellastotheirlocallords.Thenheorderedagreatsurveytobemadeofallthelandandtaxablepropertyinthewholekingdom.BythismeanshepushedEnglandwellonitswaytofeudalism.,.,7,封建，就是封邦建国的意思。周王把王畿以外的地区分封诸侯，让他们建立诸侯国，镇守疆土，保卫王室。被分封的诸侯，接受周王的册封和礼器，对周王承担纳贡和朝聘的义务，并随周王参与出征、祭祀、吊丧庆贺等事项。秦统一中国，废封建立郡县。汉自景帝平七国之乱后，虽行封王侯建邦国之制，但集权于中央。,.,8,一个大领主相对于国王或皇帝来说是附庸(vassal)，国王和皇帝是他的领主(lord)，但相对于这个大领主自己分封的中小贵族来说他就是领主，由他分封的人则是他的附庸；依次类推，直至最低一等的普通骑士。各级领主与附庸相互按契约承担责任和义务。在欧洲大陆，通常情况下附庸只对他的直接领主负责，形成了所谓“我的附庸的附庸不是我的附庸”的原则。,.,9,SocialFeatureoftheFeudalEngland,Thechieffeatureofthefeudalsocietywasdistinctdivisionintotwoclasses:landlordsandpeasants.Landlord:（Noblemen,knights,bishops,archbishops,abbots男修道院院长andthelike,withthekingattheirhead,allbelongedtotherulingclasswhoheldmostoftheland）.Thepeasantstoiledalltheyearroundandpaidrenttothegentlefolksingrain,service,orcash,withlittlelefttosustainthemselves.,.,10,TheInfluenceoftheNormanConquestontheEnglishLanguage:,ThegeneralrelationofNormansandSaxonswasthatofmasterandservant.TheNormanlordsspokeFrench,whiletheirEnglishsubjectsretainedtheiroldtongue.TherewasalmostnowrittenliteratureinEnglishforatime.Romances,theprominentkindofliteratureintheAnglo-Normanperiod,wereatfirstallinFrench.,.,11,Bytheendofthefourteenthcentury,whenNormansandEnglishintermingled,Englishwasoncemorethedominantspeechinthecountry.ButnowitbecamesomethingdifferentfromtheoldAnglo-Saxon.ThestructureofthelanguageremainedEnglish,andthecommonwordswerealmostallretained,thoughoftensomewhatmodifiedinform.ButmanytermsemployedbytheNormanswereadoptedintotheEnglishlanguage.,.,12,ThesituationistypifiedbytheuseoftheEnglish“calf”,“swine”and“sheep”fortheanimalswhentendedbytheSaxonherdsmen,andoftheFrenchveal,porkandmuttonforthefleshservedatthenoblestable.Porksetymology:12501300;MEporcOFLporcushog,pig;,.,13,Romance传奇-Theliteratureofthenobles,Definition:ThemostprevailingkindofliteratureinfeudalEnglandwastheromance.Itwasalongcomposition,sometimesinverse,sometimesinprose,describingthelifeandadventuresofanoblehero.Thecentralcharacterofromanceswastheknight,amanofnoblebirthskilledintheuseofweapons.（词义发展：与浪漫的关系）,.,14,Romance传奇,Romance指骑士故事的内容大都是描写骑士的冒险或恋爱故事的，于是romance就转化为“传奇故事”、“风流韵事”、“浪漫文学”等含义。,.,15,Hewascommonlydescribedasridingforthtoseekadventures,takingpartintournaments,orfightingforhislordinbattle.Hewasdevotedtothechurchandtheking.Thecodeofmanners（举止规范）andmorals(道德品行）ofaknightisknownaschivalry骑士精神，骑士制度.,.,16,TheEnglishversionsoftheromancesweretranslatedfromFrenchorLatin.TheromanceofKingArthuriscomparativelythemostimportantforthehistoryofEnglishliterature,KingArthurandhisKnightsoftheRoundTable,.,17,KingArthurisaromantichero,whoseoriginalmaybetracedtoanancientCelticchieftainArthurofWaleswholedvicariousbattlesagainsttheSaxons.Aseriesoflegendsabouthimwerefabricatedbymedievalpoetsandwriters,esp.byFrenchromancers.,.,18,LeMortDArthurisacollectionofstoriesaboutKingArthur,translatedfromFrenchbySirThomasMarlory.Marloryconvertedthelongandinvolved(complicated)sentencesoffrenchromancesintosimple,idiomaticEnglishprose.Theromanceshadnothingtodowiththecommonpeople.Theywerecomposedforthenoble,ofthenoble,andinmostcasesbythepoetspatronizedbythenoble.,.,19,.,20,TheEnglishBallad-ThefolkliteratureoftheEnglishpeople,WhilemostofthewrittenliteratureinfeudalEnglandwasintendedonlyfortheupperclasses,theEnglishpeoplehadaliteratureoftheirown,notwrittenbutoral.Aballadisastorytoldinsong,usuallyin4-linestanzas,withthesecondandfourthlinesrhymed.,.,21,TheballadsareinvariousEnglishandScottishdialects.Nooneknowswhocomposedthem.Theywerecreatedcollectivelybythepeopleandconstantlyrevisedintheprocessofbeinghandeddownfrommouthtomouth.Mostofthemwerenotwrittendownuntiltheyhadpassedthroughcenturiesoflifeonthelipsofthepeople.,.,22,Thesubjectsofballadsarevariousinkind.OfparamountimportancearetheballadsofRobinHood.(罗宾汉）,.,23,Thecontent:RobinHood,alegendarypopularhero,isdepictedintheballadsasavaliant骁勇善战的outlaw,famousinarchery,livingunderthegreenwoodtreewithhismerrymen,takingfromtherichandgivingtothepoor,wagingwaragainstbishopsandarchbishopsoftheNormaninvaderslongaftertheNormanConquest,andconstantlyhuntedbythesheriffs,whomheconstantlyoutwits.,.,24,.,25,PiersthePlowmanMiddleEnglishallegoricalnarrativepoembyWilliamLangland(1330?-1400?).,.,26,社会背景除乔叟的坎特伯雷故事集之外，宗教长诗农夫皮尔斯无疑是英国中世纪文学中最著名和传播最广的一部作品。它产生于十四世纪后期这个危机四伏的历史性转折时期。封建制度和西方教会分崩离析，政府与民众、贵族与平民、教士与俗夫等社会各阶层之间的对峙日趋紧张，大规模农民起义(uprising)和瘟疫（blackplague)流行的阴影时刻笼罩着整个英国社会。,.,27,Introduction,Thepoemsetsforthaseriesofwonderfuldreams,throughwhichwecanseeapictureoffeudalEngland.ItopenswithadescriptionoftheauthorsvisionarywanderingintheMalvernHills,wherehefellasleep,dreamingofafairfieldfullofpeople.Somewereindustriouslyemployedinploughingandsowing,onlyinorderthattheidlersmightwastethefruitsoftheirlabour.,.,28,Thepoemwasanexposureofthecorruptionoftherulingclasses,whoaretheparasitesofthesociety.IncontrastwiththecorruptionoftheCourtandtheChurch,theauthordescribesthehardlifeofthepoorpeasants,.,29,情节农夫皮尔斯之梦全诗描写了一系列的梦境和间断的梦醒，在第一个梦里诗人首先见到了上帝居住的TheTowerofTruth,又见到深深的“地牢”（Dungeon），即Hell，在这二者之间有“充满百姓的场所”（fieldfulloffolk），即thehumanworld。他看到“圣教女神”（LadyHolyChurch）解释基督教义原则，通过“贿赂夫人”（LadyMeed）的故事揭露虚假。,.,30,诗人醒来之后又作了第2个梦，梦见“良心”在布道，许多听众都开始忏悔，七个“死罪”（SevenDeadlySins)轮流讲述他们在社会中的坏行为。“希望”吹起号角，成千的人聚集起来要求寻找“真理”，但大家都不知道“真理”在什么地方。这时农夫皮尔斯出现，他说他做了50年“真理”的仆人，可以担任向导，但必须先耕完他的半亩地，并分配大家工作。许多人纷纷推托，不肯劳动，他就叫“饥饿”来威胁他们。只有一个妇女代表大部分善良的人愿意跟皮尔斯去寻找“真理”。,.,31,“真理”这时给他送来一张赎罪券，上面写着“作好事的得永生，作坏事的遭永劫”。一个僧侣否认这张赎罪券有效，引起了争执，皮尔斯一气之下把它撕毁，宣称他从此不为人间幸福苦干，而要把时间全用在祈祷和忏悔上。这时诗人醒来，结束了第2场梦。作者通过梦境宣示了人们通往天国的路径：努力劳动和忏悔。,.,32,ThestoryofLadyMeed,Inthedream,thecorruptionoftherulingclassisincarnatedinaLadyMeed(Bribery),theenemyofTruth.Throughtheallegoryofhermarriage,everyrankandconditionofmenconnectedwiththeroyalandecclesiasticalcourtisbroughtunderthelash.,.,33,LadyMeedistobemarriedtoaFalseFickle-Tongue错误反复无常.TheKingisenragedatthenews.AndLadyMeedisaskedbytheKingtowedConscience.ButwhenConscienceiscalledtothecourt,heflatlyrefusesandsetsforthMeedswholemanneroflife.,.,34,Meed,soConsciencesays,corruptsthejudges,andmakesitdifficultforthepoortogetjustice,shereleasestheguilty,throwsthejustintoprison,andhangstheinnocent;andsheisprivywiththePope,andletspriestsliveinsecretconcubinage,so“thePopedeprivedtheclergyofsonsbutthedevilsentthemnephews（私生子）.,.,35,.,36,ItsartisticmeritmaybeshownbyitsportraitsoftheSevenDeadlySins(seeTextbookP15)Lechery（Lust）ChastityGluttonyTemperanceAvarice（Greed）CharitySlothDiligenceWrathPatienceEnvyKindnessPrideHumility,.,37,Prideisabraggard“Wishingmenshouldthinkmyworkwasthebest,Mystrengththestiffest（强、大）,myfacethehandsomest,andmylovethesweetest.,.,38,Lecheryisavillain,“guiltyinspirit,inwords，indress,whoentrappedeverymaidhemettosin:Itooktheloveliestandneverlovedthemafter.,.,39,Envyisafellow,Everywordhethrewwasofanadderstongue:Iwouldthateachweremyservant.IfonehasmorethanI,thatangriethmesore,ThusIlivelovelesslikeaviciousdog,Andallmybodyswelleth,sobitterismygall.,.,40,Wrathisacookwhoalwayssetspeoplebytheears（不合，争吵）whereverheis.Avariceisaheartlessusurer.Whenasked:Hastthoupitiedthepoorwhosometimesneedsmustborrow?Avariceanswers:“Ay,asmuchpityaspedlars（小贩）haveoncats,Wouldkilltheman(=if)theycatchthem,forthesakeoftheirskins.,.,41,Slothisalazyparson:OnceIaminbed,nobell-ringcanrousemeTillIamripefordinner.,.,42,Glutton,onhiswaytothechurch,somehowwentintoatavern:Forthhewentuponhiswayfasting,onaFriday,ButBettythebrewsterbidhimgoodmorrow,TheningoesGlutton.TherewaslaughingandchatteringandPassthecupround,Bargainsandtoastsandsongs,andsotheytillevensong.AndGluttonhadgulpeddownagallonandagill.1及耳=142毫升1加仑=4.55升Hecouldneitherstepnorstandtillhehadhisstaff.(拐杖）Thenganhewalklikeablindsingersdog,Nowtothisside,nowtothat,andsometimesbackward,Likeamanwholayslinestocatchwildbirds;-,.,43,Artist