Unit 4 Preparing for College复习过程.ppt

,Unit4PreparingforCollege,UCLAGlobalUSCStudyingatOxfordUniversity,Whatwebecomedependsonwhatwereadafteralloftheprofessorshavefinishedwithus.Thegreatestuniversityofallisacollectionofbooks.ThomasCarlyleDiscussionWhatdoyouthinkacollegestudentcanlearnbestfromschool?Why?,Pre-classWork1.Preparingforcollegeisundoubtedlyaveryfamiliartopicforyou.Canyourecallhowyoupreparedyourselfforgettingintocollegeaboutthreeyearsago?2.Nowyouhavebeenstudyingformorethantwoyearsincollege.Doyouthinkyourselfwell-preparedorill-preparedforcollege?,NarrationDefinitionTonarrateistogiveanaccountofaneventoraseriesofevents.Sonarrationcanbesimplyunderstoodasstorytelling,whichincludesfactualorimaginativestories,biographies,histories,newsitems,etc.ExamplesfromtheTextThepassageisbasicallyapieceofnarrationbecausetheauthorintendstotellhisreaderswhathappenedintheyears1884-1885,whichhethoughtwasaperiodofgreatadventureforhim.,ThenarrationbeginswithhisfailureinanumberofexaminationsrequiredforenteringtheUniversityofCaliforniaanditendswiththeauthorsdiscoveryoftherightwaytopreparehimselfforcollege.NarrativeStructureoftheTextThenarrationcanberoughlybrokenintothreeparts.Part1:Paras.1-4Part2:Paras.5-12Part3:Paras.13-15,Part1:Paras.1-4Mainidea:Thefirstfewparagraphstellusabouthisfailureand,moreimportantly,thecauseofit.Part2:Paras.5-12Mainidea:Hisprivatetutor,Mr.Nixon,exertedgreatinfluenceonhim;heencouragedhispupiltothinkandtodiscoverallbyhimself.Part3:Paras.13-15Mainidea:HefoundthebestpreparationsforcollegeinthestimulatingSaturdaynightconversationsamongallthoseOxfordandCambridgemen.,theUniversityofCaliforniaaleadingU.S.universityofferingprogrammesintheartsandsciences,agriculture,engineering,architecture,businessadministration,education,etc.BerkeleyisacityinwesternCalifornia.putsth.off:delaydoingsth.e.g.Neverputofftilltomorrowwhatyoucandotoday.Becauseofthesuddendownpour,theopen-airconcerthadtobeputoff.,Theyaretheboys(andtheybecomethemen)thattheschools,colleges,andtheworldaremadefor.Theyaretheboys(andalsothemenwhentheygrowupandstepintosociety)thatareappreciatedandacceptedbytheschools,colleges,andlaterbytheworld.IwasnotofthemIwasnotlikethem;Iwasnotoftheirkind,theelectthoseselectedfromwhattheythoughtthemostdistinguishedcandidates,orconsideredtobethebestmakeoutunderstand,see,orheare.g.Thatproblemisjustbeyondme;Icantmakeitout.Hemutteredacomplaintthatnobodycouldmakeout.,theylookeddazedorindifferenttheylookedconfused/bewilderedoruninterested/unconcernedDazeisoftenusedinthepassive.Tobedazedistobemadeunabletothinkorfeelclearly.e.g.Hisanswertothequestionleftusalldazed.indifferentadj.notinterested,notcaringe.g.Weshouldnotbeindifferenttothelowachieversinschool.,foreignadj.unfamiliarandstrangee.g.Hisconceptofeducationisentirelyforeigntous.,Myparentsdidnotbringmeup.Bringupmeanscareforandeducate(achild)inthefamilyuntilheisfullygrown.Whattheauthormeanshereisthathisparentsdidnotbotherabouttheireducationofhim;rather,theysenthimtoschool,etc.asthefollowingsentencesindicate.,theyofferedmeeveryopportunityintheirreachtheygavemeeveryfavourablechancetheycanpossiblyaffordtogiveinonesreachmayalsobeexpressedaswithinonesreach,meaningwithinonescapacity,asmuchasonecanafford.reachn.thelimitwithinwhichyoucanachievesomethingTheoppositeofinonesreachisbeyond/outofonesreach,meaningonecannotaffordtodosomething.,bearonhavesomeconnectionwith;relatetoe.g.Didwhathesaidbearonyourproblem?Hisproposaldoesnotseemtobearontheprojectwearediscussing.,forkeepsThisphraseisusedinformally,meaning,forever,permanently.e.g.CanIhaveoneofthosecutemementos?Sure.Thisoneisyours,forkeeps.,appealtoattract,intereste.g.HisplanofspendingourwintervacationinanorphanagetocoachthechildrenthereinEnglishappealedtoallofus.Seafooddoesnotappealtome.bydentofThisisavariantofbydintof,meaningbymeansof.,notintheleastnotatalle.g.Lotsofpeoplelovetoreadsciencefiction,butImnotintheleastinterested.,becrammedforBerkeleybestuffedwithasmuchbookknowledgeaspossibleformetopasstheentranceexaminationoftheUniversityofCaliforniaatBerkeleycramv.learnasmuchaspossibleinashorttimejustbeforetheexaminatione.g.Learningisalong-rangeprocess.Crammingforanexaminationinthelastminutedoesonenogood.,onthesideinadditiontomyregularschoolworkIlivedoverthelivesoftheGreekheroesandtheRomangeneralsIreadclassicssuchasIliadandOdyssey,whichdealwiththeGreekheroesAchillesandOdysseus,andJuliusCaesar,whichdealswiththeRomangeneralsJuliusCaesarandMarcusBrutus.,theworldofconsciousculturethestudyofculturethatweareawareof/familiarwithromanceandlanguagesangsongstomeIenjoyedromanceandlanguagesomuchthattheywerelikesongssungtome.,inspirev.encourageinsb.thedesireandabilitytotakeeffectiveactionbyfillinghimwitheagerness,confidence,etc.e.g.Theseniorprofessorswordsinspiredustoworkstillharder/togreaterefforts.,Itwastoogreatandtoovariousformetopersonifywithmyboyishimitationsandheroism.LifewassogoodandsodifferentinkindthatIwasnotabletoexpresswhatitwaslikewithmyyouthfulmindandboldness.,doublefirstfirst-classhonoursintwosubjectsatuniversitysedentaryoccupationsjobsthatrequirealotofsittingbutnophysicalexerciseexiledthemcompelledthemtoquittheirregularday-to-dayacademicworkfromtheirrespectiveinstitutions,Iworkedforhim;Iworkedmore,muchmore,formyself.Istudiedhardunderhisinstructions;butIstudiedevenharderdrivenbymyowninterests.,Wecanonlyunderlineyourquestions,makeyoumadyourselftoanswerthem,andaddourstowhip,tolashyouontofindoutyourselfoneortwo;andtellus!Wecanonlycallyourattentiontoyourownquestionsandencourageyoutofindyourownanswerstothem;wewillgiveyouoneortwomorequestionsofourstomakeyouthinkhardandanswer.,Goto(archaic)exclamationofimpatience,encouragement,remonstrance,etc.,TherewereToriesamongthemandliberalsandoneredAToryisamemberoftheBritishconservativepartyandared(usuallycapitalized)isinformallyusedtorefertoapoliticallyradicalorleftistperson,asupporteroramemberofthesocialistorthecommunistparty.Thissentencetellsusthattheparticipantsoftheconversationsdifferedintheirpoliticalorientations.,RobertOwen(17711858)BorninNewtown,Montgomeryshire,Wales,RobertOwenwasanindustrialistandsocialreformerandoneofthefoundersofsocialism.HeformedamodelindustrialcommunityatNewLanark,Scotland,andpioneeredco-operativesocieties.,whenadebatecametoaclinchwhenadebatebecamesoheatedthatanagreement/asettlementseemedunlikely,withasurenesswhichwithstoodreferencetothebookswithsuchcertaintythattheydidnothavetorefertothesourceofthequotationwithstandv.holdoutagainst,standupto,notbechangedbye.g.Buildingsinthisareashouldbeabletowithstandearthquakes.Greatworksofart/literaryworkscanalwayswithstandthetestoftime.,papalbullanofficialdocumentissuedbythePope,theheadoftheRomanCatholicChurch,ItwasconversationIwashearing,thefree,passionateNotetheuseofthewordconversation,whichisacountnoun,buthereitisusedinthesingularformwithouteitherthedefiniteortheindefinitearticle.Whattheauthormeanstosayisthattheverbalexchangesamongthosescholarswasconversationinthetruesenseoftheword,i.e.thefree,passionate,wittyexchangesofstudiedmindsaspolishedasfinetools.Notethatthisunderstandingofconversationisechoedtowardstheendofthesameparagraph.,studiedmindsaspolishedasfinetoolsgreatintellectualfaculties;greatmentalcapacitiesasflawlessasfirst-classtools,Whenthedifferencesrosetheurbanitypersisted.Althoughtheydidntalwaysagreewitheachotheroncertainissues,theirelegantandcourteousmannerofspeechremained.,TheworthinessofChinasNationalCollegeEntranceExaminationhasbeenchallengedinrecentyears.QuestionshavearisensuchasIsitafairexaminationthatprovidesequalopportunitiestoallhighschoolgraduateswhowanttogetintocollege?Inwhatwayorwaysdoesitprogramsecondaryschooling?Howdoesitinfluencethewayinwhichparentseducatetheirchildren?ThefundamentalquestionisDoestheNationalCollegeEntranceExamination,asitisnow,promotethesounddevelopmentofChinaseducation,orisitexercisingsomeadverseinfluenceonChinaseducation?Formtwogroupsandhaveadebateonsomekeyquestionsrelatedtotheissue.,ExpositionBackgroundIftheprincipalpurposeofwritingissimplytotellastory,totellonlywhathappened,thenthewritingisanarration.Ifthewriterintendstoshowhowsomethinglooks,tore-createanobjectorasceneinwords,thenheiswritingadescription.Inanarration,alltheeventsaregenerallyarrangedintimeorder,whileinadescription,thedetailsaremostoftenorganizedinspace.DefinitionUnlikeanarrativeoradescription,expositionaimsattheclearpresentationorexplanationofideas.Ingeneral,itanswersthequestionshowandwhy.Thewriterofanexpositionisalwaysamanthinking,interpreting,informingandpersuadingbytheuseofevidenceandreasoning.Exposition,therefore,discussesitssubjectnotintimeorspace,butbylogic.,StructureExpositoryparagraphscontaintwodifferentclassesofstatements.Thefirstageneral,ratherabstractstatementiscalledthetopicsentence.Inthetopicsentence,thewritersays,ThisiswhatIassertorbelieveinageneralway;thisismyopinion,myevaluationorconclusionaboutthesubjectofthisparagraph.Thesecondtypeofstatementsinaparagraphconsistsofparticularfacts,examples,illustrations,andsupportingdetailsthatsay,ineffect,ThisiswhyIbelieveorhowIcometobelievewhatIsay.Youmaynotagreewithme,butatleastIhaveletyouknownowwhyIbelieveso.Hereismyevidence.,ExampleReadthefollowingexpositoryparagraph:ThoughonthesurfacethereseemtobesomeslightdifferencesbetweentheRussianworkmanandtheAmericanlabourer,basicallytheyaremuchalike.Tobesure,theonespeaksRussianandtheotherspeaksEnglish;theonemostlikelylivesinagovernmenthousingunitwhiletheothermayownhisownhome;theonelikesborschtandtheotherprefersmeatandpotatoesandgravy.Buttheirsimilaritiesfaroutweighanydifferencesyoumaynotice.Bothfallinlovewiththegirloftheirdreams;bothcelebrateaweddingashilariouslyastheycanafford;bothrejoiceatthebirthofasonordaughter;bothworryabouttheirlittleoneswhentheyaresick;bothgrievewhendeathentersthefamily.Inthesefundamentalissuesoflifetheyareessentiallythesame.Andsoitisthat,regardlessoftheofficialpoliciesoftheirgovernments,whenyoucomerightdowntoit,bothsincerelyanddearlywantpeacetoprevail.,Thetopicsentenceofthisparagraphistheitalicizedstatement,inwhichthecontrollingideaisbasicallytheyaremuchalike.Theparagraphbeginswithafewdifferencesandfinisheswithastatementofsimilarities.Throughouttheparagraph,thewriterisexplainingwhyhebelievesboththeRussianworkmanandtheAmericanlabourerarebasicallymuchalike.,PrinciplesTheprinciplesofeffectiveexpositorywritingarethesameasthosefornarrativeordescriptivewriting,butthepatternsoforganizationaredifferentsimplybecausethegoalsofwritingaredifferent.Anexpositionwritermayemploycommonmethodsoflogicandthinkinganddevelophismaterialbyofferingexamplesasevidence,bycomparingandcontrasting,byshowingcauseandeffect,bydefining,byarguing,etc.,andeachofthesemethodsdescribesaparticularformofdevelopmentorarrangementofideas.Inthemodelparagraph,amostpopularformofdevelopmentisused:comparisonandcontrast.Inmanycases,therewillbeonemethodthatdominatesinanexposition,butitisnotuncommonthatthesemethodsareoftenemployedincombinationssuitedtothesubjectmatter.,P261.IwenttoBerkeleytotakemyentranceexaminationsattheUniversityofCalifornia,inwhichIwasnotabletopassGreekandLatinexams.Thisconstitutedreasonenoughforthecollegetorefusetoenrollme,andIhadtowaitforanotheryearbeforetakinganotherchance.2.Theyarethekindofkids(andtheyarenowgrown-upstudents)theschools,collegesandtheworldwouldbegladtoaccept,allpreparedtobetaughtastheyaretoldto.3.Nobodyattemptedtomakeinterestedinthesubjectsandtopicsunderdiscussion,whichwereexactlywhatIneededtolearnatcollege.4.“Comeon,boy.Theworldbelongstoyou!Itsjustlikeablanksheetofpaperwitheverythingwaitingtobeexploredanddiscovered.Themostbeautifulpictureisyettobepaintedandthemostmelodioussongtobecomposed.Thereissomuchremainingtobeaccomplished.Theworldneedstobeperfected.”,Translation1.Canyoumakeoutthemeaningofhislong-windedharangue?2.Beingworriedabouthisexamresults,hewasnotintheleastattentivetothevisitingprofessorslecture.3.Isiteasierforachildoragrown-uptoacquiretherudimentsofaforeignlanguageinashortperiodoftime?Thisisacontroversialquestion.4.Didwhathesaidabouttheshort-t