2013考研基础课程补充讲义-吴耀武

2013考研英语基础班讲义主讲: 吴耀武共同探讨英语人生量身定做学习计划紧紧把握考试脉搏传授英语应试策略奠定良好心理基础培养进取人生态度2012年3月主讲教师简介吴耀武：著名英语教学与测试专家；西安外国语大学国际学院院长；多次参加国家、省、市命题和阅卷工作。先后在西安外国语大学（XISU）、香港岭南大学(HKLU)、上海外国语大学(SHISU)、美国洪堡州立大学（HSU）、美国北亚历桑那大学（NAU）学习、工作和访问过，先后出访美国、英国、法国、西班牙、比利时、韩国、泰国、香港等国家地区20余所国外合作院校。现已出版英语考研考试专家系列丛书（西工大出版社）、21世纪考研英语系列丛书（人民日报出版社）、大学英语四六级考试专家、全攻略系列丛书（西工大出版社）、英语专业四八级TEM-4/8考试指南系列丛书（世界图书出版社）和 高考英语考试专家系列丛书（西安外语音像出版社）等30余部，逾1000万字。于2000年起在全国高校和各地中学作关于考研英语、雅思（IELTS）、高考英语等巡回讲座，在各地均引起巨大轰动，讲座场场爆满。并受到新浪、搜狐、中国考试网、都市快报、西安零距离、华商报、西安晚报、三秦都市报等多家媒体的关注和专访。他在英语培训领域提出了自己独特的教学理念努力改进学习方法、量身定做学习计划；紧紧把握考试脉搏，传授英语应试策略；奠定良好心理基础，培养进取人生态度。这一理念在课堂上得以贯彻并为广大学员所认可。现在吴老师每年在北京、上海、西安、武汉、南京、成都、重庆、沈阳、石家庄、天津、乌鲁木齐等20多所中心城市主讲考研英语、大学英语四六级和高考英语，经他直接培训的学员已逾12万人，听众更是不计其数。学员对他的评价是： 感情真挚，敬业专注； 才思敏捷，经典幽默； 传授知识如春风化雨，润物无声； 谈应试技巧如数家珍，挥洒自如； 他的语言总是富有人生哲理，他的课堂永远充满着欢笑从容；他传播的不仅仅是英语知识，更是一种人生感悟！吴耀武英语教学网欢迎大家交流学习：WWW.515ENGLISH.NET2013年考研学生注意：西安外国语大学国际学院与美国洪堡州立大学、美国北亚历桑那大学和英国赫瑞瓦特大学强强联合共建英语专业（GE）和英语教学硕士（TESFL）培养项目面向全国2013届本科毕业生招生（本科专业不限，英语基础较好），详情请登陆西安外国语大学国际学院网站进入国际学院网站或直接进入46/gjxy/浏览。考研英语长难句解析一、考研英语长难句之定语从句一、定语从句定语从句是英语中一种最常见的句型，它可以分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句，即定语从句的关系词在文中修饰哪个词、短语或句子。在主句中不可缺少的定语从句称限定性定语从句。对主句起附加说明作用的定语从句称非限定性定语从句。此外，定语从句和主句之间还存在着状语关系，说明原因、目的、让步、假设等。例1.The change met the technical requirement of the new age and prevented the decline in efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after the energetic founders. (1996年真题)例2. The American economic system is, organized around a basically private-enterprise, market- oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most. 例3. If, on the other hand, producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost, this will tend to increase the supply offered by seller-producers, which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product.例4. The government promised to give preferential taxation policies and loans of low interest rate to those enterprises that could improve their structure of production and were willing to take in over 50 laid-off workers yearly. 例5. The local government introduced the snakes into this area hoping that they would control the number of mice, which finally became the threat needed to be controlled.例6.The environmental protection should be given priority which means the economic development would be lowered to some extent in a developing country.例7. She was confirmed to be infected with bird flu that calls for a quarantine and medical observation for weeks in the hospital.例8.In Europe, as elsewhere multi-media groups have been increasingly successful groups which bring together television, radio newspapers, magazines and publishing houses that work in relation to one another.(2005年真题)二、考研英语长难句之同位语从句例1. The audience leraned form the internet the news that a serious explosion broke out in Xian a few days ago.例2.The rumor that she eloped with her boyfriend just cannot hold water, for I saw her at home just now.例3. However, the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong.(2009年第3篇)三、考研英语长难句之倒装句倒装(inversion)是一种语法手段，用以表示一定句子结构的需要和强调某一句子成分的需要。英语的最基本的结构是主、谓结构，倒装就是将这种比较固定的词序加以颠倒。倒装有两种。将主语和谓语完全颠倒过来，叫做完全倒装(complete inversion)。如Then began a bitter war between the two countries.于是两国之间开始了恶战。 只将助动词(包括情态动词)移至主语之前，叫做部分倒装(partial inversion)。如At no time was the entrance left unguarded.入口无时无人把守。英语句子的倒装一是由于语法结构的需要而进行的倒装，二是由于修辞的需要而进行的倒装。前一种情况，倒装是必须的，否则就会出现语法错误，后一种情况，倒装是选择性的，倒装与否只会产生表达效果上的差异。例1Among the advantages that future biochips, or “living computers”, would have over conventional semiconductor chips are that they are smaller, they do not generate as much heat, and they allow for the parallel processing of information, making them faster than todays semiconductor devices.例2This is the world out of which grows the hope, for the first time in history, of a society where there will be freedom from want and freedom from fear. 注意：调整语序，加强语气。 以There be引出的倒装句 a. There seem to be many good candidates in the district. b. There exist many problems among the present day students. c. There appears to be a man in black in the distance. 以副词here, there, then, now, next引出的倒装句 a. Here come the rest of the party. b. Now comes your turn. c. Then followed the discovery of a new compound. d. Next came Edward with his wife.以表地点的介词短语引出的倒装句 a. At the school gate stood a guard. b. Under the tree are sitting some students. c. On the bed lay a pretty kitten. 主语为代词时，不用倒装 Behind the counter he stood. Behind the counter stood a man with glasses.以表方位的副词引出的倒装句a. Up went the arrow into the air.b. Down fell a dozen apples. c. Off went the horse.not短语置于句首 a. Not until he went abroad did he know the truth of the fact. b. Not a moment did she waste on campus. c. Not only did I know her, but I was her best friend. d. Not simple is this book interesting, but also instructive.no短语置于句首 a. By no means should he be left alone. b. In no way are can we allow this to continue. c. In no case are you to leave your post.d. On no account should we follow blindly. e. Under no circumstances can we create or destroy energy. f. No longer are they staying with us. g. No sooner had she finished the poem than the students began go ask her questions.only置于句首 a. Only by this means is it possible to explain his failure to act decisively. b. Only after making investigation can we have the right to speak. c. Only when one loses freedom does one know its value. 比较状语从句中的倒装 a. He ran as fast as did the person who came from England. b. I spend less than do nine out of ten people in my position. c. The greater the number of the free electrons in a material, the better is the conductivity of the material. 让步状语从句中的倒装 a. Small as atoms, electrons are still smaller. b. Complex as it may appear, the rocket, which was invented in China over 800 years ago, is a relatively simple device. c. Hard as I tried to explain it to him, he still didnt understand. d. Much as I disagree with you, I yet respect you. e. Vague though its category (is), it is without doubt an essay. f. Try as he would, he could not lift the rock.四、考研英语长难句之被动语态1.变为汉语的主动形式e.g. In his attitude can be found seeds for art in the 20th century: the art of the primitive, of symbol, and of imagination.e.g. It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset：it invites you to think that animals should be tested either with the consideration humans extend to other humans, or with no consideration at all. e.g. On the whole such a conclusion can be drawn with a certain degree of confidence, but only if the child can be assumed to have had the same attitude towards the test as the other with whom he is being compared, and only if he was not punished by lack of relevant information which they possessed. e.g. In general, the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted can not be well defined. 2.被动结构的表语化，可译为：“是的”， “由的”等。e.g. The movement to oppose racial discrimination was personally initiated and led by a famous Negro leader. e.g. This picture was taken by my brother as he went to Yunnan. 3.译成具有被动意义的汉语结构。e.g. For all the help this computer may provide, it should not be seen as a substitute for fundamental thinking and reasoning skills. e.g. It should be made clear to entire citizens that whoever enjoys rights must undertake corresponding obligations. e.g. Those who support the “nature” side of the conflict believe that our personalities and behavior patterns are largely determined by biological factors. e.g. How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted. 4.增添“人们”、“大家”等适当的词做汉语译文的主语。e.g. With the new technique, measurement was claimed to be much more precise. e.g. And it is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes, and that they have to be acquired by a sort of special training. e.g. During this transfer, traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study.综合例题：Traditionally, legal learning has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve of lawyers rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person.（2007年真题）五、 考研英语长难句之形式主语（宾语）结构1. It is + adjective/ noun + clause 注意： 先翻从句部分， 再翻形容词/名词部分。a. So it is quite sad when divorces come with small provocations, when parents and children give up on one another, when friendships falter at the first injury, for thus we forfeit a great work of artthe long love.b. It is thus no exaggeration that Americans have taken to mechanical cooling avidly and greedily. c. As a result of such contradictory evidence, it is uncertain whether those suffering seriously as a result of labor market problems number in the hundreds of thousands or the tens of millions.2. It is + adjective + infinitive to注意： 先翻不定式部分， 再翻形容词部分。 a. It is extremely wasteful to give years of training at public expense only to have the qualified teacher or nurse marry after a year of two and be lost forever to her profession. b. It is essential for modern men to master one or two foreign languages. c. It is difficult for us to over-praise the book.3. It is + past participle + that-clause注意： 先翻过去分词部分， 再翻从句部分。 a. It is reported that Sadam Hussein was betrayed by his janissary. b. It is said that c. It is believed that d. It is rumored that e. It is estimated that f. It is known thatg. It is argued that六、考研英语长难句之强调句型例1.Thus, in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers, coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it. 七、考研英语长难句之并列平行结构英语常用并列连词，如：and, but, so, yet, for, nor, or, not only:.but also, either or或neithernor等连接两个或几个同等成分，这种结构称为并列结构。连接的同等成分可以是动词的宾语、介词短语或名词的定语等。例1In general, the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted can not be well defined. (1995年真题)例2Astrophysicists working with groundbased detectors at the South Pole and balloon borne instruments are closing in on such structures, and may report their findings soon.(1998年真题)例3It is not that (不是)the scales in the one case, and the balance in the other, differ in the principles of their construction or manner ofworking; but that (而是) the latter (后者) is a much finer apparatus and of course much more accurate in its measurement than the former (前者)。(1993年真题)八、 考研英语长难句之省略句型例1. As families move away from their stable community, their friends of many years, their extended family relationships, the informal flow of information is cut off, and with it the confidence that information will be available when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable. 九、 考研英语长难句之否定结构A: 部分否定 partial negation 常用词有代词或副词：all, both, every, everybody, every day, everyone, many, everything, entirely, altogether, absolutely, wholly, completely, weathered, always, often等和not搭配时，表示部分否定，意为“并非都是，不是每个都是”Both of them are not my brothers. C.f. “Neither of them is my brother.”All is not gold that glitters = not all is gold that glitters.Every man cannot do it = not every man can do itI dont remember all these formulas.This kind of tree is not found everywhere.The rich are not always happy.Every couple is not a pair. B: 转移否定a. 否定主语，但否定词not在形式上往往否定谓语 Everybody cannot enjoy pop music. (not everyone)b. 否定表语和宾语，但否定词not在形式上往往否定谓语The cloth does not feel very soft. = The cloth feels not very soft.I dont agree with all of you. (some of you)I dont like both of the books. (I like not both of them.)c. 否定状语，但否定词not在形式上往往否定谓语He has not come to the decision quickly. (not quickly)I did not do it for myself. (I did it not for myself.)The students did not sit there listening to the teacher. d. 在notand 结构中，否定的往往是and 后的部分，但否定词not往往否定谓语。The house is not big and comfortable. The house is not big, but comfortable. The house is not big or comfortable. He doesnt speak Russian and French. Dont drink and drive. We cant put on airs and make people like us.正确理解和区分部分否定和全部否定很重要，稍一疏忽，就会铸成译文上的大错。a. I dont know anything about her.（一无所知）I dont know everything about her.（并不全知道）b. None of the answers are right.（都不正确） All the answers are not right. (并非都正确)c. I dont know any of them.（全不认识） I dont know all of them.（并非都认识）C: 双重否定，意义肯定双重否定指同一句子里出现两个否定词,即否定之否定,双重否定句表达的意思是肯定的，通常比肯定句的语气要重些,译成汉语就译成肯定形式,也可以保持双重否定的形式。 No one can command others who cant command himself. There was never a great genius without a tincture of madness. There are no roses without thorns. You cant make something out of nothing. Whats done cant be undone. Nothing is nothing at all.Hardly a day passed without our learning anything new.可用于表示双重否定的词有nonot, no (not)without, no.but, cannot but + v, cannot help + v-ing, without doubt, without fail, cannot help + v, without exception, nothing less but, (正是) none but （除外，别无） no one but (除了 外，没有别人) none too（一点也不）have no alternative /choice but to do (除.，别无选择), There is no doubt that, There is no denying that, There is no question that., not seldom, not infrequently, not unlike, not displeasedWe cannot but read books to enrich ourselves. We cannot help admiring his courage. I cant help but feel sorry for her.D: 几乎否定 几乎否定表示整个句子的意思接近于否定，常用的词有： little, few, barely, hardly, rarely, scarcely, seldom, This problem has been little studied. He little realized the danger he was in. She is barely right. I seldom got any sleep last night. Scarcely anything remains to be said. E: 形式否定，意义肯定 英语中有些形式上，否定而内容含义上都是肯定的结构，译成汉语时不能拘泥于原文的表层结构的否定，要忠实于原文的含义。 a. cannot too，越.越, 无论怎样.也不过分(Its impossible to overdo it. The more., the more)在此结构中，cannot可改为can hardly, scarcely, never, too也可改为 over + v, enough, sufficient 等You cannot be too cautious. You can hardly praise him too much. A man can never have too many friends. Newtons contribution to modern science can scarcely be overrated. He cant see you quickly enough. (He desires to see you as soon as possible.)cannot wait to do (eager to do) I cannot wait to read your new book. I cannot wait to see her. b. no（nobody） but 都， 没有.不，只有.才There is no man but has his faults. There is no rule but has exception. Nobody reads the book but will be moved. There exists no man but has an enemy. 这种结构中的but起关系代词的作用，相当于that, which, who does/ will/ have not.注意句子结构No one believes that he will succeed. No one believes but he will succeed. There is no one who knows him. There is no one but knows him. There is no man that errs.There is no man but errs. You will not find the answer but (that) you study it thoroughly.But 为否定含义 c. never (not). but (that) 每当总是, 没有哪次不是I never see you but think of my mother.It never rains but it pours. Never a day passed but brought us good news.He will not be angry but that he is offended. d. nothing but, none but 仅仅， 只， 只有才nothing but 后接非指人的名词， none but 后接指人的名词，与nothing other than同义意为“仅仅，只有才”We can see nothing but water.We found none but an old man in the room.None but me knew what happened.None but a fool would do such a thing. You can find that sort of bird nowhere but in Australia. e. noting else than(仅仅，完全)His failure was due to noting else than his own carelessness. f. no (none)other than正是, 仅仅是, This is no other than the book we want to buy. She is none other than my adviser. g. more often than not, as often as not常常, 往往During foggy weather, planes are late more often than not.As often as not, he gets up late.as likely as not=很有可能 She will forget all about it as likely as not.h. 否定词 + 比较级（相当于最高级） I cannot agree with you more. C.f. I cannot agree with you any more. He could not feel better. The film cannot be better. He wants nothing more than time. Nothing is more precious than health. i. 否定词 + without There is no smoke without fire. He believed， not without reason, that the project will be a success. j. no otherwise than 只是，仅仅 He is no otherwise afraid than of his father. (nobody but.) He does no otherwise than fool around all day. (do nothing but) 在有些句子结构中，谓语动词肯/否，句意不变。