SCI论文写作Session 8 Other components 10-11-17

Session8WritingTipsforfortheAbstract,Title,References,andAcknowledgements(ATRA)sectionsandpreparationforsubmission,ScientificWriting,Editing,andPublishing,1,Abstract(1),GeneralSuggestions:Theabstractcanbeconsideredasa“window”thatrevealsthecontentsofthemanuscript,aminiatureversionofthemanuscript,orasummaryoftheinformationinthemanuscript.Itshouldbeintelligibletothegeneralreader.Exceptforstructuredabstracts(morecommonnow),itisasingleparagraph.Itisoftenoflimitedlength,e.g.,250words.Oftenplacedonpage2ofdraftedmanuscripts.,Session8,ScientificWriting,Editing,andPublishing,2,Abstract(2),StructuredAbstracts:Havedistinct,labeledsections(e.g.,Introduction,Methods,Results,andDiscussionorIntroduction,Objectives,Methods,Results,andConclusion).Allowrapidcomprehension.Guideauthorsinsummarizingthecontentoftheirmanuscripts.Facilitatethepeer-reviewprocess.Enhancecomputerizedliteraturesearches.,Session8,ScientificWriting,Editing,andPublishing,3,Abstract(3),GeneralSuggestions:Theabstractshouldsummarizeeachofthemainsectionsofthemanuscript,includingthefollowing:thebackground(1-3sentences)thehypothesis(1sentence)purposeoftheeffortcompoundsandmodelsystemsusedandkeywordsgeneralmethodsprincipallimitationsageneralsummaryoftheresultsthemeaningofthework,Session8,ScientificWriting,Editing,andPublishing,4,Abstract(4),Suggestions:Generally,itshouldbewrittenmostlyinthetenseandvoiceusedinsectionsofthetext.Itshouldbecompletewithoutreferencetothetext.(Remember:Itwillbepublishedbyitself.)Withinthespaceallowed,allprominentfindingsshouldbeincluded.Itcanbeconstructedwithsentencesselectedfromothersectionsofthemanuscript.Itcanbedraftedearlybutcontinuallyrevised.,Session8,ScientificWriting,Editing,andPublishing,5,Abstract(5),Suggestions:Itshouldordinarilybewrittenafterasemi-finaldraftofthemanuscripthasbeenprepared.Incontrasttoameetingabstract,theabstractforamanuscriptshouldordinarilynotincludedatavalues.Ingeneral,citationsshouldnotbeincluded.Ingeneral,abbreviationsarenotincluded,unlessthesame,longtermisusedrepeatedly.(Abbreviatealsoatthefirstuseinthetext.),Session8,ScientificWriting,Editing,andPublishing,6,Abstract(6),ImportanceoftheAbstract:Readersmayreadonlythetitleandtheabstract.Itscontentscanestablishtheinterestoftheeditorandreviewerandwilldetermineifthereaderactuallyreadsthemanuscript.Editorswilloftenusetheabstracttodetermineifthepapershouldbereviewedfortheirjournal.Termsincludedintheabstractwillbeincludedinvariousdatabasesforliteraturesearches.,Session8,ScientificWriting,Editing,andPublishing,7,Abstract(7),Includeinthissection:Thebackgroundfortheresearch.Thepurposeoftheresearch.Sufficientdetailstoallowthereadertounderstandwhatthemanuscriptisaboutandwhatthefundamentalpointsare.Sufficientexperimentaldetails,including,e.g.,thenumberoftestsubjectsandcontrols,speciesandstrainofanimals,drugdosagesandroutesofadministration,andtumoryields.Findings(new).Principalconclusions.,Session8,ScientificWriting,Editing,andPublishing,8,Abstract(8),DoNotIncludeinthissection:Tablesorfigures(orreferencestothem).Vaguestatements,suchas,“Thesignificanceoftheresultsisdiscussed”or“Futurestudiesareneeded.”Unnecessaryabbreviations.Detailedresults(includingnumericalvaluesfordata).Statisticalvalues(p-values)forthefindings.Overstatementoftherelevance.,Session8,ScientificWriting,Editing,andPublishing,9,Abstract(9),CommonProblems:NotexcitingToolongortooshortToomuchbackgroundinformationNotenoughinformationabouttheresultsUnnecessarycitationsExcessivenumericaldataInconsistentwithotherpartsofthetextToomuchdiscussionorspeculation,Session8,ScientificWriting,Editing,andPublishing,10,Abstract,Example:Cigarettesmokingconstitutesahumanhealthhazardbecauseitisthemostpotentriskfactorforlungcancer.Themolecularmechanismsbywhichsmokingcausescancerremaintobeestablished.Weevaluatedtherolesofinflammationandtheepithelial-mesenchymaltransition(EMT)incigarettesmokeextract(CSE)inducedtransformationofhumanbronchialepithelial(HBE)cells.ChronicexposuretoCSEinducedtheEMTandtransformationofthesecells.Activationofnuclearfactor-B(NF-B)byCSEerleukin-6(IL-6),andacuteandchronicexposurestoCSEcauseddecreasesinmicroRNA(miR)-200clevels.(continued),ScientificWriting,Editing,andPublishing,Session8,11,Abstract,Example(continued):ByblockingNF-B.andIL-6.,wefoundthattheNF-BsignalpathwaywasinvolvedinCSE-inducedincreasesofIL-6,whichsuppressedmiR-200cexpressionandpromotedtheEMT.IL-6wasnecessaryformaintenanceofCSE-inducedtransformationandformalignantprogressionofHBEcells.BlockingofNF-B.preventedCSE-inducedEMTandmalignanttransformationduetodecreasesofE-cadherinandmiR-200candelevationsofIL-6,N-cadherin,andvimentin.Thus,wehavedefinedalinkbetweeninflammationandtheEMT,processesinvolvedinthemalignanttransformationofcellscausedbyCSE.Thislink,mediatedthroughmiRNAs,establishesamechanismforCSE-inducedlungcarcinogenesis.,ScientificWriting,Editing,andPublishing,Session8,12,Children,ScientificWriting,Editing,andPublishing,13,Children,JohnPhD(1996)UniversityofAlabama(MassCommunications)AssociateProfessor,AmridgeUniversity,Montgomery,ALGerald(Gerry)PhD(2018)PiedmontUniversity(CurriculumDevelopment)Highschoolteacher,GreaterAtlantaChristianSchool,Atlanta,GAStephenPhD(2008)UniversityofAlabama(OperationsManagement)AssistantProfessor,UniversityofNorthCarolinaatWilmington,Wilmington,NC,Session8,ScientificWriting,Editing,andPublishing,14,Title(1),GeneralSuggestions:Makesthefirstimpressiononthereader.Shouldgiveanindicationofwhatisinthemanuscript.Canbedraftedearlyandcontinuallyrevised.Containsthefewestwordspossibletodescribethecontentsofthemanuscript.Usuallywrittenin“TitleCase,”withupper-caselettersforwordsofmorethanfourletters.,Session8,ScientificWriting,Editing,andPublishing,15,Title(2),GeneralSuggestions:Thefirstnounshouldbepowerful.Includekeywordsandspecificterms.Note:Usewordsthatwillallowelectronicretrieval.Includethemodelutilized.Maybelimitedinsize,e.g.,150characters,notincludingspaces.Aclear,specific,andconcisestatement,intelligibletothegeneralreader,thatreflectstherelevantfindingsreportedinthemanuscript.Sentencetitles,whicharenowoftenused,canappeartobedogmatic.,Session8,ScientificWriting,Editing,andPublishing,16,Title(3),GeneralSuggestions:Itisgenerallyappropriatetochoosethetitlewhenthemanuscriptisalmostcomplete.Willbereadbythousandsofpeople,whomaynotreadfurther.Manywillreadthetitle,includingabstractingservices.Titlesshouldnotcontainabbreviations,chemicalformulas,orproprietarynames.Seriestitlesandtitleswithcolons(“hangingtitles”)aregenerallynotdesirable.,Session8,ScientificWriting,Editing,andPublishing,17,Title(4),DoNotInclude:RomanorArabicnumeralsshowingthatthemanuscriptispartofaseries.Abbreviationsotherthanwell-acceptedstandards,suchasDNA,RNA,andRT-PCR.Chemicalformulas.Proprietary(trade)names.,Session8,ScientificWriting,Editing,andPublishing,18,Title(5),DoNotInclude:Extensiveprepositionalphrases(ofinof).Punctuationotherthancommas(andtheseshouldbeusedsparingly).Titlespresentedasquestions.Wastewords,suchas“studieson,”“first,”“observationson,”“investigationson,”“actionof,”or“effectsof,”oranopening“A,”“An,”or“The.”,Session8,ScientificWriting,Editing,andPublishing,19,Title(6),CommonProblems:NotexcitingToolongortooshortImpropersyntax(arrangementofwordsandphrases)NotenoughinformationaboutthefindingsInconsistentwithotherpartsofthetextExtremewordsSpeculation,Session8,ScientificWriting,Editing,andPublishing,20,Listofauthors,Exampleofauthors(ontitlepage):FeiLuoa,b,1,XinluLiua,b,1,LuLua,b,LeShia,b,XiaolinLua,b,JunLi,AihuaZhangc,QizhanLiua,b,*aInstituteofToxicology,bTheKeyLaboratoryofModernToxicology,MinistryofEducation,SchoolofPublicHealth,NanjingMedicalUniversity,Nanjing211166,Jiangsu,PeoplesRepublicofChina.cTheKeyLaboratoryofEnvironmentalPollutionMonitoringandDiseaseControl,MinistryofEducation,SchoolofPublicHealth,GuiyangMedicalUniversity,Guiyang550025,Guizhou,PeoplesRepublicofChina.1Authorscontributedequally.*AddresscorrespondencetoQizhanLiu,InstituteofToxicology,SchoolofPublicHealth,NanjingMedicalUniversity,Nanjing211166,Jiangsu,PeoplesRepublicofChina.Telephone:+86-25-8686-8424,Fax:+86-25-8686-8499,E-mail:drqzliu,Session8,ScientificWriting,Editing,andPublishing,21,Listofauthors,Note:Somejournalsaskthattheterminaldegreesofauthorsbeincluded.,Session8,ScientificWriting,Editing,andPublishing,22,RunningTitle,Containsashortened,butdescriptiveversionofthetitle(usuallylimitedtoabout60charactersandspaces)PlacedonthetitlepageOftenappearsoneachpage(oreveryotherpage)ofthemanuscriptIncludeskeywordsExample:lncRNAsandHIFsinarsenite-inducedglycolysis,Session8,ScientificWriting,Editing,andPublishing,23,KeyWords,Mostjournalsaskforalistof3-6keywordstomakeiteasiertolinkyourarticletosearchengines.Thesewordsshouldindicatethefocusofthemanuscript.Includewordsthatwillattracttheinterestoftheeditor,reviewer,andreader.SuitabletermscanbefoundintheMedicalSubjectHeadings(MeSH)listofIndexMedicus.See/mesh/meshhome.htmlExamples:inflammation;epithelial-mesenchymaltransition;cigarettesmokeextract;carcinogenesis;miR-200c.,Session8,ScientificWriting,Editing,andPublishing,24,Highlights,Somejournals,includingTAAP,askforalistofhighlights,tobeplacedonthetitlepage.Thesegenerallyconsistofshortbullets(3to5,each85characters,includingspaces)thatconveythecorefindingsofthearticle.Example:1.miR-491,atumorsuppressor,targetsEGFRinHCCcells.2.EGFRblockstheeffectofmiR-491ontheactivationofSTAT3inHCCcells.3.STAT3isinvolvedintheeffectsofmiR-491ontheacquisitionofCSC-likeproperties.,Session8,ScientificWriting,Editing,andPublishing,25,AdditionalInformationthatmaybeIncludedontheTitlePage,WordcountsfortheAbstractandthemaintext(exclusiveoftheAbstract,acknowledgements,tables,figurelegends,andreferences).Numbersoftablesandfigures.Adisclaimer,suchas“Theviewsexpressedinthearticlearethoseoftheauthorsanddonotrepresentanofficialpositionofthefunder.”Astatementregardingconflictofinterest,suchas,“Theauthorsdeclaretheyhavenocompetingfinancialinterests.”Note:Asanalternative,thiscanbeincludedbeforetheAcknowledgements.,Session8,ScientificWriting,Editing,andPublishing,26,JohnsFamily,ScientificWriting,Editing,andPublishing,27,References(1),GeneralSuggestions:Checkreferencesforaccuracy.Besurethateachreferenceinthetextisinthelistofreferencesandviceversa.Beawarethatmostlistsofreferencescontainmistakes.Foreachfactderivedfromanotherpublication,provideareference.(Anentireparagraphmaybecoveredbyasinglereference.)Limitthecitationstoanumberconsistentwiththoseinarticlespublishedbythejournal.Formostpublications(exceptreviews),3referencesperstatement.Foratopicwithalargenumberofpossiblereferences,sitetheoriginalreference(theonereportingtheinitialdiscovery)andarecentreferenceonthetopic,orsiteoneortworeviews.Makeuseofavailablesoftwaretosimplifyformattingandplacingyourreferencesinorder(e.g.,EndNote).Checkarecentjournalarticleforstyleofreferences.,Session8,ScientificWriting,Editing,andPublishing,30,References(4),GeneralSuggestions:Inthetext,referencescanbelistedas:Firstauthoranddate,e.g.,(Smithetal.,2003).Notes:Thesearegenerallyinsertedbeforeperiodsandcommas.Inthelistofreferences,theyareplacedinalphabeticalorder.Althoughtheyprovideinformation(nameoffirstauthoranddateofpublication)andareeasytoaddordelete,theytakeupconsiderable(valuable)space.Numbersinparenthesesorbracketsorassuperscripts,e.g.,(23),23,or23.Notes:Theysavespacebutprovidelittleornoinformation.Inthelistofreferences,theyarecommonlylistedinnumericalorder.Numbersinparenthesesorbracketsaregenerallyinsertedbeforeperiodsandcommas.Superscriptnumbersaregenerallyinsertedafterperiodsandcommas.,Session8,ScientificWriting,Editing,andPublishing,31,References(5),GeneralSuggestions:Manuscriptsinpresscanbeincludedinthelistofreferences.Donotputreferencestounpublisheddataorpersonalcommunicationsinthelistofreferences.Includetheminthetext.Examples:(D.L.Hill,unpublisheddataorD.L.Hill,personalcommunication).Checkabbreviations:IsitJournaloftheAmericanChemicalSociety,Jour.Am.Chem.Soc.,J.Am.Chem.Soc.,J.A.C.S.,orJACS?,Session8,ScientificWriting,Editing,andPublishing,32,References(6),GeneralSuggestions:Inthelistofreferences,somejournalsdonotincludetitlesofarticles.Somejournalslistonlythefirstpagenumber,e.g.,247;somelistinclusivepagenumbers,e.g.,247-251or247-51.TAAPhasnoformattingrequirementsforreferences,buttheeditorsaskthattheybeconsistentinstyle.Samplereferencescanbefoundat/bsd/uniform_requirements.html,Session8,ScientificWriting,Editing,andPublishing,33,References(7),Format:Followtheformatfortheselectedjournal.Thisstyleisusedbysomejournals:HalpernSD,UbelPA,CaplanAL.Solid-organtransplantationinHIV-infectedpatients.NEnglJMed.2002Jul25;347(4):284-7.Note:Ifthejournalcarriescontinuouspaginationthroughoutavolume(mostdo),themonth,day,andissuenumbercanbeomitted,asfollows:HalpernSD,UbelPA,CaplanAL.Solid-organtransplantationinHIV-infectedpatients.NEnglJMed.2002;347:284-7.,Session8,ScientificWriting,Editing,andPublishing,34,References(8),Format:Inthelistofreferences,journalsusevariousformats:Allauthorsarelisted.Onlythefirstthreeauthorsarelisted,followedbyetal.Onlythefirstsixauthorsarelisted,followedbyetal.Journalabbreviationsarenowstandardized(ingeneral).T.Therecommendationistoeliminateperiodsafterabbreviationsandauthorsinitialsandcommasafterauthorssurnames.,Session8,ScientificWriting,Editing,andPublishing,35,References(9),Webreferences:ThefullURLandthedatewhenthereferencewaslastaccessedshouldbegiven.Also,provideanyfurtherinformation,ifknown(e.g.,DOI,authornames,anddates).Example:TrowbridgeF,KibbeD.ChildhoodObesity:PartnershipsforResearchandPrevention.AnILSICenterforHealthPromotionMonograph.2002.ILSIPress.Retrieved12/28/2015from/ResearchFoundation/Publications/chpobesitymonograph.pdf.,Session8,ScientificWriting,Editing,andPublishing,36,References(10),DigitalObjectIdentifiers(DOIs):DOIsareusedtociteandprovidelinkstoelectronicdocuments.TheDOIconsistsofadistinctivealpha-numericcharacterstringthatisassignedtoadocumentbythepublisherupontheinitialelectronicpublication.SincetheDOIneverchanges,itisanidealmediumforcitingadocument,particularlyarticlesinpressbecausetheyhavenotyetreceivedtheirfullbibliographicinformation.SomejournalsrequireDOIs,forsometheyareoptional,andforsometheyarenotused.,Session8,ScientificWriting,Editing,andPublishing,37,References(11),DigitalObjectIdentifiers(DOIs):Example:Matthias,H.,Hofeld,T.,andTran-Gia,P.2011.AnatomyofaCrowdsourcingPlatform:UsingtheExampleofM.5thIEEEInternationalConferenceonInnovativeMobileandInternetServicesinUbiquitousComputing(IMIS2011),June2011,doi:10.1109/IMIS.2011.89.,Session8,ScientificWriting,Editing,andPublishing,38,Acknowledgements(1),GeneralSuggestions:ContributionsthatgenerallydonotjustifyauthorshipTechnicalhelpFinancialandmaterialsupportContribution(orlackthereof)ofthesponsortopreparationofthemanuscriptFinancialrelationshipsthatmayposeaconflictofinterestGeneralsupervisionoradministrativesupportWritingassistanceandediting,Session8,ScientificWriting,Editing,andPublishing,39,Acknowledgements(2),GeneralSuggestions:SpecialfacilitiesorinstrumentationthataresupportedbyanotherfundingsourceContributorsofmaterials(e.g.,vectors,cells,animals)Note#1:Obtainpermissionbeforeacknowledgingsomeone.Note#2:Avoidusingtheword,wish.,Session8,ScientificWriting,Editing,andPublishing,40,Acknowledgements(3),Example:GrantSupport:NIH/NationalCancerInstitutegrantsR01CA-andR01CA-(R.Chan);DepartmentofDefenseProstateCancerResearchProgramgrantnumberW81XWH-(Z.Yao);andNationalCancerInstitute/UniversityofAlabamaatBirminghamComprehensiveCancerCenterJuniorFacultyDevelopmentgrant(H.Gao).WethankJohnHughesforexcellenttechnicalassistanceandElizabethRayfieldforassistanceineditingandpreparationofthisarticle.,Session8,ScientificWriting,Editing,andPublishing,41,Finishing(Editing)aManuscript(1),GeneralSuggestions:Eliminateallunnecessarywords.Chooseprecisewords.(Precisioninwritingrelatestothedegreetowhichwordsconveywhatismeanttobesaid.)Donotusethesamewordrepeatedly.Useathesaurustofindfreshwords.Readthemanuscriptaloud.Proofreading:Thiscanbedonesentencebysentence,backwards,sothatthereisconcernonlyformechanicalandgrammaticalerrorsnoneforcontent.,Session8,ScientificWriting,Editing,andPublishing,42,Finishing(Editing)aManuscript(2),GeneralSuggestions:Waitforadayandthenreaditaloudagain.Makeallappropriatechanges.Whenyoucanreaditaloud,fromstarttofinish,withoutmakinganychanges,itisnearingcompletion.Havesomeoneelsereadthemanuscriptandmakecomments,butdontbediscouragedortakenofftrack.,Session8,ScientificWriting,Editing,andPublishing,43,Finishing(Editing)aManuscript(3),GeneralSuggestions:Numberthepagestomakereviewseasierfortheeditorandthereviewers.Performa“spellcheck”and“grammarcheck.”Perform“acceptallchanges.”Completethemandatorysubmissionformandsecureallnecessarysignatures.Contacttheeditorifyouhaveanyquestions.,Session8,ScientificWriting,Editing,andPublishing,44,GerryandDaughters,ScientificWriting,Editing,andPublishing,45,Submission(1),GeneralSuggestions:Resolveanyauthorshipissues,forthesubmissionformisalegalcontract.Eachauthorsigningthedocumentassumesresponsibilityfortheoriginalityandintegrityoftheinformationcontainedinthemanuscript.Resolveissuesrelatedtopriorpublication.Assurethatyouhavefollowedthe“InstructionsforAuthors”regardingtheorganizationofthemanuscript,presentationofillustrationsandtables,andformat/styleforreferences.Assurethatyouhavefollowedwordand/orpagelimitationsfortheentirearticleandforthetitle,runningtitle,andabstract.,Session8,ScientificWriting,Editing,andPublishing,46,Submission(2),GeneralSuggestions:Useatitlepageforthetitleofthemanuscriptandforalistoftheauthors.Checktosethatyouhaveusedaccepted,standardabbreviationsor(ifrequested)includealistofspecialabbreviationswiththeirspelled-outformsordefinitions.Provideallauthorsanopportunitytocommentonthemanuscript,butsetadeadlineforaresponse.Example:“Iplantosubmitthemanuscriptintwoweeks.IfIdonothearfromyouinthattime,Iwillassumethatyouhavenoconcerns.”,Session8,ScientificWriting,Editing,andPubli