4世贸组织的运作.ppt

4世界贸易组织的运作,4.1世贸组织的决策机制4.2世贸组织的争端解决机制4.3世贸组织的贸易政策审议机制4.4世贸组织与其他组织的合作机制(课后阅读),4.1决策机制Decisionmaking,WhoseWTOisitanyway?TheWTOisrunbyitsmembergovernments.Allmajordecisionsaremadebythemembershipasawhole.,member-driven,consensus-based,TheWTOismember-driven,withdecisionstakenbyconsensusamongallmembergovernments.,Votingispossible,too,Whereconsensusisnotpossible,theWTOagreementallowsforvotingavotebeingwonwithamajorityofthevotescastandonthebasisof“onecountry,onevote”.,fourspecificsituationsinvolvingvoting:,AgreementinterpretationObligationwaivingAmendmentMembership,Agreementinterpretation,AninterpretationofanyofthemultilateraltradeagreementscanbeadoptedbyamajorityofthreequartersofWTOmembers.,Obligationwaiving,TheMinisterialConferencecanwaiveanobligationimposedonaparticularmemberbyamultilateralagreement,alsothroughathree-quartersmajority.,Amendment,Decisionstoamendprovisionsofthemultilateralagreementscanbeadoptedthroughapprovaleitherbyallmembersorbyatwo-thirdsmajoritydependingonthenatureoftheprovisionconcerned.ButtheamendmentsonlytakeeffectforthoseWTOmemberswhichacceptthem.,Membership,Adecisiontoadmitanewmemberistakenbyatwo-thirdsmajorityintheMinisterialConference,ortheGeneralCouncilinbetweenconferences.,alternativeview,TheWTOwilllikelysufferfromslowandcumbersomepolicy-makingandmanagement”“perhapsasmallerexecutivebodylikeaboardofdirectorseachrepresentingdifferentgroupsofcountriesshouldbecreated”“BoththeIMFandtheWorldBankhaveanexecutiveboardtodirecttheexecutiveofficersoftheorganization,withpermanentparticipationbythemajorindustrialcountriesandweightedvoting.TheWTOwillrequireacomparablestructuretooperateefficiently.”,“GreenRoom”,Itisusedtorefertomeetingsof2040delegations,usuallyatthelevelofheadsofdelegations.SometimesGreenRoommeetingscouldleadtocompromisesbeingstruckbehindtheirbacks.,Assignment:,Withrespecttothedecision-makingmechanism,isthereanydifferencebetweentheWTOandotherinternationalorganizationssuchasIMFandtheWorldBank?,3.2争端解决机制Settlingdisputes,Disputesettlementisthecentralpillarofthemultilateraltradingsystem.,Dispute,Adisputeariseswhenonecountryadoptsatradepolicymeasureortakessomeactionthatoneormorefellow-WTOmembersconsiderstobebreakingtheWTOagreements,ortobeafailuretoliveuptoobligations.,Disputesettlement,WTOmembershaveagreedthattheywillusethemultilateralsystemofsettlingdisputesinsteadoftakingactionunilaterally.Thatmeansabidingbytheagreedprocedures,andrespectingjudgments.,DisputeSettlementBody,TheDSBhasthesoleauthoritytoestablish“panels”ofexpertstoconsiderthecase,andtoacceptorrejectthepanelsfindingsortheresultsofanappeal.Itmonitorstheimplementationoftherulingsandrecommendations,andhasthepowertoauthorizeretaliationwhenacountrydoesnotcomplywitharuling.,settlingdisputesundertheoldGATT,NofixedtimetablesmanycasesdraggedonforalongtimeinconclusivelyRulingscouldonlybeadoptedbyconsensusrulingswereeasiertoblock,settlingdisputesundertheWTO,settingoutinconsiderabledetailtheproceduresandthetimetabletobefollowedinresolvingdisputesmoreclearlydefinedstagesintheprocedureflexibledeadlinesinvariousstagesoftheprocedurerulingsareautomaticallyadoptedunlessthereisaconsensustorejectaruling,Principles:,equitablefasteffectivemutuallyacceptable,Howaredisputessettled?,Firststage:consultation(upto60days).Secondstage:thepanel(upto45daysforapaneltobeappointed,plus6monthsforthepaneltoconclude).Thirdstage:appeal(upto90days).Fourthstage:implementationandmonitoring,consultation,First,talktoeachotherAlso,askformediationWhenthecasehasprogressedtootherstages,consultationandmediationarestillalwayspossible.,ByJanuary2008,onlyabout136ofthe369caseshadreachedthefullpanelprocess.Mostoftheresthaveeitherbeennotifiedassettled“outofcourt”orremaininaprolongedconsultationphasesomesince1995.,thepanel,Ifconsultationsfail,thecomplainingcountrycanaskforapaneltobeappointed.Thecountry“inthedock”canblockthecreationofapanelonce,butwhentheDSBmeetsforasecondtime,theappointmentcannolongerbeblocked(unlessthereisaconsensusagainstappointingthepanel).,Panel,Thepanellistsareusuallychoseninconsultationwiththecountriesindispute.OnlyifthetwosidescannotagreedoestheWTOdirector-generalappointthem.Panelsconsistofthree(possiblyfive)expertsfromdifferentcountrieswhoexaminetheevidenceanddecidewhoisrightandwhoiswrong.,Appeals,Eithersidecanappealapanelsruling.Theappealcanuphold,modifyorreversethepanelslegalfindingsandconclusions.TheDSBhastoacceptorrejecttheappealsreportwithin30daysandrejectionisonlypossiblebyconsensus.,AppellateBody,Eachappealisheardbythreemembersofapermanentseven-memberAppellateBodysetupbytheDSBandbroadlyrepresentingtherangeofWTOmembership.MembersoftheAppellateBodyhavefour-yearterms.Theyhavetobeindividualswithrecognizedstandinginthefieldoflawandinternationaltrade,notaffiliatedwithanygovernment.,implementationandmonitoring,Ifacountryhasdonesomethingwrong,itshouldswiftlycorrectitsfault.Andifitcontinuestobreakanagreement,itshouldoffercompensationorsufferasuitablepenalty.,implementation,Ifthecountrythatisthetargetofthecomplaintloses,itmustfollowtherecommendationsofthepanelreportortheappealreport.ItmuststateitsintentiontodosoataDSBmeetingheldwithin30daysofthereportsadoption.Ifcomplyingwiththerecommendationimmediatelyprovesimpractical,thememberwillbegivena“reasonableperiodoftime”todoso.Ifitfailstoactwithinthisperiod,ithastoenterintonegotiationswiththecomplainingcountry(orcountries)inordertodeterminemutually-acceptablecompensation.,retaliation,Ifafter20days,nosatisfactorycompensationisagreed,thecomplainingsidemayasktheDSBforpermissiontoimposelimitedtradesanctions(“suspendconcessionsorobligations”)againsttheotherside.TheDSBmustgrantthisauthorizationwithin30daysoftheexpiryofthe“reasonableperiodoftime”unlessthereisaconsensusagainsttherequest.,retaliation,Inprinciple,thesanctionsshouldbeimposedinthesamesectorasthedispute.Ifthisisnotpracticalorifitwouldnotbeeffective,thesanctionscanbeimposedinadifferentsectorofthesameagreement.Ifthisisnoteffectiveorpracticableandifthecircumstancesareseriousenough,theactioncanbetakenunderanotheragreement.,Assignment,HowdoestheWTOassuretheeffectivenessofdisputessettling?,3.3贸易政策审议机制TradePolicyReviewMechanism（TPRM）,TheWTOconductsregularreviewsofindividualcountriestradepolicies,TradePolicyReviewBody,Theobjectives:,toincreasethetransparencyandunderstandingofcountriestradepoliciesandpractices,throughregularmonitoringimprovethequalityofpublicandintergovernmentaldebateontheissuestoenableamultilateralassessmentoftheeffectsofpoliciesontheworldtradingsystem.,Thefunctions:,encouragegovernmentstofollowmorecloselytheWTOrulesanddisciplinesandto