化学专业英语写作-第三章.ppt

1,第三章科技英语写作常用句型,2,随着科技英语的发展和广泛应用，科技文章，尤其是科技论文书写格式正在走向统一化、规范化和标准化，熟记并正确运用科技英语常用句型结构，是每个科技写作人员应有的基本功，掌握了这种基本功，写作起来就会得心应手，使论文具有简明性和可读性。,3,3.1有关写作组织结构方面的常用句型,一般科技写作大都包括以下几个主要部分：开始部分，正文部分，结尾，索引，参考文献部分，本节主要介绍一些有关这些部分的常用句型。3.1.1开始部分（前言，绪论）科技书刊和文章的开始部分大多要涉及到写作目的、阅读对象、概括文章的重要内容，等等。文章的开头部分，因篇幅限制，既要文字简洁，又要表达明确，而且要引起读者的阅读兴趣，写起来较难。,4,3.1.1.1表达写作目的句型1.以文章或章节为主语的主动语态Thispaperdescribesthepreparationandstructureofcompounds描述了presentsanimportantmethodfor提出一种重要方法introducestheconceptof介绍概念discussindetailtheprincipleof详细讨论概念brieflysurveysthemainpropertiesof简要概括的主要性质devicessomeusefulformulathatcanbeemployedto导出一些有用的公式emphasizes着重介绍develops阐述considers考虑,5,2.有人称的主动语态InthispaperwediscusssomeexperimentalmethodsusedtoWeexploreinsomedepththeeffectof深入探讨作用Wedescribethebasicprocessinvolvedin叙述在中涉及的基本过程Weintroducetheconceptof介绍概念Wewillexaminebriefly将简要研究,6,3.以写作内容为主语的被动语态Inthispaperanewmethodforispresented提出isintroduced介绍isdescribed叙述isdeveloped阐述isgiven给出isaimedto目的在于,7,4.以文章或章节为主语的被动语态Thispaper本文isconcernedwith关心的问题是isdevotedto在于isintendedto旨在isaimedto目的在于除了上述四种开始形式外，也可以采用一些其它形式，如：Thepurposeofthispaperistopresent(introduce,discuss,analyze,describe,device,develop)Thispaperbeginswithadiscussionof本文开始先讨论,8,3.1.1.2简介写作内容的句型一些文章、特别是书籍，往往用极为简炼的语句指出本身的特点。下面是一些有关的句型。,9,(1)目的Theintentofthisbookistoprovidethereaderwithasoundunderstandingofthefundamentalsinvolved.Thisbookisintendedprimarilyasanintroductiontothechemistryoftheatomsphereforthosewithabackgroundinchemistryorchemicalphysicsandcanbeusedasthebasisofadvancedundergraduateorgraduatecourses.Inwriting“IntroductiontoModernChemistry”myprincipalaimwastobalancethesetwopoints:Introducestudentstothefundamentalprinciplesofmodernchemistrywhilesimultaneouslyshowingthemhowchemistryandchemicalproductsaffecttheirlives.,10,(2)简要介绍写作内容Thetextprovidesup-to-datereviewsofrecentworkonthecompositionanddynamicsofthechemosphere,theairflow,theionosphere,airpollution,andtheatmosphereofotherplanetssuchasMars,VenusandJupiter.Ihavechosentodeveloptheideasthataregenerallyconsideredessentialforanunderstandingoftwentiethcenturychemistry;thebasiclawsofchemistryandthetheoriesthatinterpretthem;atomicandmolecularstructureItisbeyondthescopeofthisbooktodescribegrouptheory.Severalchaptershavebeenwritteningreaterdepththanisfoundinotherchemistrybookstobettermeettheneedsofstudentspreparingforcareersinbiologicalorhealth-alliedfields.,11,不涉及的内容Significantnewmaterialhasbeenaddedandmanyofthechapterhavebeenrewrittentoimproveclarityofexpositionandtoprovideadditionalillustrativeexamples.Tokeepthesizeofthebookfromgettingoutofthehandwehaveomittedstillmoreoftherelativelyelementarymaterialincludedinearliereditions.Thesecondeditionhasextensiverevisionsofthesectionsonbiologicalmechanismsofcontrol,kinetics,scale-upandthemethodsforthemeasurementsandcontroloffermentationparameters,withspecialemphasisonthemanagementandcontrolofoxygentransfer.,12,3.1.1.3对于先修知识的要求Thisbookwaswrittenwiththeassumptionthatthebackgroundofitsreaderswouldbequitevaried.Thebackgroundrequiredforthematerialinthisbookislightifsomediscretionisexercised.ThebackgroundassumedisaMSdegreeinchemicalengineeringorinacloselyrelatedfield.,13,3.1.1.4写作结束时常用句型在文章或书籍每一章结束时，大都有summary(小结)和conclusions(结论),表达时大多使用“已经”,英语多为完成时或过去时态，例：Inthischapterwehaveexamineddealtwithexploredsometheofpropertiesof或者用Thischapterhaspresentedhasoutlined或者Toclosethissection,wenotethat或者直截了当的写Summary1,2,3,14,3.1.1.5致谢用句型(1)Finally,weshouldliketoacknowledgewithgratitudetheencouragementandcooperationwehavereceivedfromourfriendsandcolleaguesduringthepreparationofthisbook.(2)Wewishtothankallofthosewhohavebeenkindenoughtogiveusconstructivesuggestionsandinsightintofieldstheyareexpertsandwearenot.(3)Weareindebtedtoseveralofourcolleagueswhohavereadsectionsofthemanuscript,fortheirsuggestionsandcriticism.,15,(4)Itispleasuretoacknowledgethehelpofthefollowingpeopleandtothankthemfortheirindispensablerolesinthepreparationofthisbook:professoroftheuniversityof,Dr.(5)Iexpressmyappreciationforthefeedbackandsupportofmystudentseachsemestertocometomylectures.(6)ThisworkwassupportedinpartbytheNationalScienceFoundationofChina.(7)ThesupportoftheU.S.AirForceofficeofscientificResearchundergrant(Contract)AFDSE-77-3271isgreatlyacknowledged.,16,3.2写作内容结构常用句型,3.2.1情报1.在某方面拥有情报Thereissome(enough,sufficient,alotof,precise,detailed,reliable,valuable)informationinliterature(atpresent)about(on,concerning,regarding,),17,2.在某方面缺乏情报ThereislittledetailedinformationonTherehasbeenlackof(exact)informationonWestillhavenotprecise(reliable)informationabout(onconcerning,regarding)UntilnowwepossessscarceinformationaboutUntilrecentlywepossessscarceinformationaboutNoadequateinformationonthissubject(about,regarding,concerning)isavailableatpresent,18,3.情报不够完善Theinformation(on,about)wehave(possess)isveryincomplete,(poor,uneven)untilrecentlytheinformation(on)wehad(possessed)wasveryincomplete.4.需要某方面进一步的情况Wewant(need)somefurtherinformation(about,regarding)more(precise)on,concerningSomefurtherinformationisrequiredaboutmoredetailedinformationisneededtoelucidatethemechanismof,19,5.某情报来源于某处或某方法TheinformationcomesfromexperimentsonSomeofourinformationisobtained(providedby)recentstudieson(investigationsin)Wehaveobtainedthisinformationusingx-rayanalysis6.从某处获得的情报说明Theinformationobtainedfromrecentstudies(shows,indicates,suggests)Thatthetheoryisincorrect(theCO2contentislow),20,7.某情报不足以说明OurinformationisinsufficienttoindicateThisnewinformationdoesnotseemsufficientto8.已有情报可用于Theinformationwe(have)obtainedcanbeusedin(for,as),21,3.2.2知识现有某方面的知识Thereisnowsome(thorough)knowledgeofWehavenowsomedetailedknowledgeabout缺乏知识Sofar,wehavelittleknowledgeofotherplanetsUntilrecentlywehavelittleknowledgeofplasmapropertiesThereisstillsomelackofknowledgeofgeneticaspectsofSofarweknowverylittleabout,22,至今某方面的知识还不完善或者未获得A)Ourknowledgeofisstillincompleteisobviouslyinsufficient(limitedto)B)stillremainssuperficialhasnotbeenobtained,23,某知识来源于A)SomeofourknowledgecomesfromthestudiesofMostofourknowledgeemergesfromexperimentswithstemsfromrecentworksonisobtainedfromisprovidedbyB)Nocompleteknowledgehassofarbeenprovidedbyexperimentswith,24,某方面的知识需进步扩大Knowledgeofmustbeimproved(enlarged)(hastobe)increased,accumulatedamassed某知识可用于Knowledgeofisusedmaybeusedto(for)canbeusedwillbeused,25,3.2.3问题某问题是关于Thisproblemisconcernedthestudyofdealswiththedeterminationofbearson这是研究方面Thisisaproblemdealingwiththenatureofconcernedwithinfluenceofbearingon,26,问题的关键在于Themain(core,essence)aspectoftheproblemistheinteractionofishowto某问题难以或容易解决Theproblemofinvolvescertaindifficultiespresentsconsiderable(great,tremendous)difficulties.ItisratherdifficultItseemsquiteimpossibletofindthesolutiontotheproblemnow,27,某问题在时候提出Theproblemunderdiscussionwasfirstadvancedatthebeginningofthecenturybroughtupbyin1952putforwardasearlyastheearly60sraisedasfarbackasthe1970s某问题受到重视Sincethentheproblemhasattractedmanyscientistsinthisfieldfascinatedhasbeenreferredtomanytimes,28,某问题在范围之内（外）Theproblemyouhavejustmentionediswithinthescopeofliesbeyondtherangeofseemstobeoutsidetheprovinceofgoesoutthelimitsof某问题已（将，尚未）解决Challengingproblemhasbeenclarifiedonlyrecently.Thisveryintriguingproblemwillberesolvedinthenearfuture.Thisobscureproblemstillremainsquitemystery.isstillpoorlyunderstood,29,某问题需要进一步解决FurtherresearchneededelucidateFurtherinvestigationisrequiredtoclarifytheproblemofFurtherworkwantedtobringlighttorevealdiscover解决某问题并非容易（尚需时间）ItwilltakemuchtimetoclearupthemysteryofItisnotaeasytasktounraveltheintricatedetailsofgainaninsightintothestructureofdisclosethesecretsof,30,3.2.4研究在某时候有（进行）某方面的研究AtpresentThereare(Weareperforming)somestudiesofthefunctionofInthepastTherewere(TheLabcarriedout)numerousinvestigationsofstructureofInrecentyearshavebeen(Theauthorhaveundertaken)someresearchaboutactionofInthefuturewillbe(Theauthorwillmake),31,在某时为止，没有某方面的研究Astudyofthekindhasneverbeencarriedout(made,performed,attempted)untilnow(recently).Thekindofinvestigationyoumentionedwillnotbecarriedoutinthenearfuture.为某目的进行某项研究Toelucidatethisquestionwe(have)madeToascertainthisquestionwe(have)carriedout(initiated,started)somestudiesof,32,某项研究的主要目的是a)ThechiefaimofthepresentstudyistoobtainThemainpurposeofourresearchwastofindoutTheprimaryobjectiveofthisinvestigationwillbetoestablishb)Ourstudieswereintendedtodetermine(provideevidencefor)c)Theauthormadethisstudyinorderto(inthehopeof)d)Carryingoutthisresearchwehopeto,33,某研究涉及到（推广到）某范围Thesestudiescover(ed)variousaspectsofThesestudiesareconfinedtooneparticularaspectThesestudieswereconcernedwiththeThesestudiescanbeextendto某项研究结果（未）说明（描写，揭示）了Thesepioneerstudiesthatweperformedshowed(didnotshowed,failedto)(demonstrated,indicated,suggested,revealed,established)Theresearchwehavedoneshows(showed),34,某研究支持了某理论（假设）Studieswithscanningelectronmicroscope(have)provide(d)furtherevidencefor(have)support(ed)theassumptionthat(thehypothesisthat)某研究得到某结论（结果）Thisstudyleadstheauthortoconcludethatenablesustobelievethat(topostulatethat)resultedinthediscoveryofaddedtoourunderstandingofshedlightontheroleof,35,3.2.5方法某方法（不）适合某研究Themethodofis(in)adequateforthestudyofThetechniqueof(un)suitableforthestudyof(un)reliableforlaboratoryconditions(in)efficientinlaboratoryconditions,36,某方法（已）被用到某研究Thismethod(technique)has(found)awideapplicationinThismethod(technique)iswidelyusedinoftenappliedforneverusedtonolongerappliedforWeextensivelyusethismethodin(for,to),37,某方法可称为（描述为）ThemethodusedisknownasThemethodweappliedisgenerallyreferredtoas(canbedescribedas)应用某方法进行了（完成了，获得了）Usingthistechniquetheauthors(have)obtainedusefulresults(carriedoutanumberofexperiments)Withthismethodtheauthors(have)succeededinanalyzingthecompositionof,38,某方法由某人在某时期发明（利用）Themethodofwasfirstelaboratedbyaslongagoas1920(wasdevelopedinthe1950s,wasappliedasfarbackasthemid-nineteenthcentury)某方法得到改进Themethodisnowgreatlyimproved(completelymodified,hasbeenslightlymodified),39,某方法与其它方法有差别ThemethoddiffersThetechniqueweuseissomewhatdifferentfromtheroutineone(alittledifferentfromtheconventionalone)quiteoddtotallyexistinghassomething(nothingmuch)incommonwiththeoneweusedearlier.,40,某方法比其它方法（不）优越Thenewlydevelopedmethodhassome(many,no)paredwith某方法的优点在于Oneadvantageofthemethodisitsgreatersensitivity(itssimplicity)thatit,41,应用某方法可以进行某工作Thismethodallowsusto(enablesusto)(iscapableof),42,3.2.6实验进行某实验是为了A)wemadetheseexperimentstocarriedoutinordertoperformedhopingtoundertookinthehopeofattemptedinthehopethatB)Experimentsonweremadeinordertodeterminebywithaviewtoreveal(measure,obtain),43,用某方法作某实验的目的是FurtherexperimentswiththistechniquewereintendedtodemonstrateCurrentexperimentswithradioactiveisotopesaredesignedtoestablish(designatedtoanswer)某实验（未能）证实（提供）Experimentsbyshow(ed)acorrelationbetweenRecentexperimentsinthisareasupportedourassumptionthatconfirm(ed)theevidencethatfurnish(ed)somenewinformationaboutfailedto,44,根据实验（结果）可得出结论Experimentsinthisarealeadustoconcludethat(enableustobelievethat)Asaresultofourexperimentsweconclude(d)thatFromtheseexperimentstheauthorscametoaconclusionthat,45,3.2.7理论假说(hypothesis)某理论是某人在某时提出的Thetheory(hypothesis)ofwasconstructed(created,developed,elaborated,formulated,advanced,putforward,suggested,proposed)by50yearsago(inthe50s,asearlyas1900,asfarbackas1896).,46,某理论是根据提出的OurtheoryisbasedonanassumptionthatOurhypothesisrestsontheideathatproceedsfromtheprincipleof某理论的内容是Theunderlyingideaofthistheoryis某理论的基本特点是AbasicfeatureofthistheoryisAnessentialfeatureofthistheoryisThefundamentalfeatureofthistheoryis,47,某概念构成某理论的基础Thefollowingbasicconceptsunderlie(s)thistheory某理论的目的是Theobjectofthistheoryis(willbe)toexplainTheaimofthistheorywas(willbe)tointerpret某理论（坚持）认为Thetheoryholds(implies,postulates,maintains,claims,predicts)that,48,根据某理论，可得出AccordingtostheorywecanAscanbeseenfromthetheoryadvancedbythat某理论具有优点Thetheoryof(by)has(had)certainadvantages(manypositivefeatures)Therearenotanydrawbacks(faults,weakpoints)inthetheory,49,某理论在某方面是好的（错误的，不足的）Thetheoryofisquitegood(mostsatisfactory,correct,veryimportant,convincing,totallywrong,ambiguous,vague,meaningless)fortheinterpretationof(intheexplanationof)(todemonstrate)(11)某理论(不)可应于Thetheorydevelopedbycan(not)beappliedto(is(not)validfor),50,(12)某理论已(未)得到证明(支持)Thetheoryis(not)furtherproved(generallyaccepted,confirmed,has(not)beensupported,verified)(13)某理论必(已)被否定（拒绝）Ascanbeseen,theabovetheorymustberefuted(hastobeabandoned,hasbeenrenounced)(14)某理论(不)能说明Thetheoryofcan(not)interpret(explain)that,51,(15)某发现(现象)与某理论(不)符Thesefindingsagreewiththeexistingtheory.Suchphenomena(donot)fitintotheexistingtheory.Suchphenomenaare(not)consistentwith(inlinewith,withintherangeof,inagreementwith)theexistingtheory.,52,(16)某几种理论之间(没)有共同点或(不)相同(a)Thetwotheorieshavesomething(little,nothing)incommon.(b)Thetwotheoriesare(not)differentasfarasareconcerned.Thetwotheoriesare(basically)thesomeintheirprincipalideas.Thetwotheories(donot)differessentially.,53,3.2.8数据,证据,结果发现某数据(证据)是十分重要(有说服力)的Thedataavailable(reliable)inliteratureThedate(evidence)reportedby(obtainedfromareimportant(convincing)某数据(结果、证据)是不可靠的Thesedataarevague(ambiguous)Preliminaryresultsconfusing(puzzling,conflicting,unreliable),54,关于某项内容（没）有资料Therearesomedataregardingtheeffectsoffewinrecentpublicationsconcerningmanyrelatingtotheoriginofsufficientconcernedwiththeisolationofnamerousontheinfluenceoflittleabouttheno某数据（不）说明Thedata(results,findings)(donot)suggest(show,indicate)that,55,某数据、结果与（不）相一致Ourdataare(not)similartoOurresultsare(not)thesameasdifferentfromcoincidentwithcomparablewithcompatiblewithconsistentwithingoodagreementwith(donot)agreewithcoincidewithfitinwith,56,某数据不证明（支持）Allthesedata(donot)prove(support,confirm,bearout,corroborate,failto)某数据使我们得出结论Thesedata(results)leadustoassume(conclude,believe),57,某数据排除了OurdataruleoutapossibilityfornitrogentoreactwithOurresultsexcludethemechanismsuggestedearlierby某数据可总结于（示于图表中）OurresultsarebrieflysummarizedasfollowsOurexperimentaldatahavebeenshowninFig.1maybepresentedintable1.某图表概括了结果Fig.3ShowstheresultsobtainedfromstudiesofTable1presentsthedataprovidedby,58,3.3术语说明性用语的表达,一、直接使用“定义”一词“定义”一词的英语为definition（名词）或define（动词）1.使用definitionThescientificdefinitionofmatteris“anythingthatoccupiesspaceandpossessesmass”.一个以上的definition要用definition1,definition2,59,2.使用define句型:M被定义为NA)MisdefinedasNB)MisdefinedtobeN例Aunitofworkorenergy,calledtheelectronvolt(ev)isdefinedasfollows:lev=1.6010-19JM由N来定义A)MisdefinedbyNB)MisdefinedintermsofN我们定义M为NA)wedefineMasNB)wedefineMintermsofN,60,二、使用称为等词句型1：M称为（叫作）NA)Miscalled(termed)NB)MisknownasNC)MisreferredtoasND)MisspokenofasN例：Afewoftheelementshavepropertiesthatresemblebothmetalsandnonmetals.Theseelementsarecalledmetalloids.Theproportionalityconstantisknownastheresistanceoftheresistor.句型2：我们称M为NWerefertoMasNWerefertohisgraphicalconceptasmapping,61,三、使用“意指”含义的词句型：M的意思是A)ByMonereferstoB)ByMwemean(imply)thatC)Misdefinedtomean例：Bythespeedoftransmissiononereferstotheinstantaneousrateatwhichtheinformationistransferredoverthecommunicationfacility.,62,3.4有关时间的表达用语,1.涉及“公元”的表达用语公元前200年左右Around200B.C.公元前206年至后元23年206B.C.A.D.23早在公元600年前aslong(early)agoas600B.C.公元600至900A.D.600900,63,2.涉及“世纪”的表达用语在19世纪后期inthelatenineteenthcentury.在20世纪后期开始attheturn(beginning)ofthetwentiethcentury.在20世纪前20年里withinthefirst20yearsofthetwentiethcentury.在本世纪末之前beforetheendofthiscentury.在本世纪初earlyinthepresentcentury.在20世纪后末叶duringthesecondhalfofthetwentiethcentury.,64,3.有关年份的表达用语约20年前nearlytwodecadesago.在过去50年里duringthepast50years.最近10年和今后5年thelasttenyearsandnextfive.在后的13年里for13yearsafter.再过15年左右大约2100年inanother15yearsorsoaround2100.不到10年时间inlessthanadecade.也许不过是15年的事onlyforperhapsthelastfifteenyears.从1919年直到90年代from1919into1990s在过去三四十年内duringthepastthirtyyearsorfortyyears.在短短200年岁月里intheshort200yearlifetime.,65,只不过100多年前justover100yearsago.在1978年秋季inthefall(autumn)of1978.在1994-2000这段时间里inthetimeframe1994-2000到60年代末towardstheendofthe1960s.在今后整个十年中throughoutthenexttenyears远在1883年asfarbackas1883.追溯到1909datingbackto1909.到1952年by1952.200多年来forover200years.直到1819,notuntil181970年代中后期inthemid-to-late1970s80年代早中期intheearly-to-mid1980s在2000年前beforetheyear2000,66,4.泛指抽象时间的表达用语近来oflate,recently在今后若干年forthenextfewyears.在近期内inthenear(immediate)future.最近一个时期inrecenttimes.近年来in(over)recentyears.以后不久shortlythereafter(afterwards)在之后不久shortafter在写作时atthetimeofwriting目前forthetimebeing,atpresent,67,在日子里indays在初期initsearlydays在过去inthepast到目前为止todate,sofar早就foralongtime几年前someyearsago短时期内inashorttime在同一时期内duringthesameperiod在瞬间atthemomentof暂时forthemoment,68,此刻atthemoment从今以后henceforth直到最近（现在）untilrecently(now)直到目前uptothepresent从现在起fromnowon时代theeraof这一天终于到来thedayhasfinallycome超过100小时over100h大约3分钟about3min20分钟长的（节目）the20-minute-long(program),69,5.关于具体时间的表达月、日、年顺序美式February13,1989或Feb,13,19892/13/89英式13February,1989或13thFebruary,198913/2/89不迟于1988,5,2.nolaterthanMay2,1988.与介词搭配有年或月无日期时用in,in1994,inMay有日期时用on,onNovember1,1994有几点几分时用at,onTuesday,23Mayat12:30P.M.年份可简写1988简写88，19811989可简写为198189,70,3.5关于分类的表达用语,表达分类的主要词汇有type,class,sort,variety,category.1.仅说明类别的表达有类Therearevariouscategoriesof能分为canbedividedintocanbebrokendownintocanbepartitionedintocanbeclassifiedas能归入canfitinto能按分类canbecategorizedin,71,2.说明类别以及依据的表达用语Computercanbecategorizedaccordingtotheirsize.Signalsmaybeclassifiedbytheirfiniteenergyorpower.Largescreendisplayscanbedividedintofourcategoriesaccordingtotheapplication.3.有具体分类内容的表达用语先表述分类，然后表达具体类别，两者用冒号分开。,72,ThebasicFORTRANstatementfallintotwoclasses:nonexecutableandexecutable.Therearethreebasictypesofmodulationwhichareusedfordatecommunication:amplitudemodulation,frequencymodulation,andphasemodulation.多种分类，各类前冠以序号Therearefourbasicprocessesof:(1),(2),(3),and(4).,73,或分行书写各类，每类不加任何符号，但首字母要大写。Outputdevicesmaybebrokendownintothefollowingcategories:VisualdisplayunitsCardpunches卡片穿孔Magnetictaperecords.或每类前冠以园点，首字母大写，末尾有标点。,74,3.6有关程度的表达用语,科技英语中表达程度词用的很多，表达方法也很多，比如可