高处作业,美国职业安全与健康管理局OSHA+29+CFR+1926.ppt

OSHA29CFR1926-SubpartM,SafetyStandardsforFallProtectionintheConstructionIndustryEffective:February6,1995,TotalConstructionFatalities1985-1993,FallsFromElevation33%,CaughtIn/Between18%,StruckBy22%,Shock17%,Other10%,FallsFromElevation-Breakdown,Roof27%,Other16%,Scaffold17%,SteelErection10%,FloorOpening7%,AerialLiftBasket3%,SuspendedPlatform/Vehicle3%,ConcreteErection3%,Ladder8%,OpenSidedFloor4%,NumberofConstructionFatalitiesDuetoFalls1985-1993,AnalysisofHeightsForConstructionFatalitiesCausedbyFalls1985-1993,ConstructionActivity%ofTotalFatalities1985-1993,Painting,PaperHangingandDecorations-63%,Plumbing,HeatingandAirConditioning-31%,HeavyConstruction,exceptHighway&Street-15%,HighwayandStreet,exceptElevatedHighways-2%,BuildingConstruction-Nonresidential-50%,BuildingConstruction-Residential-29%,ConstructionActivity(Contd)%ofTotalFatalities1985-1993,MiscellaneousSpecialTradeContractors47%,ConcreteWork30%,Roofing,SidingandSheet-MetalWork73%,CarpentryandFloorwork63%,Masonry,Stonework,TileSettingandPlastering62%,ElectricalWork24%,1926.500(a)(1)ScopeandApplication,WhosAffectedbySubpartM?EVERYONEEXCEPT:,Employeesmakinganinspection.Employeesworkingonscaffolds.(SubpartL)Employeesworkingonstairwaysandladders.(SubpartX)Employeesworkingonequipmentusedintunnelingoperations.(SubpartS),WhosAffectedbySubpartM?EVERYONEEXCEPT:,Employeesengagedintheconstructionofelectrictransmission,distributionlines,andequipment.(SubpartV)Employeesworkingoncranesandderricks.(SubpartN)Employeesperformingsteelerectionworkinbuildings.(SubpartR),1926.500(b)Definitions,1926.501(b)(1)UnprotectedSidesandEdges,1926.501(b)(2)LeadingEdges,Exception:,Whentheemployercandemonstratethatitisinfeasibleorcreatesagreaterhazardtousethesesystems,theemployershalldevelopandimplementafallprotectionplan.,Definition,Infeasible-meansthatitisimpossibletoperformtheconstructionworkusingaconventionalfallprotectionsystem(i.e.,guardrailsystem,safetynetsystem,orpersonalfallarrestsystem)orthatitistechnologicallyimpossibletouseanyofthesesystemstoprovidefallprotection.,1926.501(b)(3)HoistAreas,1926.501(b)(4)Holes,1926.501(b)(5)FormworkandReinforcingSteel,1926.501(b)(6)Ramps,Runways,andOtherWalkways,1926.501(b)(7)Excavations,1926.501(b)(8)DangerousEquipment,1926.501(b)(9)OverhandBricklayingandRelatedWork,1926.501(b)(10)RoofingWorkOnLow-SlopeRoofs,1926.501(b)(11)SteepRoofs,1926.501(b)(12)PrecastConcreteErection,Exception:,Whentheemployercandemonstratethatitisinfeasibleorcreatesagreaterhazardtousethesesystems,theemployershalldevelopandimplementafallprotectionplan.,1926.501(b)(13)ResidentialConstruction,Exception:,Whentheemployercandemonstratethatitisinfeasibleorcreatesagreaterhazardtousethesesystems,theemployershalldevelopandimplementafallprotectionplan.,1926.501(b)(14)WallOpenings,1926.501(b)(15)Walking/WorkingSurfacesNotOtherwiseAddressed,1926.501(c)(1)ProtectionFromFallingObjects,Erecttoeboards,screens,orguardrailsystemstopreventobjectsfromfalling.,1926.501(c)(2)ProtectionFromFallingObjects,CanopyStructure,Barricade,1926.502(b)GuardrailSystems,1926.502(b)(1),(2)&(14),Topedgeheightshallbe42”+/-3”fromwalking/workinglevel,andabletowithstand200lbs.offorce.Midrailsshallbeinstalledataheightmidwaybetweentopedgeandwalking/workinglevel,andabletowithstand150lbs.offorce.,1926.502(b)(9)GuardrailSystems,Toprailsandmidrailsshallbeatleast1/4inchnominaldiameter.Toprailshallbeflaggedatnotmorethan6-footintervalswithhigh-visibilitymaterial.,1926.502(b)(13),Guardrailsatpointsofaccessshallbeprovidedwithgatesoroffsettothatapersoncannotwalkdirectlyintothehole.,1926.502(c)SafetyNetSystems,1926.502(c)(1)SafetyNetSystems,Installascloseaspracticableunderthewalking/workingsurfaceonwhichemployeesareworking,butinnocasemorethan30feetbelowsuchlevel.,1926.502(c)(2)SafetyNetSystems,NetExtension5feetand10feet10feet13feet,1926.502(c)(3)SafetyNetSystems,Installwithsufficientclearancetopreventcontactwithanysurfacesorstructuresbelow.,1926.502(c)(4)SafetyNetSystems,Whentheemployercandemonstratethatadroptestisunreasonable,theemployershallcertifythatthenetandinstallationcanmeetanimpactforceequivalenttotheimpactforcesofadroptest.,Definition,CompetentPerson-meansonewhoiscapableofidentifyingexistingandpredictablehazardsinthesurroundings,orworkingconditionswhichareunsanitary,hazardous,ordangeroustoemployees,andwhohasauthorizationtotakepromptcorrectivemeasurestoeliminatethem.,1926.502(c)(5)&(6)SafetyNetSystems,Inspectnetsweeklyforwear,damage,andotherdeterioration.,Removeanymaterials,scrap,equipment,andtools,thathavefallenintonet.,1926.501(c)(7)SafetyNetSystems,Maximummeshopeningshallnotexceed36sq.inchesnorlongerthan6inchesonanyside.Meshcrossingsshallbesecuredtopreventenlargementofmeshopening.,1926.501(c)(8)&(9)SafetyNetSystems,Minimumbreakingstrengthforborderropewebbingis5,000lbs.Connectionsshallbeasstrongasnetcomponents.Connectionsshallbespacednotmorethan6inchesapart.,1926.502(d)PersonalFallArrestSystems,1926.502(d)PersonalFallArrestSystems,Connectormeansadevicewhichisusedtocouple(connect)partsofthepersonalfallarrestsystemandpositioningdevicesystemstogether.Itmaybeanindependentcomponentofthesystem,suchasacarabiner,oritmaybeanintegralcomponentofpartofthesystem(suchasabuckleordee-ringsewnintoabodybeltorbodyharness,orasnap-hooksplicedorsewntoalanyardorself-retractinglanyard.),1926.502(d)(8)PersonalFallArrestSystems,Horizontallifelinesshallbedesigned,installed,andused,underthesupervisionofaqualifiedperson,aspartofacompletepersonalfallarrestsystem,whichmaintainsasafetyfactorofatleasttwo.,Definition-from1926.32(l),QualifiedPerson-meansonewho,bypossessionofarecognizeddegree,certificate,orprofessionalstanding,orwhobyextensiveknowledge,training,andexperience,hassuccessfullydemonstratedhisabilitytosolveorresolveproblemsrelatingtothesubjectmatter,thework,ortheproject.,1926.502(d)PersonalFallArrestSystems,RopeGrabmeansadecelerationdevicewhichtravelsonalifelineandautomatically,byfriction,engagesthelifelineandlockssoastoarrestthefallofanemployee.Lanyardsandverticallifelinesshallhaveaminimumbreakingstrengthof5,000lbs.Eachemployeeshallbeattachedtoaseparatelifeline.,1926.502(d)(12)PersonalFallArrestSystems,Self-retractinglifeline/lanyardmeansadecelerationdevicecontainingadrum-woundlinewhichcanbeslowlyextractedfrom,orretractedonto,thedrumunderslighttensionduringthenormalemployeemovement,andwhich,afteronsetofafall,automaticallylocksthedrumandarreststhefall.,1926.502(d)(12)&(15)Anchorage,Limitfreefalldistanceto2ft.orlessandabletosustaina3,000lb.min.tensileload.,Capableofsupportingatleast5,000lbs.peremployeeattached.,*t=(2h/g)or:HowLongDoesItTakeToFall?,Height(feet)Time(seconds)40.5161.0361.5642.01002.51443.02564.05766.0,.5,g=GravitationalConstantof32.2ft/sh=HeightofFallinfeett=TimeofFallinseconds,2,*,Velocity,v=(2gh),v=Velocity,assumingnoinitialvelocityg=GravitationalConstantof32.2ft/sh=Heightoffallinfeet,.5,2,MomentumOfFall,M=mv,M=Momentuminfoot-pounds/secondm=Massinpoundsv=Velocity,assumingnoinitialvelocity,SkullFracture,2Egm50 x2x32.21216.3ft/sec,E=KineticEnergyg=GravitationalConstantm=Weightofanaveragehumanhead,Askullwouldfractureatapproximately50foot-pounds/second.Thevelocityofafractureisexpressedintheequation:,v=,=,=,PeakFallArrestingForces-ForcesGeneratedby220lbsSteelWeightFree-Falling6ft,Forceinlbs.,DeterminingMinimumAnchoragePointHeight,C=ClearanceH=AnchorPointHeightL=DistanceBetweenAnchoragePointandD-RingS=DecelerationDistance5=HarnessD-RingHeightFreeFall=5+L-H=6max.OSHAClearance=5+L-H+S=9.5MinimumClearancewhereS=3.5max.OSHA,1926.502(d)(16)&(17)Harnesses,Limitmaximumarrestingforceto1,800pounds.Riggedsothatanemployeecannotfreefallmorethan6feet.Attachmentpointlocatedincenterofbacknearshoulderlevel.,1926.502(e)PositioningDeviceSystems,1926.502(f)WarningLineSystems,Warning-LineSystem,Erectedaroundallsidesofroofworkarea.6feetfromedge-10feetwhenusingmechanicalequipment.Twowarninglinesatpointsofaccess,materialhandling,storage,andhoistingareas.Rope,wire,orchainflaggedatnotmorethan6-footintervalswithhighvisibilitymaterial.,Warning-LineSystem,Therope,wireorchainshallberiggedorsupportedsothatitslowestpointisnolessthan34inchesandthehighestpointisnomorethan39inchesfromthewalking/workingsurface.Stanchionsshallbecapableofresisting,withouttippingover,aforceofatleast16poundsappliedhorizontallyagainstthestanchion30inchesfromthewalking/workingsurface.,Warning-LineSystem,Therope,wireorchainshallhaveaminimumtensilestrengthof500pounds.Thelineshallbeattachedsothatpullingononesectionofthelinewillnotresultinslackbeingtakenupinadjacentsections.Employeesarenotpermittedbetweentheroofedgeandwarninglineunlessperformingroofingworkinthatarea.,1926.502(g)ControlledAccessZones,1926.502(g)(1)ControlledAccessZones-LeadingEdge,Extendsparallelalongtheunprotectedorleadingedge.Controllineconnectedtoguardrailsystemorwall.Linesituatednotlessthan6feetnormorethan25feetfromedge.,Consistsofropes,wires,andtapewithaminimumbreakingstrengthof200lbs.andismarkedwithhighvisibilitymaterialsatnotmorethan6footintervals.Stanchionsriggedsothatthelowestpointisnotlessthan39inchesnormorethan45inches.,1926.502(g)(1)ControlledAccessZones-LeadingEdge(contd),Controllineerectednotlessthan6feetnormorethan60feet,orhalfthelengthofthememberbeingerected,whicheverisless,fromtheleadingedge.,1926.502(g)(1)ControlledAccessZones-PrecastConcrete,Lineserectednotlessthan10ft.normorethan15ft.fromtheworkingedge.Linesextendedtoencloseallemployeesperformingoverhandbricklayingandrelatedwork.Lineserectedateachendtoenclosezone.Onlyemployeesengagedinworkpermittedinzone.,1926.502(g)(1)ControlledAccessZones-OverhandBricklaying,1926.502(h)SafetyMonitoringSystems,Safety-MonitoringSystem,CompetentpersontomonitorWarnsemployeesnearinghazardOnsamewalking/workingsurfaceWithinvisualContactAbletocommunicateorallywithworkersNomechanicalequipmentusedorstoredinsafety-monitoringsystemarea,Ashoutmaybethelastthingaworkerhearsasheorshehurtlestotheground.,1926.502(i)Covers,1926.502(i)Covers,1926.502(i)Covers,1926.502(i)Covers,1926.502(i)Covers,Capableofsupportingtwicethemaximumaxleload.Capableofsupportingtwiceemployee,equipment,andmaterialweight.Securedtopreventaccidentaldisplacement.Colorcodedormarkedwiththeword“HOLE”or“COVER”.,1926.502(j)ProtectionFromFallingObjects,1926.502(j)(1),(2)&(3)Toeboards,Erectedasufficientdistancetoprotectemployeesbelow.Abletowithstandaforceof50lbs.outwardanddownward.Minimumheightof3and1/2incheswithnomorethan1/4inchgapatwalking/workingsurface.,1926.502(j)(5)&(6)GuardrailSystem,Erectpanelingorscreeningwhenmaterialexceedsguardrailsystemstoprail.Nomaterialsorequipmentstoredwithin4feetofworkingedge.,1926.502(j)(8)Canopies,Canopiesusedforfallingobjectprotectionshallbestrongenoughtosupportandpreventpenetrationbyanyobjectswhichmightfallintocanopy.,1926.502(k)FallProtectionPlan,Availableforemployeesengagedinleadingedgework,precastconcreteerectionwork,orresidentialconstructionworkonly.Uptodate,sitespecificplanpreparedbyqualifiedperson,withacopymaintainedatthejobsite.Changestoplanmustbeapprovedbyqualifiedperson.,Definition-from1926.32(m),QualifiedPerson-apersonwhohassuccessfullydemonstratedhisabilitytosolveorresolveproblemsrelatingtothesubjectmatter,thework,ortheproject.,1926.502(k)FallProtectionPlan(Contd),Planmustdocumentreasonswhyconventionalfallprotectionsystemsareinfeasibleorwouldcreateagreaterhazard.Documentationofothermeasurestakentoreduceoreliminatefallhazardsforworkersnotusingconventionalfallprotection.,1926.502(k)FallProtectionPlan(Contd),Planmustidentifyeachlocationwhereconventionalmethodscannotbeused,andlocationsmustbeclassifiedascontrolledaccesszones.Whenalternativemeasureshavenotbeenimplemented,asafetymonitoringsystemshallbeused.,Planmuststatenameoridentifyemployeeswhoaredesignatedtoworkincontrolledaccesszones.Ifanemployeefalls,orsomeotherrelatedseriousincidentoccurs,theemployermustinvestigatethecircumstancesofthefallorincident,anddetermineifthefallprotectionplanneedstobechangedtopreventrecurrence.,1926.502(k)FallProtectionPlan(Contd),1926.503TrainingRequirements,Thenatureoffallsintheworkarea.Thecorrectproceduresforerecting,maintaining,disassembling