语言学-期末考试考点一览

Chapter 1 Linguistics考试点1:定义(填加选择题或空白问题)language : language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication s。language distinguishes human beings from animals because it is far more sophisted than any animal communication s system。linguistics : the scientific study of human languages。it stuies not just one language of anyone society，but the language of all human beings。(故障排除)注：语言学研究全人类的语言，不限于英语等特定语言。Language is vocal1)the primary medium for all languages is sound。2)writing systems came into being much later than the spoken forms。word is the smallest unit that can be used，by itself，as a complete utterance。单词是可以独立配置一条完整语句的最小单位测试点2: design features语言的定义特征(大问题分析)design features : the distinctive features of human language that essential ly make human language distinguish able from languages of animals(空白填充定义)语言的4种设计功能也是区分人类语言的好动物语言的特征a、仲裁任意性there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds。语言形式的符号与表达的意义自然没有关系。different sounds are used to refer to the same object in different languages。(语素音义关系的任意性)arbit riness at the syntactic level : language is not arbitrary at the syntactic level。(语言在句法层面是非任意的) 【解释问题】the link between a linguistic sign and its meaning is a matter of convention。语言的形式和意义的联系是惯例的，即规约任意性有两个维度，而不是any level！(决盘问题)arbit rarinesmakes language potentially creative鱼语conventionmakes language systematicb，双性，双性human language is productive or creative due to duality and recursive ness(递归性)。(填空)the structural organization of language into two abstract levels :w at the lower level(the secondary level): meaning ful unitsw at the higher level(the primary level): meaningles segmentsExpression of duality:W1 .combine meaningles sounds into meaning ful linguistic unitsW2 .combine small units into big unitsc，Creativity创造性language is resource ful because of its duality and its recursive ness。we can use it to create new meaningless。(recurse sentence)recursive ness:it refers to the rule which can be applied repeated edly without define limit。d，Displacement移位human languages enable their users to symbolize objects，events and concepts which are not present(in time and space)at the moment of comment(空白填充定义)移动性是人类语言，用户在交往时可以用语言符号表示时间和空间中不可分割的对象、时间或观点。动物语言和人类语言迁移的表达(判断问题)such animals are under“immediate stimulus control”。人类语言is，on the contrry，stimulus free。(动物的语言会受到直接刺激的控制)our language enables us to communicate about things that do not exist or do not yet exist。考试点3:语言功能a，The informative function(信息功能)informative function : the major role of language；language is the instrument of thought and people often use it to communicate new information。b，Interpersonal Function(人际功能)interpersonal function : the most important sociological use of language，by which people establish and maintain their status in a societyEg : dear sir、dear professor、Johnny、yours、your obedient servant.称为“”的表c，The performative function(服务功能):the performative function : this means people speak to do things or perform actions .用语言表示行动d，The emotive function(情感功能):the emotive function : one of the most powerful uses of language because it is crucial in changing the emotional status of an audience for or againss象征性句子：swear word(誓言)，obscenities(侮辱人的话)，invluntay verbal reactions to a piece of art or scenariy，conventional-God，Damn it，What a sight，Wow，Ugh我妈妈，天啊e，Phatic communion(问候语功能)the use of language to establish an at mosphere or maintaining social contact。W e.g. greetings、farewers、and comments on the weather，etc .f，The recreational function(娱乐功能)the use of language for the sheer joy of using it-史都as a baby bling or a chanting。g，meta lingual function(元语言功能)meta lingual function:our language can be used to talk about itself，talking about talk and thinking about thinking。-To be honest；On second thoughtTo tell you the truthAs a matter of factThat is to say-such expressions are used most frequently when we want to expat iate the meaning of former clauses in another way in argumentation。w it makes the language infinitely self-reflexive测试点4: main brannches of linguistics(测试定义)！)，以获取详细信息1.Sound phonetics语音2.Sounds 汉学音韵3.Word 形态4.Words/sentence syntax句子法律5.Meaning semantics语义6.Meaning in a context pragmatics语用学Macrolinguistics(微观语言学)Psycholinguistics心脏语言学Sociolinguistics社会语言学测试点5: distinctions in linguisticsa、Descriptive vs. Prescriptive说明和规定people say x . descriptive(to describe the linguistic facts observed)don t say x . press criptive(to lay down rules for correct linguistic behavior)modern linguistics is mostly descriptive。现代语言学更多地描述了某些现象tradition English belongs to prescriptive。古代英语有很多规则b、Synchronic vs. diachronic并发和历时(故障排除)A synchronic(并发)description，the description of a language at some point in time，takes a fixed instant as its point of observationA grammer of modern Greekthe structure of shake speare s EnglishEnglish examined : two centuries of comment on the tean shape : a study in eightenth-century vobulary and usage。the categories and types of present-day English word-formation。diachronic : the description of a language as it changes through time。(动态状态)Pejorative(蔑视)Sense Development in Engli