Lesson 10 A More perfect Union (II) 演示文稿.ppt

Lesson10,“AMorePerfectUnion”(PartII),Paraphrase1Understandingthisrealityrequiresareminderofhowwearriveatthispoint.(Para.27):InthepreviousparagraphObamasaidthatWrightscommentsandthesubsequentfirestormreflectedthecomplexitiesofraceinthiscountry.Inordertounderstandthesecomplexities,weneedtoknowthehistoryanddevelopmentofracialrelations,thesufferingsandinjusticestheblacksweresubjectedto,要认识这一现实，需要回顾一下我们是如何陷入今天之困境的.reminder:athingtohelponeremembersomethingelsehowwearriveatthispoint:howtheracialrelationshavedevelopedtothecurrentstage,2.Paraphrase2Thepastisntdeadandburied.Infact,itisntevenpast(Para.27):1)Thefirstpastisanounmeaningwhathashappened.Thesecondisanadjective,meaningended,over.iTheinfluenceofwhathappenedinprevioustimeshasnotdisappeared.Suchinfluencescanstillbeseen.3.recite:totellindetail,toenumerate,4.somanyofthedisparitiesandJimCrow.(Eara.27):TheinequalitiesanddifferencesyoufindintheAfrican-Americancommunitiestodaycamedirectlyfromblacksofanoldergenerationwhowerethevictimsofracialdiscrimination1)disparities:differences;inequalities2)traceto:togoback(tosomethingpast)3)thebrutallegacy:transferredepithetalegacycantbebrutal;whatisbrutalisthepracticesofslaveowners,theslaverysystem,JimCrow:intheU.S.unfairtreatmentofblackpeople,especiallyinthepastbytheuseoflawsthatpreventedthemfromgoingtothesameschoolsandpublicplaceaswhitepeoplepervasive:tendingtowidelyexistpervasiveinfluenceachievementgap:performancedisparityinstudyperversive,perverseideologies变态的意识形态,TheJimCrowlawsindetailsTheywereracialsegregationlawsenactedaftertheReconstructionperiodinSouthernUnitedStates,atstateandlocallevels,andwhichcontinuedinforceuntil1965,whichmandated(ordained,authorized)racialsegregationinallpublicfacilities,JimCrowlawsmandatedthesegregationofpublicschools,publicplacesandpublictransportation,andthesegregationofrestrooms,restaurantsanddrinkingfountainsforwhitesandblacks.,TheU.S.militarywasalsosegregated,aswerefederalworkplaces,initiatedin1913underPresidentWoodrowWilson,thefirstSouthernpresidentsince1856.Hisadministrationpracticedovertracialdiscriminationinhiring,requiringcandidatestosubmitphotos.State-sponsoredschoolsegregationwasdeclaredunconstitutionalbytheSupremeCourtoftheUnitedStatesin1954inBrownv.BoardofEducation.Generally,theremainingJimCrowlawswereoverruledbytheCivilRightsActof1964andtheVotingRightsActof1965.,5.Segregatedschoolswere,andare,inferiorschools;.betweentodaysblackandwhitestudents.(Para.28):Thisisaone-sentenceparagraphdescribingtheexistenceofschoolsegregationfiftyyearsafterWarrensCourtdecisiontomakesegregationunconstitutional,andpointingoutthatinferioreducationinsegregatedschoolsisthecauseofthepoorperformanceofsomeblackstudents.,1)Brownv.BoardofEducationIn1952,theSupremeCourtunderChiefJusticeEarlWarrendecidedtohearaschoolcaseinvolvingasuitbyReverendOliverBrownagainsttheschoolboardinTopeka,Kansas.Becauseofthesegregationsystem,Brownsdaughterwasforcedtotravelmorethantwomilestoschool,eventhoughherhomewasonlyfiveblocksfromanall-whitegradeschool.,OnMay17,1954,thecourtreadouttheopinion,Wecomethentothequestionpresented:doessegregation,.deprivethechildrenoftheminoritygroupofeducationaopportunities?Webelievethatitdoes,6.Legalizeddiscrimination.tobequeathtofuturegenerations(Para.29):1)legalizeddiscrimination“discriminatorypracticesthatareprotectedbylaw.2)WhatlegalizeddiscriminationdidtheAfricanAmericanssuffer?Theywerenotallowedtohavehousinginsomewhiteareas;businessloansorFHA(FederalHousingAdministration)insuredloansweredeniedonconsiderationofrace,andunionsandcertainprofessionswerenotopentoblacks.,3)couldnotamassanymeaningfulwealth:couldnotputasideoraccumulatesignificantamountsofmoneyorproperty(orenoughmoneyorproperty)4)bequeathtofuturegenerations:topassontochildrenorgrandchildren,Translation1法律上认可的歧视譬如说禁止黑人拥有财产，有时甚至通过暴力手段达到此种目的，或是不给非裔美国人的企业主放贷，不让黑人购房者取得联邦住房管理局的抵押贷款保险，把黑人排除在工会、警察队伍或者消防部门之外这意味着黑人家庭难以积累家产以传给后代。,7.Thathistoryhelpsexplainthewealthandincomegapbetweenblacksandwhites.(Para.29):TheexistenceofsomanypoorAfricanAmericansandthelowpaytheygetcomparedwiththewhitesispartlyduetotheexistenceoflegalizeddiscrimination.,munitiesI(Para.29):Thisisalsothereasonyoufindpeopleofextremepovertycrowdedintosmallareasorslums,incitiesandruralareas.1)pocket:asmallareaofaspecifiedtype2)persist:tocontinuetoexistorprevail,9.Alackofeconomicopportunity.mayhaveworsened.(Para.30);Blackmennotbeingabletofindagoodjobandfeelingashamedofnotbeingabletosupportafamily,wasoneofthereasonsforthebreakingupoffamilies.Andthebenefitforasingle-parentfamilyhasmadethesituationevenworse.1)Onceagaintheimpersonalstructureisusedtolessenthepressureonblackmen.Obamadidnotmeantocriticizetheseblackmen.Hewasonlyrelatingafact.2)erode:tocausetodeteriorateorvanish,contributedtotheerosionofblackfamilies:theuseofcontributeanderosionsoftensthebluntnessofthestatementinawayitresultedinbringingaboutthebreakingupofblackfamilies.erosion:gradualdestructioncontributetosth./doingsthhelpdoresultin,leadto,giverisetoaccountforberesponsiblefor,4)Howcouldwelfarepoliciesworsenthedeteriorationofrelationsinblackfamilies?Maybethewelfaresupportofsingle-parentfamiliesmakesablackmanthinkifhedesertsthefamily,thefamilywithouthimcouldstillliveon,orevenlivebetter.,10.Andthelackofbasicservices.thatcontinuestohauntus.(Para.30):1)walkthebeat:towalkalongafixedrouteonaroundofduty,patrol,(petrol)2)buildingcode:asetofrulesorregulationsconcerningconstructionofhouses3)blight:destructionorfrustrationofhopeorambition破败，颓丧4)acycleofviolence,blightandneglect:Indifferencetothemiserableconditionsinurbanblackcommunitiesleadstofrustrationandlossofhopewhichinturncausesviolence,oneleadingtotheotherandgoingroundandround.viciousspiral;viciouscircle恶性循环,Translation2,Andthelackofbasicservices.thatcontinuestohauntus.(Para.30):无数的黑人社区缺乏基本服务设施没有公园让孩子们玩、没有警察巡逻、没有定期的垃圾收集、不执行建筑规范所有这些造成了暴力、破败和无人监管的恶性循环，至今仍让我们提心吊胆。,11.Theycameofage.systematicallyconstricted.(Para.31):1)comeofage:toreachtheagewhenonehasfulllegalrights;growupoftenusedfigurativelyforanyarrivalatmaturity,onesprime,etc.2)constrict:tolimit,restrict;tomakesmallerornarrowerthroughbinding,squeezingorshrinking3)Theygrewupandbecamematureinthelate1950sandearly1950swhenracialsegregationandracialdiscriminationwerestillstrongandwidespread,andopportunitywasmostlydeniedtoblackyouth.Theygrewupinsuchanatmospherewhichcontributedtotheformingoftheirviewstowardthecountryandthesociety,12.Whatsremarkable.whowouldcomeafterthem.(Para.31):Obamaherecleverlyturnedroundhisargumentandgavethestatementpositivenote.Thenotbutratherstructuresucceedsinturningroundtheargument1)Whatwassoremarkableaboutthesituation?Itwasthatmanyyoungblackmenandwomen,facingsuchstrongsegregationanddiscrimination,werenotdiscouragedordisheartened.Theystruggledandsurmounteddifficultiesandbecamesuccessful.Theywalkedapathoutofthewilderness.,2)(the)odds:difficultiesorconditionsthatmakesuccessunlikely；adversity掣肘(chezhou)的事情;逆境；厄运3)tomakeawayoutofnoway:MartinLutherKingJhespeechWhereDoWeGofromHeredeliveredon16August,1967,1Atlanta,Georgiahadthis:letusrememberthatthereis.apowerthatisabletomakeawayoutofnowayandtransformdarkyesterdaysintobrighttomorrows.TheconceptisabiblicalconceptandObamaisusingthisconcepttoappealtothosewhowerelistening.,13.Butforallthose.inonewayoranother,bydiscrimination.(Para.32):1)scratchedandclawed:dugwithonesnailsandclawsstruggledhard2)makeit:tosucceedinaparticularactivityParaphrase3Despiteallthosewhoworkedorstruggledveryhardtoclimbthesocialladder,manydidnotsucceed.Theyweredefeatedinlifesstruggle,asaresultofracialdiscrimination.,14.Thatlegacyofdefeat-withouthopeorprojectsforthefuture.(Para.32):Thefactofdefeatandthecauseofdefeatmadetheyoungergenerationsfeeltheyweredoomed;nomatterhowhardtheyworked,theycouldnotmoveaheadeconomicallyorsocially.Thefateoftheirelderswasconvincingenough.Thiscouldbeseeninunemployedmenandwomenonthestreetorcriminalsinprison.1)increasinglyyoungwomen:moreandmoreyoungblackwomenadoptedsuchanattitudetowardlife,towardsociety,1)increasinglyyoungwomen:moreandmoreyoungblackwomenadoptedsuchanattitudetowardlife,towardsociety2)languish:toliveunderdistressingconditions;toremaininadifficultorunpleasantsituationforalongtime，pineaway无精打采，萎靡不振3)prospects:thepossibilitythatsomethingwillhappen,especiallysomethinggood;theapparentchanceforsuccess,Maxismdefinedtheworldviewofmanyrevolutionaries.AtheoismdefinestheworldviewofmanyChinese,15.Evenforthoseblackswhodidmakeit.infundamentalways.(Para.32):Evenforthoseblackswhoweresuccessful,theystillviewedthingsthroughthelensofraceandracismordeterminedtheirattitudestowardissuesfromthepointofviewofraceandracism.16.Butitdoesfindvoice.kitchentable.(Para32)Paraphrase4):Viewscoloredbyracemaycomeupatinformalconversationsatthebarbershopwheremenmaymeetoroverdinneramongfamilymembers.findvoice:tobeexpressed,17.Attimes.apoliticiansownfailings.(Para.32):Sometimes,whenapoliticianwantsblackvotesorwantstousetheissueofracetocompensateforhisdefects,hewouldmakeuseofsuchangerinordertobenefitfromit.1)attimes:occasionally;sometimes2)exploit;touseasituationsothatyougetbenefitfromit,evenifitiswrongorunfairtodothis3)makeupfor:toprovidesomethmggood,sothatsomethingbadseemslessimportant;tocompensatefor4)failing:slightfaultordefect;weakness,18.Paraphrase5AndoccasionallyitfindsvoiceinthechurchonSundaymorninginthepulpitandinthepews.(Para.33):Andonceinawhilesuchsentimentsareexpressedinsermonsandamongchurchcongregations,atShepulpitandinthepews:thepastorandchurchcongregationsrhetoricaldevicesofmetonymyandalliteration,pulpitandpewstandingforthepriestandthechurchcongregationsandthetwowordsbothstartwithp.,19.ThefactthatonSundaymorning.(Para.33):1)truism:astatementthetruthofwhichisobviousorwellknowntruismtru:zmn.自明之理，老生常谈2)Whyisthestatementanoldtruism?Theplacewherethewhiteandtheblackaremostsegregatedisthechurch,whenChristianityissupposedtosaythatallpeopleareequalbeforeGod.Evenwhenthechurchesareofthesamedenomination教派,blackandwhitewouldgotoseparatechurches.,denomination名词n.1.名称C2.命名U3.宗派,教派CAmongChristianstherearemanydenominations.基督教中有许多教派。4.(货币等的)面额;(度量衡等的)单位Cstampsofdifferentdenominations面额不同的邮票,20.Thatangerisnotalwaysproductive.tobringaboutrealchange(Para.33):1)HowdoesObamaviewsuchanger?Whydoeshethinkthisangerharmfultothemovementforrealchange?Hethinkssuchangerisnoproductiveandpreventsrealchangebecauseitmovesourattentionawayfromconcentratingonsolvingrealproblems,makesusunabletoseeourfaultinthetenseracerelationsandpreventstheblackcommunityfromformingaunitedfrontwiththewhitepeopleinbringingaboutrealchange,2)distract:todraw(attention)awayinanotherdirection3)squarely:honestly,directly4)complicity:partnershipinwrongdoing合谋5)forge:todevelopssuccessfulrelationship,especiallyinbusinessorpolitics,toworkhardtoachievesomething,Buttheangerisrealbetweentheraces(pa.33)1)Whatisthewrongattitudetowardblackanger?Thewrongattitudeistothinkitwilldisappearsometimeinthefuturewithoutdoinganythingtosolvetheproblemortocriticizesuchanger,sayingitiswrong,withoutunderstandinghowitwasformed.Emptywishingwithoutactionandblindcondemnationarebothwrong,becausetheywillonlymakeexistingmisunderstandingevenstronger,2)wishaway:tomakesomethingstopordisappearjustbyexpressingawish3)chasm:averybigdifferencethatseparatesonepersonorgroupfromanother,峡谷，裂缝；分歧,22.Paragraphs27to33:Obamaoutlinesthehistoricaldevelopmentofracialdiscriminationandthesufferingsoftheoldergeneration.Thenhepointedoutthattheangerisrealthoughitmaynotbeshownsooften.Oneoftheplacesitisshownisinblackchurchservices,inthesermonsandintheresponseofthecongregations.ObamaisputtingWrightsremarksinabroaderpictureblackexperience,theblacksituationtodayandthehiddenorsuppressedanger.,23.Infact,asimilarangerexistswithinsegmentsofthewhitecommunity.(Para.34):Thisstatementservesasatransition,leadingtotheanalysisoftheangeramongcertainsegmentsofwhiteAmerica.24.Mostbytheirrace.(Para.34):AmajorityofwhiteAmericansofworkingclassormiddleclassoriginfeelthattheirwhiteskinhasnotbroughtthemanybenefit.Theimplicationisthatracialdiscriminationdoesnotexist.,25.Theirexperienceis.theybuiltitfromscratch.(Para.34):;1)WheredothesewhiteAmericanscomefrom?Theyaremainlyimmigrantsordescendantsofimmigrantssotheyareviewingtheissuefromtheexperienceofimmigrants.2）fromscratch:fromapointwherenothinghasbeendone,soyouhavetodoeverythingyourself从零开始3)theyvebuiltitfromscratch:Notetheuseofithere;itdoesnotrefertoanythingparticular,maybelife,livingingeneral.TheysucceedinestablishingthemselvesinAmericansocietyallthroughtheirowneffort.,26.Theyveworkedhard.afteralifetimeoflabor.(Para.34):Obamaherementionstwocases:Oneisoutsourcing外包byacorporation;theotheristhesuddencollapseofacorporation,makingthelossofpensionsorcompanystockinthehandsofworkersworthless.Theseareallacuteconcernofworkersandthemiddleclass.ThisisalsothepositionofCIO(CongressofIndustrialOrganizations)andindependenttradeunionsandthemassbaseforprotectionismintrade.;dump:togetridofinanabrupt,rough,orcarelessmanner,27.Theyareanxious.atmyexpense.(Para.34):1)anxious:uneasyinmind,worried2)future:whatwillhappen,whatisgoingtobe3)slipaway:tomovequicklywithoutattractingnotice4)zerosumgame:aspecificcontestinwhichagainforonemustresultinanequallossforanotherorothers;5)atmyexpense:withthelossbornebyme,Paraphrase6.AsaresultwhiteAmericansareverymuchworriedaboutthefuture,feelingthattheirAmericandreamiscomingtoanend,feelinghopelessandhelpless.Sotheyhaveahostileattitudetowardtheirsupposedcompetitors.28.Sowhentheyaretoldresentmentbuildsovertime.(Para.34Busing,affirmativeactionandsecurityareraisedhere.Thisiswhymanywhitescallreversediscrimination.Theyfeeltheyaremaderesponsibleforslaverywhichhadnothingtodowiththem,whichtheyneverpracticed.,1)land:(informal)toget,winorsecure2)spot:(informal)position,situation,job3)build:Comparethewordintwosentences:Theyve:builtitfromscratchandresentmentbuildsovertime.Thefirstbuild(l-74)meanstocreateordevelopandthesecond(l-86)meanstoincreaseinamount,force,etc.4)resentmentbuildsovertime:Afeelingofindignationfromasenseofbeingharmedgraduallygrowsinamountandintensity.,29.Liketheanger.inpolitecompany.(Para.35):politecompany:peopleyoushouldbehavepolitelytowards,pany:peopleyouarewith30.Buttheyhavehelpedshapethepoliticallandscapeforatleastageneration.(Para.35):Bytheendofthe1970s,liberalismhadrunitscourseandpeoplefeltthatitcouldnolongersolvedomesticandforeignpolicyissues.,Peopleblamedthisonaffirmativeactionandonsocialwelfareandtheywereworriedaboutcrimeandrefusedtodiscussracialinequality.Peopledemandedchange.ThisledtotheelectionofReaganandthedominanceofconservatismformorethan25years.ThisisthepoliticallandscapethatObamarefersto.1)shape:toinfluencethewayaperson,idea,orsituationdevelops2)landscape:themainfeaturesofthesituation,31.Politiciansroutinelyexploitedfearsofcrimefortheirownelectoralends.(Para.35):Howcouldpoliticianslinkcrimeupwiththeblacks?Sincetheunemploymentrateandschooldropoutswerehigheramongblackyouthandtherewerebiasedmediareportsaboutthecrimerateamongblackyouth,itwouldbeeasyforpoliticianstoputtheblameonblacksandappealtowhitepeoplewithpent-up郁积resentment.,32Talkshowhosts.orreverseracism.(Para.35):1)talkshowhost:访谈节目主持人2)bogus:notgenuine;verycarefulimitationandalwaysimpliesintenttodeceive3)unmask:todiscovertherealtruthaboutsomebodyorsomethingespeciallywhenitisbad;todiscoverthetruenatureof;toexpose4)politicalcorrectness:statementsconformingoradheringtowhatregardedasorthodoxliberalopiniononmattersofsexuality,race,etc.,usuallyuseddisparagingly(denigratingly)toconnotedogmatism,excessivesensibilitytominoritycauses,etc.,5)reverseracism:Hereitmeansracismagainstthewhites.Paraphrase7:Talkshowhostsandconservativecommentatorsbecamefamousthroughexposingso-calledunrealincidentsofracismandlabeledreasonablediscussionofunfairtreatmentofminoritiesascateringtoexcessivesensibilitytominoritycausesorasracismagainstthewhites.,33.Justasblackangeroftenprovedcounterproductive.thatfavorafewoverthemany.(Para.36):InParagraph33,intalkingaboutblackanger,Obamasays,Thatangerisnotalwaysproductive;indeed,toooftenitdistractsattentionfromsolvingrealproblems.Buthealsopointsoutthatifyouhandleitinawrongwayitwouldwidenthechasm(gap)ofmisunderstanding.,Translation3,黑人的愤怒常常产生不了什么作用，与此相同，这些白人的忿恨也把注意力从挤压中产阶级的真正罪魁祸首身上移开真正的罪人是充满内幕交易的企业文化、很成问题的的会计惯例，只顾眼前的贪婪心态，被院外集团和特殊利益集团把持的政府，以及关注少数而不顾多数人的经济政策。,chasmkzmaverybigdifferencethatseparatepeoplefromoneanother峡谷;裂缝，断层;裂口;（感情等的）分歧Butnoneofthesecanfillthechasmcreatedbyourdeepsenseofseparation.但是，这一切都无法填补由我们强烈的分离意识造成的鸿沟。,ThenObamamovesontodiscusswhiteangerandpointsouttheproblem,thesewhiteresentmentdistractedattentionfromtherealculpritsofthemiddleclasssqueeze”Buthealsosaysthatifyouhandleitwrongly,itwouldblockthepathtounderstanding,culpritklprtscriminalapersonguiltyofacrimeoroffencesomeonewhoisresponsiblefordoingsomethingbadorillegal犯过错者,罪犯;肇事者;引起问题的事物Desperatetofindculprits,IraqisaccuseSyriaandIranofcomplicity.迫切地希望找到罪犯，伊拉克人指责Syria和Iran合谋。,Theargumentisthatblackangerandwhiteangerarerealandpowerful.Ifpeoplefailtounderstandthecauseofsuchangerandtohandlethisangerproperly,misunderstandingwillincreaseandwillplayintothehandsofselfish,biasedpoliticians.,1)counterproductive:bringingabouteffectsorresultsregardedasContrarytothoseintended;havingtheoppositeresulttotheoneyouintended适得其反2)squeeze:aperiodorsituationmarkedbyscarcity,hardship,insecurity,etc.4)rife:abundant5)lobbyist:apersonactingforaspecialinterestgroup,whotriestoinfluencetheintroductionoforvotingonlegislationorthedecisionsofgovernmentadministrators游说,AccordingtoObama,whataretherealculpritsthatputthemiddleclassinadifficultsituation?Theyarethewrongpracticesofbigcorporations,agovernmentfollowingtheurgeofspecialinterestsandaneconomicpolicywhichfavorstherich.,34.Andyet.blocksthepathtounderstanding.(Para.36):Ifyouthinksuchangerwilldisappearbygoodwishes,ifyouregardsuchangerasbeingracistwithoutacknowledgingthattheconcernbehindtheangerisjustifiable,thenmisunderstandingwillincreaseandthedivisionbetweenthewhitesandtheblackswillgrow.1)label:toclassifyas;todescribe2)ground:tobase(aclaim,argument)onsomethingspecified3)bl