小说的要素 英文1ppt课件

.,TheElementsofFiction,Fictionreferstoanyimaginaryworkportrayingcharactersandevents,.,ElementsoffictionClassificationoffiction:novel,novelette,shortstory.Shortshortstory.,.,TheElementsInclude:,PlotSymbolism,CharacterTheme,SettingIrony,PointofViewToneandStyle,.,PLOT,Anauthorsselectionandarrangementofincidentsinastorytoshapetheactionandgivethestoryaparticularfocus.Discussionsofplotincludenotjustwhathappens,butalsohowandwhythingshappenthewaytheydo.,.,Plotmayhavethreeparts:,RisingActionClimaxFallingAction,.,RisingAction,Complication(s)createssomesortofconflictfortheprotagonist(themaincharacter).,.,Climax,themomentofgreatestemotionaltensioninanarrative,usuallymarkingaturningpointintheplotatwhichtherisingactionreversestobecomethefallingaction.,.,FallingActionorRESOLUTION,theconclusionofaplotsconflictsandcomplications.Theresolutionfollowstheclimaxintheplot.,.,Character,apersonoranimalsorobjectspresentedinadramaticornarrativework,.,Aheroorheroine,oftencalledthePROTAGONIST,isthecentralcharacterwhoengagesthereadersinterestandempathy（同感，共鸣）.,TheANTAGONISTisthecharacter,force,orcollectionofforcesthatstanddirectlyopposedtotheprotagonistandgivesrisetotheconflictofthestory.,.,Astaticcharacterdoesnotchangethroughoutthework,andthereadersknowledgeofthatcharacterdoesnotgrow,whereasadynamiccharacterundergoessomekindofchangebecauseoftheactionintheplot.Aflatcharacterembodiesoneortwoqualities,ideas,ortraitsthatcanbereadilydescribedinabriefsummary.Theyarenotpsychologicallycomplexcharactersandthereforearereadilyaccessibletoreaders.,.,Someflatcharactersarerecognizedasstockcharacters;theyembodystereotypessuchasthe“dumbblonde”orthe“meanstepfather.”Theybecometypesratherthanindividuals.,.,Roundcharactersaremorecomplexthanflatorstockcharacters,andoftendisplaytheinconsistenciesandinternalconflictsfoundinmostrealpeople.Theyaremorefullydeveloped,andthereforearehardertosummarize.JourneytotheWest,.,Characterizationistheprocessbywhichawritermakesthecharacterseemrealtothereader.,.,MethodsofCharacterization:1.Direct:“hewasanoldman.”(TheOldManandtheSea)2.OwnWordsandActions3.ReactionofotherCharacters4.Physicalappearance5.Ownthoughts,.,Setting,Thesettingisthephysicalandsocialcontextinwhichtheactionofastoryoccurs.Themajorelementsofsettingarethetime,theplace,andthesocialenvironmentthatframesthecharacters.Settingcanbeusedtoevokeamoodoratmospherethatwillpreparethereaderforwhatistocome.Sometimes,writerschooseaparticularsettingbecauseoftraditionalassociationswiththatsettingthatarecloselyrelatedtotheactionofastory.,.,PointofView,Referstowhotellsusastoryandhowitistold.Whatweknowandhowwefeelabouttheeventsinaworkareshapedbytheauthorschoiceofpointofview.Thetellerofthestory,thenarrator,inevitablyaffectsourunderstandingofthecharactersactionsbyfilteringwhatistoldthroughhisorherownperspective.,.,PointofViewissimplywhoistellingthestory.,OmniscientPOV-Thestoryistoldinthirdpersonbyanarratorwhohasunlimitedknowledgeofeventsandcharacters.ThirdPersonLimitedPOV-Thestoryistoldinthirdpersonbutfromtheviewpointofacharacterinthestory.POVislimitedtothecharactersperceptionsandshowsnodirectknowledgeofwhatothercharactersarethinking,feeling,ordoing.*StreamofConsciousness-presentstherandomthoughtsgoingthroughacharactersheadwithinacertainperiodoftime.FirstPersonPOV-Theauthordisappearsintooneofthecharacters.Sharesthelimitationsofthirdpersonlimited.Usesthepronouns“I”and“we”.ObjectivePOV-Recordsonlywhatisseenandheard.Initspurestform,objectivePOVwouldconsistofonlydialogue.Forcestheauthortorefrainfrominterpretation.SecondPersonPOV-Usesthepronoun“you”.Infrequentlyused.,.,Symbolism,Aperson,object,image,wordoreventthatevokesarangeofadditionalmeaningbeyondandusuallymoreabstractthanitsliteralsignificance.,.,TypesofSymbols,Conventionalsymbolshavemeaningsthatarewidelyrecognizedbyasocietyorculture.Writersuseconventionalsymbolsforreinforcingmeanings.,Aliteraryorcontextualsymbolcanbeasetting,character,action,object,nameoranythingelseinaworkthatmaintainsitsliteralsignificancewhilesuggestingothermeanings.Suchsymbolsgobeyondconventionalsymbols;theygaintheirsymbolicmeaningwithinthecontextofaspecificstory.,.,Theme,isthecentralmeaningordominantideainaliterarywork.Athemeprovidesaunifyingpointaroundwhichtheplot,characters,setting,pointofview,symbols,andotherelementsofaworkareorganized.Itisimportantnottomistakethethemefortheactualsubjectofthework;thethemereferstotheabstractconceptthatismadeconcretethroughtheimages,characterization,andactionofthetext.,.,Irony,aliterarydevicethatusescontradictorystatementsorsituationstorevealarealitydifferentfromwhatappearstobetrue.,.,Verbalirony（词义反讽）isafigureofspeechthatoccurswhenapersonsaysonethingbutmeanstheopposite.Sarcasmisastrongformofverbalironythatiscalculatedtohurtsomeonethrough,forexample,falsepraise.Tragicironyisaformofdramaticironyfoundintragedies.Situationalirony（情景反讽）existswhenthereisanincongruitybetweenwhatisexpectedtohappenandwhatactuallyhappensduetoforcesbeyondhumancomprehensionorcontrol.Cosmicirony（宇宙反讽）occurswhenawriterusesGod,destiny,orfatetodashthehopesandexpectationsofacharacterorofhumankindingeneral.Incosmicirony,adiscrepancy（矛盾）existsbetweenwhatacharacteraspirestoandwhatuniversalforcesprovide.,.,Tone,Theauthorsimplicitattitudetowardthereaderorthepeople,places,andeventsinaworkasrevealedbytheelementsoftheauthorsstyle.Tonemaybecharacterizedasseriousorironic,sadorhappy,privateorpublic,angryoraffectionate,bitterornostalgic,oranyotherattitudesandfeelingsthathumanbeingsexperience.,.,Style,thedistinctiveanduniquemannerinwhichawriterarrangeswordstoachieveparticulareffects.Styleessentially