Appraisal Theory 功能语言学评价理论.ppt

Appraisal:negotiatingattitudes,Thelanguageofemotion,ethicsandaesthetics,1.J.R.Matin2.Definitionsandbasicstructure3.Detailsa.Attitudeb.Amplificationc.SourceApplicationtoanalysisofapoem.Comment,Prof.J.R.MartinLife:J.R.MartinisProfessorofLinguisticsattheUniversityofSydney.Hisresearchinterestsincludesystemictheory,functionalgrammar,discoursesemantics,register,genre,multimodalityandcriticaldiscourseanalysis,focusingonEnglishandTagalog-withspecialreferencetothetransdisciplinaryfieldsofeducationallinguisticsandsocialsemiotics.ProfessorMartinwaselectedafellowtheAustralianAcademyoftheHumanitiesin1998,andawardedaCentenaryMedalforhisservicestoLinguisticsandPhilologyin2003.,RecentpublicationsWorkingwithDiscourse:meaningbeyondtheclause(JRMartin1.Affect:expressingourfeelingsPeopleexpresstheirfeelingsindiscourseintwogeneralways:positiveandnegative;directlyandimplied.Affectcanbepositiveornegativeandthatitcanberealizeddirectlyorindirectly.1)positiveandnegative;peoplecanhavegoodfeelingsandbadfeelings.forexample,satisfied,respect,wish;pain,bitterness,feared,etc.Weareecstatic.Theywouldbecomerestless.,Attitudes,2)a.directly:emotionscandescribedindifferentways.First,speakerreferstoaemotionalstate,usingwordsthatnamespecificemotions:.forexample:torntopieces,pain,ecstatic,feared,worried,etc.Secondisphysicalexpression:speakerreferstoemotionphysically,describingbehaviorthatalsodirectlyexpressesemotion;forexample:withdrawn,presshisfaceintohishands,shakeuncontrollablytoexpressfear,etc.,Attitudes,b.implicit:thespeakerdescribesunusualbehaviortoexpressfeelingsindirectly.Forexample,drinktoomuch,wanderfromwindowtowindow,juststaringinfrontofhim.metaphorisanotherwaytoexpressfeelingsindirectly.Forexample,icecoldinaswelteringnight;eyesbewildered,butdulllikethedead.Question:whataboutneutral?,Attitudes,Judgingpeoplescharacter,2.Judgingpeoplescharacter:wejudgepeoplescharacterfromtwoperspectives:personaljudgmentsofadmirationorcriticismandmoraljudgmentsofpraiseorcondemnation,bothcanbepositiveornegativeandexplicitlyorimplicitly.1)Personaljudgmentmeanstocommentonthebehaviorofpeople.Itcanalsobepositive(admiring)andnegative(criticizing);forexample,Helenadescribesherfirstlovewithwords:energetic,intelligent,populartoshowheradmirationtohimdirectlyandphraseasworkinginatopsecuritystructuretojudgehischaracterindirectly.,Judgingpeoplescharacter,2)moraljudgmentscanbemadepositiveornegative:itcanalsobemadedirectlyandindirectly.a.HelenacondemnsherleadersfortheirdishonestyandinhumanityOurleadersaretooholyandinnocent.Andfaceless.Whatelsecanthisabnormallifebethanacruelhumanrightsviolation?.b.Helenapraisestheleadersoftheircourage:Atleasttheirleadershavethegutstostandbytheirvulture,torecognizetheirsacrifices.Withadmirationandcriticism,moraljudgmentscanalsobemadedirectlyorimplied.Metaphorplaysaroleinjudgingcharacter:Andtodaytheyallwashtheirhandsininnocence.,Appreciatingthings,Appreciatingthings:thingscanbeappreciatedpositivelyornegatively.Appreciatingthingsincludesevaluationofdifferentkindsofthings,aswellasrelationships,qualityoflifeandevensemioticthings.ThefollowingaretheappreciationofthingsinHelenasnarrative.Positiveabeautifulrelationshipaveryseriousissuehealingofbreachesrestorationofbrokenrelationshipsnegativemyunsuccessfulmarriageafrivolousquestionbrokenrelationshipsthecommunityheorshehasinjured,Theborderlineofcharacterandvalue:thereareseveralinstancesofattitudeinourtextsthatcouldperhapsbeanalysedaseitherjudgmentofcharacterorappreciationofthings.Thesebringustotheborderofcharacterandvalue.Itisimportanttotakeco-textintoconsideration,ratherthananalysingsimplyitembyitem.,Amplification,Amplification:degreeoftheappraisalOnedistinctivefeatureofattitudeisthatattitudesaregradable.Thismeansthatwecanexpresshowstronglywefeelaboutsomeoneorsomething.Twokindsofamplification:1:force:turningthevolumeupanddownWordsthatintensifymeaning:somewhat/fairlly/quite/really/sharply/extremelyintelligentWordsthatincludedegreesofintensity:happy/delighted/ecstatic.2.focus:sharpeningorsofteningcategoriesofpeopleandthings:about/exactly;real/sortof/kindof,Amplification,Amplification,Sum-up:amplifyingattitudeinvolvesasetofresourcesforadjustinghowstronglywefeelaboutpeopleandthings.Technicallywerefertotheseresourcesasforce.Weusethemtoturnthevolumeupordown.Gradingexperientialboundariesinvolvesresourcesthatthatsharpenorblurapparentlycategoricaldistinctions.Technicallytheseresourcesarereferredtoasfocus.Theymakecutanddrieddistinctionsnegotiable.Technicallytheseresourcesarereferredtoasgraduation.,Sourceofattitudes:,Sourceofattitudes:whoaretheevaluationcomingfrom?Onecanexpresstheirownopinion,thatmeansheisresponsibleforalloftheevaluation.However,hecanalsoexplicitlyintroduceotherpeoplesvoicebyquotingorreportingwhatotherpeoplesaid.,Sourceofattitudes,ThispotentialforsourcingwhatissaidwasoneofthefactorsthatgottheRussianlinguistBakhtinthinkingaboutthedialogicnatureofdiscourse,evenintextwetraditionallythinkofasmonologues.TwotermsHeterogloss:thesourceofattitudeisotherthanthewriterMonogloss(singlevoice):thesourceissimplytheauthor,Sourceofattitudes,Threetypesofheterogloss:1.Projection:quoteorreportwhatpeoplesayorthink,throughprojectionthenwecanintroduceadditionalsourcesofevaluation.Wecanchoosefromprojectionoverandoveragaintoexplorethesourceofsources,andthesourceofthesourceofsources.,Sourceofattitudes,Fourwaystoattributesources:asprojectingclauses,asnamesforspeechacts,asprojectingwithinclauses,asscarequotes.Iknowwhereeverythingbegan.Mystorybeginsinmylateteenageyearsasafarmgirl.ManyofthosewhohavecomeforwardhadpreviouslybeenregardedasrespectablemembersoftheircommunitiesAbruptlymutterthefearedwordtripanddriveoff.,Sourceofattitudes,Modality:Alongsideprojection,anotherwayofintroducingadditionalvoicesintoatextisviamodality.Hallidalydescribesmodalityasaresourcewhichsetsupasemanticspacebetweenyesandno,aclinerunningbetweenpositiveandnegativepoles.Ateachpoleofscalesofmodalityisthechoiceofpositiveornegativepolarity.Modalitydoesnttakevoiceonanddenythem;itopensupaspacefornegotiationinwhichdifferentpointsofviewcancirculatearoundanissue,aspaceperhapsformediationandpossiblereconciliation.,Sourceofattitudes,Fivetypesofmodalitytonegotiateinformationandservices:usuality,probability,obligation,inclinationandability.,Sourceofattitudes,Concession:knownascounterexpectancy,adjustandmonitorreadersexpectation.Concessives:conjunctionsthatadjustandmonitorexpectation,eg:but,evenifetc.Icanthandlethemananymore!But,Icantgetout.Continuatives:thesearelikeconjunctionsbuttheyoccurinsidetheclause,ratherthanatthebeginning.eg:already,finally,still,etc.,Sum-up:Whatwehavearethreemainappraisalsystems:attitude,amplificationandsource.Attitudecomprisesaffect,judgmentandappreciation:ourthreemajorregionsoffeeling.Amplificationcoversgrading,includingforce,andfocus:forceinvolvethechoicetoraiseorlowertheintensityofgradableitems,focustheoptionofsharpeningorsofteninganexperientialboundary.Sourcecoversresourcethatintro