英语修辞大全(包含例句).ppt

1.Definitionoffigureofspeech,Afigureofspeechisawordorphrasewhichisusedtocreateaparticularmentalimageoreffect,andwhichdoesnothaveitsusualorliteralmeaning.,Wearesaidtobespeakingorwritingfigurativelywhenweusewordsinnon-literalsensestolendforcetoanidea,toheighteneffect,ortocreateatmosphere.Forexample,itismorevividandcolorfultosaythatstars“twinklylikediamonds”inthesky,thantosaysimplythatthey“shinebrightlyinthesky.Similarly,“Imperialismisapapertiger”isanexpressionmoresuggestiveofoutwardferocityandinnerweaknessthantheliteralstatement“Imperialismappearstobestrongbutinwardlyitisweak.”,2.Differentfiguresofspeech,1)simile2)metaphor3)metonymy4)synecdoche5)personification6)euphemism7)hyperbole,8)irony9)transferredepithet10)oxymoron11)pun,1.simile,Asimilemakesacomparison,butisdifferentfromanordinary,literalcomparison.Whenwesay“Jimlookslikehisbrother”,wearemakinganordinaryliteralcomparison,for(a)wearecomparingtwolikeelementsJimandhisbrotherarebothhumanbeings;and(b)wemeanJimisliterallylikehisbrotherinappearance.,Butwhenwesay“Jimandhisbrotherareaslikeastwopeas”,weareusingasimile,for(a)wearecomparingtwounlikeelementshumanbeingsandpeas;and(b)wedontmeanJimandBillyareliterallylikepeas,butonlythattheyhaveonethingincommonwithpeas:greatsimilarityinappearance.,Simileisafigureofspeechinwhichtwoessentiallyunlikethingsareexplicitlycompared,usuallybymeansofwordslike,as,orasif.Itmakesacomparisonbetweentwounlikeelementshavingatleastonequalityorcharacteristicincommon.,Cparativewords:like/as;b.tenor;vehiclec.totallydifferentthingsofdifferentproperties.d.onequalityincommon,E.g.Theywerepackedintothebuslikesardines.tenorvehicleThewindisbitingintomyskinlikeamaddog.tenorvehicleWhyareyourushinglikeachickenwithitsheadcutoff?tenorvehicleItwassnowingheavilyandathickwhiteblanketcoveredeverything.Thebranchesofthebaretreestenorlookedlikewhitearmsagainstthenightsky.vehicle,Patternsofsimile,a.XislikeYMywifesnewhatislikealighthouse（灯塔）.Livingwithoutanaimislikesailingwithoutacompass.b.Xas/(asas)/asif/thoughYYoucannothopetomoveme,asyoucannotexpectthesuntoriseinthewest.Menfeardeath,aschildrenfeartogointhedark.(FrancisBacon),c.XistoAwhatYistoBReadingistothemindwhatexerciseistothebody.Judicious（明智的，审慎的）praiseistochildrenwhatthesunistoflowers.d.XisnomorethanYAhomewithoutloveisnomorethanabodywithoutasoul.e.XandY（Thisisaspecialsimile,whichoftenoccursinEnglishproverbs.）Awordandastoneletgocannotberecalled.Truthandroseshavethornsaboutthem.,2.metaphor,Ametaphor,likeasimile,alsomakesacomparisonbetweentwounlikeelements,butunlikeasimile,thiscomparisonisimpliedratherthanstated.Inasimile,thewordslike,as,assoareusedtomakethecomparison,asinJimwasascunningasafox.Theworldislikeastage.Inametaphor,however,thecomparisonwouldappearsimplyas(1a)Jimwasafox.(2a)Theworldisastage.,Sometaphorisafigureofspeechinwhichawordorphrasethatordinarilyandprimarilydenotesonethingisappliedtoanotherinanimpliedcomparison.e.g.Wateristhelifebloodofagriculture.tenorvehicleOursolarsystemincludesthemothersunandhernineoffspring.tenorvehicleMetaphorscanbeusedinvariousforms.Nouns,verbs,adjectives,andadverbscanallbeusedinametaphoricalway.,Patternsofmetaphor,a.Fulllengthmetaphor:XisY.Educationisnotthefillingofapail,butthelightingofafire.(WilliamB.Yeats)教育不是往桶里倒水，而是把火点燃。Shewasstrangledinthenetofgossip.,b.Compressedmetaphor:Ifametaphorstatesonlyonetermofthecomparison,leavingtheotherimplicit,suchametaphoriscompressedmetaphor.Thereisonlyatenor,andthevehicleisindicatedbyaverb,anadjective,anadverb,etc.Theboywolfeddownthefoodthemomenthegrabbedit.Mysisterhasstarryeyes.,c.Extendedmetaphor:Anextendedmetaphorisametaphorwhichisdevelopedbyanumberofdifferentfigurativeexpressions,extendingperhapsoverseveralclausesorsentences,andinvolvingseveraltenorsandvehicles.Somebooksaretobetasted,othersswallowed,andsomefewtobechewedanddigested.(FrancisBacon),3.metonymy,Bothmetonymyandsynecdochefallintothecategoryofsubstitution,usingonethingtorefertoanother.Metonymyisafigureofspeechinwhichonewordorphraseissubstitutedforanothercloselyassociatedwithit.Itistousesomethingthathassomeconnectionwiththesubjecttostandforthesubject.Thesubstitutednamemaybeanattributeofthatotherthingorbecloselyassociatedwithit.Inotherwords,itinvolvesa“changeofname”,thesubstitutednamesuggestingthethingmeant.E.g.,Menhaveheads/minds,womenhearts.wisdom,reasonkindnessThetwocountrieshavenevercrossedswardswitheachother.fightScepter(国王或女王在仪式中手持的)权杖andCrownmusttumbledown.therulingclassOnlytheknifecansavehim.doctor,operationShereadsShakespearetoimproveherEnglish.ShakespearesworksThepenismightierthanthesword.books,articlesweapon,Metonymycanbederivedfromvarioussourcesfromnamesofpersons,fromanimals,professions,locationsorplacenames,etc.,aslistedbelow:sofpersonsJohnBull:England,ortheEnglishpeopleUncleSam:TheUnitedStatesofAmericaIvan:TheRussianpeopleJohnDoe:ordinaryAmericancitizen,b.animalsBritishLion:EnglandortheEnglishgovernmentthebear:TheformerSovietUnionortheSovietgovernmentc.partsofthebodyHeart:feelingsoremotionsHead,brain:wisdom,intelligence,reasone.g.Useyourbrains.Grayhair:oldage,fessionsthebar:thelegalprofessione.g.Hehasbeencalledtothebar.thebench:thepositionofjudgeormagistrate法官e.g.Hehasbeenappointedtothebench.theveil:vocationofanune.g.Shetooktheveilat20.thepress:newspaper,newspaperreporterse.g.Hesmeetingthepressthismorning.,e.locationofgovernment,ofbusinessorindustrialenterprisesDowningStreet:theBritishgovernmentorcabinetTheWhiteHouse:thePresidentofExecutivebranchoftheU.S.governmentCapitolHill:theLegislativebranchoftheU.S.governmentthePentagon:theU.S.militaryestablishmentKremlin:thegovernmentoftheformerSovietUnionFleetStreet:theBritishpressWallStreet:U.S.financialcirclesMadisonAvenue:AmericanadvertisingindustryHollywood:Americanfilm-makingindustryFoggyBottom:U.S.StateDepartment,4.synecdoche,Synecdocheisafigureofspeechinwhichapartisusedforthewhole,thewholeforapart,thespecificforthegeneral,thegeneralforthespecific,orthematerialforthethingmadefromit.Forinstance:,Greatmindsthinkalike.PeoplePleasegiveusourdailybread.NecessitiesThefoxgoeswellwithyourcap.Muffler(厚围巾)madeoffoxsfurHetrodtheboardsforaliving.StageSpringwouldvanishwiththerose.Flowers,a.thepartforthewholeHand:(1)memberofashipscrewAllhandsondeck.(2)worker,laborer,helperTheywereshortofhandsatharvesttime.Head:personHepaidtheworkers$5perhead.,Heart:bravefellowYetthereweresomestoutheartswhoattemptedresistance.(C.S.Forester)Legs:(coll.)personsonfoot,theinfantry（步兵）Thelegscouldhardlykeepupwiththetanks（坦克）.Bread:food,esp.staplefood主食Giveusthisdayourdailybread.,b.thewholeforthepartNameofcountryforgroupofpeopleofthatcountryAustraliabeatCanadaatcricket（板球).(=theAustralianteambeattheCanadianteam)Vehicleforengine,machineformechanismofmachineitself,etc.Thecarconkedout（出故障，失灵）.Theplanesflamedout（突然熄火）.Theradio(TV)isoutoforder.PersonforpartofhisbodyThenhecutmeopenandtookouttheappendixandstitchedmeupagain.(=cuthisabdomenopen),c.Thespecificforthegeneral,orthegeneralforthespecificAlas,thatSpringshouldvanishwiththerose!(EdwardFitzgerald)Rose=flowersingeneralthespecificforthegeneralWhatadespicablecreatureheis!Creature=manthegeneralforthespecific,d.NameofmaterialforthethingmadeHewalkedtheboardsforaliving.thestageShewasdressedinsilksandsatins(缎子).dressesmadeofsilkandsatinCottonssuitsyou.garmentsmadeofcottonBetterbejocund（愉快的，开心的）withthefruitfulGrapethansaddenafternone,orbitter,fruit.(E.Fitzgerald)wine,5.personification,Personificationisafigureofspeechinwhichinanimateobjectsorabstractionsarerepresentedwithhumanqualitiesorform.Forinstance:Thegrimy,red-brickfortresswithitstallwindowsthathadlookeddowngrimlyontheplaygroundandplayingfieldshadbeensweptaway.Theyoungmoonliesonherbacktonightasisherhabitinthetropics.Thespringtimecame,firsttotheplainsandfoothills,andthenuptothemountainsnows.Lazinesstravelssoslowlythatpovertysoonovertakeshim.(BenjaminFranklin)Oneday,fortunewillsmiletoyou.Mosquitoeswereusingmyanklesforfillingstations.Thefallingleavesaredancinginthewind.,6.euphemism,Euphemismisanindirectwordorphrasethatisoftenusedtorefertosomethingembarrassingorunpleasant,sometimestomakeitseemmoreacceptablethanitreallyis.AccordingtotheOxfordConciseDictionary,euphemismisthesubstitutionofmildorvagueroundaboutexpressionforharshordirectone;expressionthussubstituted.Thegreatcomplexityandvarietyofscopeandmotivecanbeseenfromthislistof“truewords”andtheireuphemisms.,a.Death,illness,oldage,etc-todietopassaway,todepart,togotosleep,togototheheaven-oldagegettingon(inyears);pastonesprime;feelingonesage;secondchildhood-mad,feeble-mindednotallthere;softinthehead;ofunsoundmind;simple-minded-stupidpupilaslowlearner;under-achiever-fatpeopleweight-watcherThemotivefortheeuphemismsinthiscaseseemstobetoavoidhurtingpeoplesfeelings.,b.Toilethabits,etc-tourinate（小便）ortodefecate（大便）gotothebathroom;dotheirbusiness;answernaturescall-MenslavatoryGents;thejohn;thewashroom;head(Navy);watercloset(W.C.)-WomenslavatoryLadies;thepowderroom;Mrs.JonesThemotivehereistoavoidusingthetruewordswhichareconsideredcrudeandindecentinpoliteconversation.,c.PovertyandUnemployment-dismiss,sacklayoff;easeout;givehewalkingticket;pinkslip-pennilessoutofpocket;hardup;inreducedcircumstances;badlyoff-indebtindifficulties;inembarrassingobligationto-thepoor+thehave-nots;theunderprivileged;thedisadvantaged-unemployedmother+welfaremother-livingondole（失业救济金）onrelief;onwelfarebenefits-slums+sub-standardhousing,Theeuphemismsusedbythepoorthemselvesareto“soften”harshreality,butthetermsmarked+oftenusedbygovernmentpersonnelseemmoretocoverupgovernmentalinabilitytosolvesocialandeconomicproblems.,d.menialjobsorprofessionsoflowsocialstanding-amaid,housekeeper,etcdomestichelper;day-help;live-inhelp-chiefwaiter;waitresscaptain;hostess-realestateagentRealtor（房地产经纪人）-hairdresser理发师，美发师beautician-rat-catcher捕鼠者，捕鼠器exterminatingengineer;pestcontroloperatorThemotivehereisto“uplift”theseprofessionsbyname,ifnotbystatus.Itreflectsasenseofinferiorityaswellasastrivingfor“betterthings”.,e.politicalandmilitaryactivities-liesterminologicalinexactitude-aggressionpre-emptiveaction;policeaction-retreat;routphasedwithdrawal-admitdefeatconcedethevictoryto-concentrationcampsstrategicvillagersorhamlets-bombingandblastingofwholevillagePacificationoftheenemyinfrastructure;softeningupofenemyresistance;givemassiveairsupportTheeuphemismshereareinthetruesenseoftheword“false”.Theyareusedtocoverupthetruenatureofevents,deceivingthepublicwithnice-soundingandpseudo-technicalwords.,7.hyperbole,Hyperboleisthedeliberateuseofoverstatementorexaggerationtoachieveemphasis.Itisafigureofspeechinwhichexaggerationisusedforemphasisoreffect.Insteadofsayinginplainlanguage“Sheisaprettygirl”or“Helaughedheartily”wecouldexpressthesameideasmoreemphaticallybysaying“Sheistheprettiestgirlintheworld”or“Healmostdiedlaughing.”,Effectivehyperbole,however,ismorethanjusttoemphasizesomethinginexaggeratedterms.Inthehandsofexperiencedwriteritcanbeusedtoachievevariousliteraryeffects:tointensifyemotion,toelevateapersonorthingtoheroicmythicalstatus,ortopokefunatorridicule.,IhavegotamillionthingstodobeforeIleaveonTuesday.Youcouldshavewiththerazor-sharpcrease(皱褶)inhistrousers.IloveOphelia.Fortythousandbrotherscouldnot,withalltheirquantityoflove,makeupmysum.Aliecantravelhalfwayaroundtheworld,whilethetruthisputtingonitsshoes.Iwilllovetheestill,mydear,Tillalltheseasgonedryandalltherocksmeltwiththesun,Iwilllovetheestill,mydearWhilethesandsoflifeshallrun.Thismadehimroarlikeathousandbulls.Itsacrimetostayinsideonsuchabeautifulday.(agreatpity)Adropofinkmaymakeamillionthink.(GeorgeGByron),8.irony,Ironyistheuseofwordstoexpresssomethingdifferentfromandoftenoppositetotheirliteralmeaning.Itisafigureofspeechthatachievesemphasisbysayingtheoppositeofwhatismeant,theintendedmeaningofthewordsbeingtheoppositeoftheirusualsense.,“Generallyspeaking,”saidMissMurdstone,“Idontlikeboys.Howdyedo,boy?”Undertheseencouragingcircumstances,IrepliedthatIwasverywell,andthatIhopedshewasthesame,withsuchindifferentgracethatMissMurdstonedisposedofmeintwowords,-“Wantsmanner!”Thishard-workingstudentseldomreadsmorethananhourperweek.Howpoliteyouare!Youcanevencurseyourownfather.Hewassuchamarvelousteacherthatwheneverherecognizedasparkofgenius,youcouldbesurehedwaterit.Whatanobleillustrationofthetenderlawsofthisfavoredcountry!Theyletthepaupersgotosleep.,9.transferredepithet,Transferredepithetisanadjectiveordescriptivephrasethatisshiftedfromthenounitlogicallymodifiestoawordassociatedwiththatnoun.Itisafigureofspeechwhereanepithetistransferredfromthenounitshouldrightlymodifytoanothertowhichitdoesnotreallybelong.Generally,theepithetistransferredfromapersontoathingoridea.Forinstance,whenwesay“Wespentsleeplessnightonaproject”,thewordsleeplessisatransferredepithet,fornightscannotsleep.Wereallymeantosay“Wedidnotsleepformanynightswhileworkingontheproject.”Belowaremoreexamples:,Themanagerputareassuringhandonmyshoulder.IspoketotheminhesitantFrench.(TheGrapesofWrath)Anawedhushfelluponthebystanders.Theenemyfledinablindhaste.Evenatthattorturedmoment,SoamesForsylehadthemindtoenjoytheprofit-makingnatureofthebeautifulpicture.Thesoldierswarmedintoalaughing,cheeringringaroundthetwomen.,10.oxymoron,Oxymoronisafigureofspeechinwhichapparentlycontradictorytermsarecombined.Itisformedbytheconjoiningoftwocontrasting,contradictoryorincongruousterms,asinbitter-sweetmemoriesproudhumility:thisreferstothequalityofbeinghumble,butnotservileorderlychaos:chaos(confusion,disarray)exists,butthereissomemethodororderinthewaythethingsarethrownaround.,Anunderstandingofoxymoroncanhelpustoappreciatemorefullytheimpliedcomplexityofdescriptionsandfeelings.Oxymoroninitiallysurprisesonewithitsincongruityofterms,whichreallyhidesacertaintruth,orsignificantpoint.Herearesomeexamples:,RobertWilliamseye-catching(惹人注意的，抢眼的)absencemadeallthepeopletherequiteuneasy.“Howyoushotthegoatandfrightenedthetigertodeath,”saidMissMebbin,withherdisagreeablypleasantlaugh.Idespisetheveryvastnessandpower.Ithasthepoorestmillionaire,thelittlestgreatmen,thehaughtiestbeggars,theplainestbeauties,thelowestskyscrapers,thedolefulest（非常哀伤的）pleasuresofanytownIeversaw.,Juliet:Oserpentheart,hidwithaflowringface!Dideverdragonkeepsofairacave?Beautifultyrant!Fiendangelical!Dove-featherdraven!Wolfish-raveninglamb!Despisedsubstanceofdivinestshow!Justoppositetowhatthoujustlyseemst,Adamnedsaint,anhonourablevillain!,a.adj+nounalivingdeathconspicuousabsencetearfuljoyJarring（不和谐的，刺耳的）concord（和谐，一致）b.adj+adjcoldpleasantmannerpoorrichguysc.adv+adjdullybrightmercifullyfatald.verb+advhastenslowlyshinedarklye.noun+nounalove-haterelationship,11.pun,Topunistoplayonwords,orrathertoplaywiththeformandmeaningofwords,forawittyorhumorouseffect.TherearemanywordsintheEnglishlanguagewhichlookorsoundalike,buthavedifferentsenses,orconnotations,e.g.,arms:partofthebodyarms:weaponssee:verb,tosightsee:noun,abishopsdiocese（主教教区）;sea:noun,avastexpanseofwaterrow:verb,torowaboatrow:noun,arowofhousesrow:noun,anoisyquarrel争吵,Therearealsowordswhichhavemorethanonebasicmeaning,orhavedevelopedfigurativemeanings,e.g.bridge:awoodenbridgeadentalbridgee.power:authority,forceenergy,asinelectricpowertable:adiningtableatableofnumbers,atime-table,Basedontheabovetwotypesofsimilaritiesinwords,therearenumerousexamples:Youearnyourlivingandyouurn（瓮）yourdead.Womenhaveawonderfulsenseofrightandwrong,butlittlesenseofrightandl