中国传统宫殿建筑.ppt

,旅英华人TerryTse制作的“故宫紫禁城”是我看到的优秀PPS之一(1.0版本，2011/2/20，伦敦)，看了后，不仅觉得图片精美，而且照片拍摄取材也颇具匠心，大处着眼，小处入手，入木三分；不仅可看到故宫的宏伟建筑，从中也可知晓不少中国宫殿的建筑艺术和一些宫廷仪轨以及帝皇们的若干生活内幕。原PPS全为英文说明，为使更多人能了解其中的更多说明内容，我花了不少时间对PPS画面布局做了少量调整和某些艺术加工，尤其将英语说明全部译成中文，相信会相当程度上提高视觉效果和可观赏性。我本人认为，如能在欣赏这个PPS的同时，一并仔细阅读其中的文字说明，其效果不亚于实地参观一次紫禁城，甚至收益更丰。这也许不夸大其辞、言过其实！我国劳动人民创造的伟大优秀建筑-故宫，百看不厌，请再次观看！注：第一页插入音乐是：古筝禅院钟声，第二页起原PPS音乐未动。,“故宫紫禁城”,TheForbiddenCity故宮-紫禁城,Firstcreated20Feb2011.Version1.0JerryTse.London.首建於2011/2/20日。1.0版，JerryTse於伦敦,Allrightsreserved.Availablefreefornon-commercialandnon-profituseonly.保留所有权利，只用于非商业和非盈利性用途,Plan规划,Thepalacewasdividedintotwoparts.TheOuterCourtwasusedforstateceremonies.TheInnerCourtwastheresidenceoftheEmperorandhisfamily.Itwasalsousedforrunningtheday-to-dayaffairsofstate.Itwasrunbyeunuchs宫殿分两部分：外宫是用于国事活动。内宫供皇帝和家人居住，也用于国家日常事务。由太监经营,InearlyMingDynasty,therewereabout1630halls.InearlyQingtherewere1800halls.Currentlythepalacehas2631hallsand90courtyards.明朝初年，约有1630大厅；清初有1800大厅；目前，宫内有2631大厅和90个庭院,TheMingBuilders明代建造者,ZhudiwasthethirdemperoroftheMingDynasty.HedecidedtomovethecapitalfromNanjingtoBeijing.Hewasamegalomaniac.NotonlydidhebuilttheForbiddenCityInBeijing,healsorestoredtheGreatWall&theGrandCanalandsenthisarmadaofshipsintotheIndianOceanreachingSaudiArabiaandAfrica.朱棣是明朝第三个皇帝。他决定从南京迁都到北京。他是一个自大狂，不仅建造了北京紫禁城，也恢复了长城与大运河，并派他的船只舰队进入印度洋，直到沙特阿拉伯和非洲,ZhuDi朱棣,Alate15Ctoearly16CpaintingdepictingtheHeavenlySuccessionGate承天門andtheOuterFiveDragonsBridge外五龍橋neartodaysTiananmen.一幅15世纪末至16世纪初的绘画描绘了今天安门附近的承天门和外五龙桥,In1406,hestartedbuildingtheForbiddenCity,whichtook15yearstocompletein1421,employing200,000craftsmenandmillionoflabourerstobuild.Itcreatedanarchitecturalcomplexunmatchedinhistory.Itisthebiggestpalacetheworldhaveevenseen,withsome1630halls.于1406年，他开始建造紫禁城，雇用20万工匠和百万劳工，历时15年，於1421完工。它创建了史上无与伦比的建筑群。是世界上未有的具有1630厅堂的最大宫殿,Unfortunately,itwasburneddown3timesbymajorfiresduringthe273yearsoftheMingDynastyandhadtoberebuiltagain.遗憾的是，宫殿被大火烧毁3次，於明朝273年，不得不再重建,ConstructionMaterials建筑材料,BricksandGoldenBricksBrickswereusedforpavingandfortheexternalwalls.FloortilesareknownasGoldenBricks,madeinSuzhou.Theseweremadeofclayandtooktwomonthsfiringinkilns.Afloortiletooktwoyearstomade,andcanlastforcenturies.TheyarecalledGoldenBricksbecausetheyareexpensivetomade.砖和金砖用于铺路和外墙。地砖称为金砖，在苏州制造。这些砖都用粘土制作，在窑内烧2个月。地砖花2年时间制成，可用几个世纪。由于制造费用昂贵，它们被称为金砖,TimberAllpalacebuildingsusedtimberframestructures.ThemostimportantoftimberarethepillarsofNanwuwood(PhoebeZhennan).TheselogsweretransportedfromsouthwesternChinaandtook4yearsforthejourney.Some100,000Nanwupillarswereusedintheconstruction.Thewoodworkwerecoveredbyasecretformulatedpaste,mixedwithpigsblood,flourandearthforpreservation.木材所有宫殿全用木头做框架结构。最重要的木头是南无木（楠木）柱。这些木头从中国西南化4年行程运来。建筑中约用了10万根南无木柱。这种木件覆上混有猪血、面粉的秘密配方胶，以便保存,MarbleThemainbuildingsofthepalaceswerebuildonmarbleterraces.Thereisahugeinclinedslab,withcarveddragons,weighs300tons.Theseweretransportedonsheetsoficepulledby20000menandhorsesandtookamonthtotravelthe50kmjourney.汉白玉石宫殿主要建筑建在汉白玉石台地上。台阶斜板有巨大刻龙，重300吨。这些玉石由20万人马花一个月时间在冰上拖过50公里而运过来,GlazedRoofTileByfarthemostcommonrooftilesaretheyellowglazedtiles.Yellowbeingthecolouroftheemperor.Afewhousesarecoveredwithgreentilesfortheprinces.釉面瓦到目前为止最常见的屋顶瓦片是黄色琉璃瓦。黄色是皇帝的颜色。少数房子盖青瓦，供王子使用,Qing清,DuringtheQingdynasty,thepalacewasrebuiltmanytimesafterfires.Manybuildingswerealsoaddedtothepalace.BelowisaviewofthepalaceontheweddingoftheQingEmperorGuangxu.在清代，宫殿进行过多次大火后重建，宫内也增加了许多建筑物。下面是清朝光绪皇帝婚礼宫殿的视图,Qianlong乾隆(1711-95),Thelongestreigningemperor(1736-95)ofQingDynasty.Hestarteda60yearsmajorupgradeofthepalaces.清代在位最长的皇帝（17361795年）。他开始了长达60年的宫殿升级,Hewasahighlyculturedemperor,withadiverserangeofinterestsfromcollectingjadetocalligraphyetc.ItwashiscollectionmorethananyotheremperorsthatformthebackboneofthecollectionoftheQugongMuseuminBeijingandofthePalaceMuseumofTaipei.他是有很高文化程度的皇帝，有各种不同兴趣-从收集玉石到书法等，他的收集品比任何其他皇帝都多，形式了北京和台北故宫博物院收集品的骨干,Underhim,imperialChinareachedthezenithofherpower.他在位时，大清帝国达到了权力的顶峰,Moat护城河,Thepalaceissurroundedbya52mwidemoat.宫殿的四周是宽52米的护城河,Walls外墙,Theexteriorwallsis10mhigh,8.6mthickatthebase.Thecoreofthewallisfilledwithearth,surfacedwiththreelayersofspecialbricks外墙高10米，底部厚8.6米。隔离墙心部填土，外表面用三层特制砖覆盖,CornerTowers角樓,Therearefourwatchtowersatthefourcornersofthepalacewalls.皇宫城墙的四角有四个瞭望塔,Gates大门,Therearesome10,000gatesinthepalace.皇宫约有10,000扇大门,MeridianGate午門,Thisisthegrandestofallthepalacegates.Itisnearly38mhigh.Thismarksthebeginningofthepalacecomplex.这是所有宫殿大门中最宏伟的，她的高度近38米，标志着宫殿建筑群的开始,DecorativeGlazedTiles装饰性釉面琉璃砖,Apartfromthedistinctiveyellowglazedtilesusedfortheroofs,tileswerealsousedasdecorationsonscreensandwalls.除屋顶使用的黄色独特琉璃瓦外，砖也作为屏风和墙壁的装饰,Distinctiveyellowglazedtilesmakethepalacestandoutfromtherestofthecity.独特的黄色琉璃瓦使宫殿从都市的沉静中脱颖而出,Mythicalcreaturesontheroofridgesshowingthestatusofthebuilding.屋脊上有显示建筑物地位的神灵,Roof屋顶,BecausemostChineseroofswerecurved,thetimberframethatsupportedtheroofbecamemorecomplicated.由于多数中式屋顶为弯曲、木构架，屋顶支撑变得更复杂,WoodenConstruction木结构,Bracketing斗栱,Dougongsarebracketsthatlockbeamstogetherwithpillarstogether.Thetechniquedatedbacktotwothousandyears.斗拱是把梁和柱锁到一块的支架。这项技术可追溯到两千年之前,TimberFrame梁架TraditionallargeChinesebuildingsweremainlybuiltofwood.Alltheweightofthebuildingaresupportedbyawoodenframe.Thusthewallarelightandnotweightbearing.中国传统的大建筑，主要用木头建造。所有建筑物重量都由木框架支撑，因此，墙体轻，不负重,Ceilings天花板,Cofferedceilings.方格天花板,Caisson藻井,Terraces台基,TheuseofterracesinChinesearchitecturedatedbacktoover3000years.Thethreemainbuildingsoftheoutercourtwerebuiltonathreetiersofmarbleterracesdecoratedwithbeautifulcarvedbalustrades中国建筑采用台基可回溯到3000年之前。外宫的三座主要建筑就建在以美丽刻栏花杆装饰的三层大理石阳基上,CarvedSlab雕花板,Thecarvedslabonthecentralstaircaseofthemainterrace.Onlytheemperorswereallowedtobecarriedoverit.主阳基中心台阶的楼梯上，其刻花板只允许皇帝可踩在它上面,OuterCourt外宫,DuringtheMingDynasty,theOuterCourtisusedbytheemperortoattendthedailyaffairsofthestate.DuringtheQingDynasty,thisusagewasmovedtotheInnerCourt.However,theOuterCourtwasalwaysusedforthespecialstateoccasionsandceremonies.在明代，外宫供皇帝用於国家日常事务活动。在清代，这种用途改移到内宫。然而，外宫始终是供国家特定场合和仪式之用,Thethreemostimportantbuildingsliesonthecentralnorth-southaxis.TheyaretheHallofSupremeHarmony(firstbuildingonthephoto),theHallofCentralHarmony(thesmallbuildingbehind)andtheHallofPreservingHarmony.三个最重要的建筑座落在南北中轴线上。她们是太和殿（照片上的第一个建筑物），中和殿（后面的小建筑）保和殿,SupremeHarmony太和殿,TheoriginalMingbuildingwastwiceaslargeasthecurrenthall.ItisoneofthelargestwoodenstructurewithinChina.Thebuildingisthefocalpointofthepalace.ItwasusedinMingDynastytoadministrationstateaffairs.InQingDynastyitwasusedonlyforceremonialoccasions.原明朝建筑是现在太和殿的两倍大。她是中国的最大木结构建筑之一。该建筑是故宫的焦点。明代用于管理国家事务，清朝则只用于礼仪场合,HallofSupremeHarmonyInterior太和殿,Envoyswererequiredtokneelandkowtowtothefloorninetimesonapproachtotheemperor.使节被要求向皇帝下跪磕头到地9次,Richlydecoratedwithbeautifulcarvings,theDragonThronestandsonaraisedplatform,surroundingwithurns,incenseburners,carveddragons,cranesandelephants.华丽雕刻装饰的龙王宝座位于一个高台上，周围有瓮、香炉、刻龙、鹤和大象刻制品,SupremeHarmony太和殿,ItisthelargesttimberframebuildinginChina.Thebuildingwasdestroyed7times.Thelastrebuiltwasin1695-1697.这是中国最大的木框架建筑，曾经被毁7次。最后一次重建是16951697年,CentralHarmony中和殿,Itissmallsquarehall,servingasarestroom.Itwasastopoverroomfortheemperorforlastminutepreparationsbeforeconductingstateorceremonyaffairs.这是小型广场厅，用作休息室。是皇帝进行国事或庆典活动前作最后准备的站点,Throne宝座,Abeautifullycarveddragonstandingonthebackofthethrone.Thereareseveralthronesinthepalace.Theyareallbeautifullycarved.Someareingoldcolourandotherswithnaturalwoodcolours.一条雕刻精美的龙置于宝座的后背。皇宫中有好几个宝座。它们都有精美雕刻，有些是金色，有些是天然木材色,HallofPreservingHarmony保和殿,Thehallwasusedfortheimperialexamination,aswellasbanquetsonLunarNewYearsEvetoentertainministers,generals,aswellasMongolianandTibetannobles.保和殿大厅是用于科举考试以及农历除夕宴会招待部长、将军和蒙、藏贵族,MusicalInstruments乐器,Arackofgildedmusicalbronzebellsusedduringceremonialandstateoccasions.Thebellsaresimilarinsizeanddifferentnotesareproducedusingbellswithdifferentthickness.挂有镀金青铜音钟的音架，这些音钟在庆典和国家场合时使用。钟的大小相似，不同音调由不同厚度控制,InnerCourt內宫,TheGateofHeavenlyPurity(above)leadingintotheInnerCourt.ThethreemostimportantbuildingsintheInnerCourtechoesthegroupofthethreebuildingsintheOuterCourt.TheyaretheHallofHeavenlyPurity(firstbuildingonthephoto),theHallofUnion(thesmallbuildingbehind)andtheHallofEarthlyTranquillity.进入内宫的乾清宫门（下）。内宫中的三个最重要建筑与外宫的三个建筑群互相呼应。它们是乾清宫（右图照片上的第一座建筑），交泰殿（后面的小楼）和坤宁宫,TheInnerCourtwasthehomeoftheEmperorandhisfamily.InQingDynastythesomehallswithintheInnerCourtwereusedbyforadministeringstateaffairs.内宫是皇帝及其家属的居地。在清代，内宫的有些大厅用於管理国家事务,TheGateofHeavenlyPurity乾清門,Entrancetotheprivateworldoftheemperor.,PalaceofHeavenlyPurity乾清宫,InearlyQingDynastyandMingDynasty,itisherethattheemperorconductedtheday-to-dayaffairs.InlateQing,itwasusedasanaudiencehalltoreceiveforeignenvoysandhighrankedofficials.明朝和清初，皇帝在这里进行日常事务。到晚清，它被用作观众厅，接待外国使节和高级官员,HallofUnion交泰殿,Thebuildingwasusedastheempressdressingroomorcelebrationsofherbirthdays.TheimperialsealswerealsokeptinhereinQing.该建筑被用作皇后更衣室或她的生日庆典。清代玺印也保存在这里,Clepsydra(Waterclock)漏壶（水钟）,Themainmechanismofthewaterclockconsistsofthreecoppercontainersfilledwithwater.Waterdripsfromthetopcontainertocontainersbelowinturn.Theamountofwatercollectedatthebottomisusedtotellthetime.水时钟主机由三个装满水的铜容器构成。水从顶部容器依次滴至下面容器。最下面容器收集的水量用以报时,HallofEarthlyTranquillity坤寧宫,ThelastoftheInnerCourthalls.坤寧宫是最后一个内后宫,HallofEarthlyTranquillity坤寧宫,InMingDynasty,thebuildingwasusedastheresidenceoftheempress.在明朝，坤寧宫用作皇后的居地,InQingitwasconvertedintoseveralroomsandsetoutinManchurianstyleforreligiousservices.Thebuildingincludedakitchenforpreparingfoodforworship.Italsohasabridalroomandastudyfortheemperor.在清朝，该建筑被分割成几个房间和布置成满洲风格，用于宗教服务。该建筑内有准备祭祀食品的厨房，也有一个婚房和一个皇帝用的书房,TheQingemperorYongzhenmovedtheemperorresidencehere.TheempressDowagerCixi(reign1861-1908)usedtheplacetoreceivedstateofficialsandruledChina.清雍正皇帝住所搬到这里。慈禧太后（18611908年在位）在这里接见地方官员和统治中国,HallofMentalCultivation養心殿,HallofMentalCultivation養心殿,ThemainreceptionroomwherelaterQingemperorsattendedstateaffairs.晚清皇帝参加国家事务的主接待室,ThisistheCixithroneroom.Behindthescreenofthethronewasanotherthrone,onwhichtheDowagerEmpressruledChina.这是慈禧宝座的房间。屏幕背后是这位太后统治中国的另一个宝座,HallofMentalCultivation養心殿,ThiswastheemperorsbedroombehindthereceptionroomoftheHallofMentalCultivation.这是皇帝的卧室，位于养心殿接待室的背后,HallofMentalCultivation養心殿,ImperialGarden御花園,TherearefourgardensintheInnerCourtofthepalace.TheImperialGardenbeingthelargestofthemall.皇宫内庭有四个花园。御花園数其中最大,Agiantincenseburnerinthegarden.花园里的巨型香炉,ImperialGarden御花園,PavilionofImperialProspectoverlookingthegarden.御景亭,ImperialGarden御花園,StudioofSpiritualCultivation.養性齋,ImperialGardens御花園,ThisistheFirstGateofHeaven天一門.,CourtLife宫廷生活,EmperorQianlongwatchingprincesplayinginsnow.,TomaintainthepalaceduringtheQingDynasty,280,000taelsofsilverwereneededeachyearorapproximately340,000troyouncesofsilver.为维护清代宫廷，每年需化28万两白银或约34万金衡盎司银,LastemperorandempressofChina中国的末代皇帝和皇后.,TheatrePavillionofPleasantSounds剧院-暢音閣,Thelargeststageofthethreestoriestheatreinthepalace.宫殿中三层式剧院的最大舞台,Painteddecorations装饰画,Paintedbeamsandbrackets画梁和支架,Suzhoustylepolychromepainteddecorations苏式彩绘装饰画,苏式彩绘装饰画,画梁和支架,BronzeAnimalsculptures青铜动物雕塑,Bronzetortoiseincenseburner.,Giltbronzeelephantinthegarden.,Giltbronzelion.,BronzelionattheGateofSupremeHarmony,太和门青铜狮子,鎏金青铜狮子,花园里的鎏金青铜大象,青铜龟香炉,Doorsdecorations门的装饰,GateofMartialSpirit.,HallofUnion.,CarvedpanelonthedoorsattheHallofImperialSupremacy,HallofMentalCultivation,QugongMuseum故宫博物院,紫禁城也是北京故宫博物院的所在地,TheForbiddenCityisalsothehometothePalaceMuseum,Beijing.,Usingtimberasprimarybuildingmaterial,thisisthemostimportantsinglecharacteristicsofChine