Progress and grand challenge of the materials science and engineering.ppt

ProgressesandGrandChallengesfortheMaterialsScienceandEngineering(MSE),材料科学与工程的进展与挑战,2011.06,Outlines,IntroductiontoMaterialsScienceandEngineering（材料科学与工程简介）ChallengesfortheMaterialsScience（材料科学所取得的进展及遇到的挑战）Others,IntroductiontoMaterialsScienceandEngineering(MSE),Severalsimplequestions:,Whatdomaterialsscientistsandengineersstudy?Howsheetsteelcanbeprocessedtoproduceahigh-strength,lightweight,energyabsorbing,malleablematerialusedinthemanufactureofcarchassis?Canwemakeflexibleandlightweightelectroniccircuitsusingplastics?Whatisa“smartmaterial”?,“Engineersmakethings.Theymakethemoutofmaterials.”,Materialsscienceandengineering(MSE)isaninterdisciplinaryfieldconcernedwithinventingnewmaterialsandimprovingpreviouslyknownmaterialsbydevelopingadeeperunderstandingofthemicrostructure-composition-synthesis-processingrelationships.Thetermcompositionmeansthechemicalmake-upofamaterial.Thetermstructuremeansadescriptionofthearrangementofatoms.Thetermsynthesisreferstohowmaterialsaremadefromnaturallyoccurringorman-madechemicals.Thetermprocessingmeanshowmaterialsareshapedintousefulcomponentstocausechangesinthepropertiesofdifferentmaterials.Inmaterialsscience,theemphasisisontheunderlyingrelationshipsbetweenthesynthesisandprocessing,structureandpropertiesofmaterials.Inmaterialsengineering,thefocusisonhowtotranslateortransformmaterialsintoausefuldeviceorstructure.,TetrahedronofMSE,(组成与微观结构),(性能),(使用性能与成本),(制备与加工),Composition:theperiodictable,Crystalstructure（晶体结构）,cubic,orthorhombic,Rhombohedral,Tetragonal,Monoclinic,Triclinic,Hexagonal,Summaryof14Bravaisspacelattice.,quartzcrystal,Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+,Hemoglobinwithbackbonetracecoloredbychainandspacefilledhemes.,Crystalstructure,Diamond,Microstructure（微观结构）,gypsumcrystals,Somepolymersforminterestingcrystals.,Surfaceofanaluminiumoxideasfired,Castedtitanium,Elasticmodulus(E)Strength:yieldstrength,tensilestrength,compressivestrengthetc.FracturetoughnessDensityetc.,Mechanicalproperties（力学性能）,Sress-straindiagramformildsteel.,Thermalproperties（热性能）,Themaximumservicetemperature(Tmax)ThermalconductivityHeatcapacityThermaldiffusivityetc.,Theheatcapacityfunctionforlowtemperatures.,Electrical,magneticandopticalpropertiesChemicalproperties（电、磁、光及化学性能）,Theclassesofprocess.,Rawmaterials:ChemicalmethodsPhysicalmethods,Synthesisandprocessing（制备与加工）,Examplesofthefamiliesandclassesofmanufacturingprocesses.,Classificationofmaterials（材料的分类）,Integratedaerospikeengines,Titaniumhotstructures,Compositepropellanttanks,Compositeaeroshell,Metallicthermalprotectiontiles,Electricallyoperatedfightsurface,Sixconventionalfamiliesofengineeringmaterials（工程材料的六种分类）,Metalshaverelativelyhighstiffness,measuredbythemodulus,E.Most,whenpure,aresoftandeasilydeformed.Ceramicsarenon-metallic,inorganicsolid,likeporcelainoralumina.Glassesarenon-crystalline(amorphous)solods.Polymersareorganicsolidsbasedonlongchainsofcarbon(or,inafew,silicon)atoms.Elastomers-thematerialsofrubberbandsandrunningshoes-arepolymerswiththeuniquepropertythattheirstiffness,Eisextremelylow.Hybirds-compositematerialsmadebycombiningtwoormoreofothers.,Aerospacematerials:C-Ccomposites,SiO2,Amorphoussilicon,Al-alloys,SuperalloysBiomedicalmaterials:Titaniumalloys,Stainlesssteels,Shape-memoryalloys,Plastics,PZTElectronicmaterials:Si,GaAs,Ge,BaTiO3,PZT,YBa2Cu3O7-x,ConductingpolymersEnergytechnologyandenvironmentaltechnology:UO2,Ni-Cd,ZrO2,LiCoO2,AmorphousSi:H,TiO2nanomaterialsMagneticmaterials:Fe,Fe-Si,NiZn,Co-Pt-Ta-Cr,Fe2O3,Tb0.23Dy0.77Fe2,LaCaMnO3filmPhotonicoropticalmaterials:SiO2,GaAs,Glasses,Al2O3,YAG,LiNbO3Smartmaterials:PZT,Ni-Tishapememoryalloys,MRfluids,polymergelsStructuralmaterials:Steels,Aluminumalloys,Concrete,Fiberglass,Plastics,Wood,Functionalclassificationofmaterials（材料的功能性分类）,Materialsdesignandselection（材料设计与选择）,Embodimentsketchesforthefirstconcept:directpull,leveredpull,gearedpullandspring-assistedpull.Eachsystemismadeupofcomponentsthatperformasub-function.,Thenarrowingofmaterialsearchspacesasdesignconstrainsareapplied.,Theinteractionbetweendesignrequirements,materialshapeandprocess.,Thestrategyappliedtomaterials.Thesamestrategyislateradaptedtoselectprocesses.Therearefoursteps:translation,screening,rankingandsupportinginformation.,Materialsconsumption,energyandenvironment（材料的消耗、能源与环境危机）,Theconsumptionofhydrocarbons(left-handcolumn)andofengineeringmaterials(theothercolumns).,Thegrowthofmaterialsconsumption,Mostmaterialsarebeingconsumedataratethatisgrowingexponentiallywithtime,simplybecausebothpopulationandlivingstandardsgrowexponentially.,Exponentialgrowth.ConsumptionrateCdoublesinatimetd=70/r,whereristheannualgrowthrate.,Non-renewableresources!,Thematerialslifecycle,Thematerialslifecycle.Oreandfeedbackareminedandprocessedtoyieldamaterial.Thisismanufacturedintoaproductthatisusedand,attheendofitslife,discardedorrecycled.Energyandmaterialsareconsumedineachphase,generatingwasteheatandsolid,liquidandgaseousemissions.,Aninput-outputdiagramforPETproductionandforbottleproduction.,Asimplifiedinput-outputdiagramfortherecyclingofplasticstorecoverPET,anditsusetomakelower-gradeproductssuchasfleece.,Approximatevaluesfortheenergyconsumedateachphaseforarangeofproducts.Thecolumnshowtheapproximateembodiedenergy(Mat.),energytomanufacture(Manu.),useenergyoverdesignlife(Use)andenergyfordisposal(Displ.).,Rationaluseofthedatabasestartswithananalysisofthephaseoflifetobetargeted.Thedecisionthenguidesthemethodofselectiontominimizetheimpactofthephaseontheenvironment.,ChallengesfortheMaterialsScienceandEngineering(MSE)inthe21stCentury,Thetoptenadvancesinmaterialsscienceinthepast50years,Shouldanadvancealterourdailylives,ordoesfundamentallychangingtheresearcharenacount?,Materialstoday,2008,11,(1-2),Internationaltechnologyroadmapforsemiconductors(ITRS,国际半导体技术蓝图)Scanningprobemicroscopes(扫描探针显微镜)Giantmagnetoresistiveeffect(巨磁电阻效应)SemiconductorlasersandLEDs(半导体激光器与LED照明)Nationalnanotechnologyinitiative(美国国家纳米技术计划)Carbonfiberreinforcedplastics(碳纤维增强塑料)MaterialsforLiionbatteries(Li离子电池材料)Carbonnanotubes(碳纳米管)Softlithography(软模板印刷术)Metameterials(超材料),Internationaltechnologyroadmapforsemiconductors(ITRS),Itsnotaresearchdiscovery,solelyawayoforganizingresearchprioritiesandplanningRthismaybeeithertheshortrangerepulsiveforce(incontact-mode)orthelongerrangeattractiveforce(innon-contactmode).,Nickel(110),Thesmallestlogousing35xenonatomsonaNiplate.,TheMillipedeproject,HighperformanceSTMimageshowingatomicresolutiononSi(111)7x7,Au(111)polycrystallinefilmonaglasssubstrate-inpurecontactmodeAFM.,Giantmagnetoresistiveeffect,The2007NobelPrizeforPhysicswentjointlytoAlbertFertofUniversityParis-Sud,France,andPeterGrunbergofForschungszentrumJulich,Germany,forindependentlydiscoveringthegiantmagnetoresistance(GMR).Giantmagnetoresistance(GMR)isaquantummechanicaleffect,atypeofmagnetoresistanceeffect,observedinthinfilmstructurescomposedofalternatingferromagneticandnonmagneticmetallayers.,MagnetoresistanceeffectMagnetoresistiveeffect(MR):1857,LordKelvinGMR:1988Tunnelmagnetoresistance(TMR):1975,MichelJulliereColossalmagnetoresistance(CMR):1993,vonHelmoltAnisotropemagnetoresistance(AMR):1857,Thomson,ApplicationsofGMR:Thereadheadsinmodernharddrives.Themagnnetoresistiverandomaccessmemory(MRAM),atypeofnon-volatilesemiconductormemory,SemiconductorlasersandLEDs,Thesemiconductorlasersandlight-emittingdiodes(LEds)arenowthebasisoftelecommunications,CDandDVDplayers,laserprinters.Theadventofsolid-statelightingisalsolikelytomakeasignificantcontributiontoreducingourenergyusage.Alight-emittingdiode(LED)isasemiconductordiodethatemitsincoherentnarrow-spectrumlightwhenelectricallybiasedintheforwarddirectionofthep-njunction,asinthecommonLED.Alaserdiodeisalaserwhereactivemediumisasemiconductor.Themostcommonandpracticaltypeoflaserisformedfromap-njunctionandpoweredbyinjectedcurrent.Sothesedevicesaresometimesreferredtoasinjectionlaserdiodestodistinguishthemfrom(optically)pumpedlasersdiodes.,Apackagedlaserdiodewithpennyforscale.,Green,blueandredLEDs.,Imageofactuallaserdiodechipshownontheearofaneedleforscale.,WhyLEDs?,AdvantagesGreatstrideinpowerandefficiency100,000hoursofworkcomparedto1000hoursoflifetimeforincandescentbulbs.LEDs:capableofemittinglightofanintendedcolorwithouttheuseofcolorfiltersthattraditionallightingmethodsrequire.TheshapeoftheLEDpackageallowslighttobefocused.Incandescentandfluorescentsourcesoftenrequireanexternalreflectortocollectlightanddirectitinauseablemanner.LEDsareinsensitivetovibrationandshocks,unlikeincandescentanddischargesources.LEDsarebuiltinsidesolidcasesthatprotectthem,makingthemhardtobreakandextremelydurable,WhiteLEDs,Application,Nationalnanotechnologyinitiative,USpresidentBillClintonannouncedtheestablishmentoftheNationalNanotechnologyInitiative(NNI)in2000.In2003,USpresidentGeorgeW.Bushsignedintolawthe21stNanotechnologyResearchandDevelopmentArt.,GoaloftheNNIAdvanceaworld-classnanotechnologyresearchanddevelopmentprogram.Fosterthetransferofnewtechnologiesintoproductsforcommercialandpublicbenefit.Developandsustaineducationalresources,askilledworkforce,andthesupportinginfrastructureandtoolstoadvancenanotechnologySupportresponsibledevelopmentofnanotechnology,Carbonfiberreinforcedplastics,Carbonfiberreinforcedplastics(CFRPorCRP)isaverystrong,lightandexpansivecompositematerial.Ithasmanyapplicationsinaerospaceandautomotivefields,aswellasinsailboats,andnotablyinmodernbicyclesandmotorcycles,whereitshighstrengthtoweightratioisofimportance.Carbonfiberreinforcedplastics(CFRPs)haveanalmostinfiniteservicelifetimewhenprotectedfromthesun.,A6mdiametercarbonfilamentcomparedtoahumanhair.,TailofanRChelicopter,madeofCFRP,CFRPswereattheheartofthisbikebuiltbyLotusEngineeringforthe1992BarcelonaOlympics.IthelpedChrisBoardmanwingold.,MaterialsforLiionbatteries,LiionbatteriesareatypeofrechargeablebatteryinwhichaLiionmovebetweentheanodeandcathode.,“ImagineyourelectricalequipmentpoweredbyLithiumionbatteryrefusetodieoutofcharge.Imagineyour2hourbatterybackupofyourlaptopincreasesto20hours.6daysofstandbytimeofcellphonesincreasesto60daysi.e2months(chargingamobilejust6timesayear!woooaaahhh):-O,Workingprinciple,LiionbatteryusesLiCoO2(orLiMnO2,LiFePO4,Li2FePO4F)aspositiveelectrode-cathode-andahighcrystallizedspecialcarbonasnegativeelectrode-anode.,FeaturesofLiionbattery:Highenergydensitythatreaches400Wh/Lor160Wh/KgHighvoltage.Nominalvoltageof3,6Voreven3,7VonnewerLi-IonbatteriesNomemoryeffect.Canbechargedanytime,buttheyarenotasdurableasNiMHandNiCdbatteriesHighchargecurrents(0,5-1A)thatleadtosmallchargingtimes(around2-4hours)FlatdischargevoltageallowingthedevicetostablepowerthroughoutthedischargeperiodTypicalchargingVoltage4,20,05VChargingmethod:constantcurrent-constantvoltage(CV-CC)Typicaloperationvoltage2,8Vto4,2VRecommendedtemperaturerange0-40oC,Carbonnanotubes,Carbonnanotubes(CNTs)areallotropesofcarbonwithananostructurethatcanhavealength-to-diameterratiogreaterthan1,000,000.Theyexhibitextraordinarystrengthanduniqueelectricalproperties,andareefficientconductorsofheat.Thesecylindricalcarbonmoleculeshavenovelpropertiesthatmakethempotentiallyusefulinmanyapplicationsinnanotechnology,electronics,opticsandotherfieldsofmaterialsscience,aswellasextensiveuseinarcologyandotherarchitecturalfields.,3D-modleofthreetypesofsingle-walledcarbonnanotubes.,Theanimationofarotatingcarbonnanotubeshowsits3Dstructure.,Typesofcarbonnanotubesandrelatedstructures,Single-walledMulti-walledFulleriteTorusNanobud,Softlithography,Intechnology,softlithographyreferstoasetofmethodsforfabricatingorreplicatingstructuresusingelastomericstamps,molds,andconformablephotomasks.ItiscalledsoftbecauseituseselastomericmaterialsmostnotablyPDMS.Softlithographyisgenerallyusedtoconstructfeaturesmeasuredonthenanometerscale.MicroContactPronting(CP)Repl