2010考研真题完形填空原文及译文

2010考研英语知识来源及翻译的部分使用满学海文在2010年考研英语知识利用部分，这篇文章使用了2009年6月6日发表在经济学经济学人杂志上的文章，是对社会学经典理论霍桑效应的批判和反思。文章的难度适中。命题专家在出题的时候也写了一些。以下是问题的原文和译文。质疑霍桑效应照明的作用Questioning the Hawthorne effect原始：when America s national research Council sent two engineers to supervise a series of industrial experiments at a large telephone-parts factsthe idea arose behavior of the women who assembled relays and wound coils of wire in the hawthorn e plant .according to accou Nts of the experiments，their hourly output rose when lighting was increated，but also when it was dimmed。it did not matter whatwas doneSo long as something was changed，productivity rose。an awareeness that they were being experiented upon seemed to be enough to alter workers s behaviour by itself .the data from the illumination experiments had never been rigorously analysed And were believed lost . but Steven Levitt And John list，Two econon onethe hawthorn e experiements hawthorn another surprise in store for them .contract to The descriptions in The literature，they found no systematic evidence that levels of productivity in The factory rose whenever channeverit turns out that idio syncrasies in the way the experiements were conducted may have led to misleading interpretation of what happensed。for example，Lighting was always changed on a Sunday，when the plant was closed。when it reopen on Monday，output duly rose compared with Saturday，The last working day before The change，And continued to rise for the nextbut a comparison with data for weeks when there was no experiemention showred that output always we Nt up on Mondays。workers tended to beaver away for the first few days of the working week in any case，before hitting a plateau and then slankeen ing off。another of the original observations was that output fell when the trials ceased，Suggesting that the act of experiementation caused increatedbut experiementation stopped in the summer，And it turns out from the records of production after the experiements that output tended to fall in ttoperhaps workers were just hot。there is a suggestion in the data that productivity was more responsive to changes in artificial than natural light . this could be interpreted as a subbut even this evidence is weak。for something so influential and intuitial ey applealing，It turns out that the hawthorn e effect is remark ably hard to pin down。翻译：美国国家研究委员会(NRC)(注1)希望两位工程师被派往芝加哥附近的大型电话零件制造商Hawthorne工厂3354，指挥一系列工业实验时，了解工厂照明如何影响工人的生产力。但是遗憾的是，这些研究以“Hawthorne”效应的结论粗略地结束，这个非常有影响力的结论是，仅凭实验就足以改变实验对象的行为。这个结论来自组装继电器，缠绕线圈的产业界女性的可疑行为。实验记录显示，无论他们是加强还是减少照明，每小时的产出都会提高。不管做了什么；发生变化将提高工人的生产率。也就是说，仅凭别人的实验本身就能改变工人的行为。从照明实验中获得的这些数据从未被严密分析过，并被认为丢失了。但是，来自芝加哥大学的经济学家Steven Levitt和John List发现，这些数据在密尔沃基和波士顿的两个存档中保存了数十年，他们决定通过经济分析重新研究。在Hawthorne实验中，还有另一个“惊喜”在等他们。他们发现，没有系统的证据表明，随着光的变化，工厂的生产用水增加，这与这个实验的论文相矛盾。这可能是实验采取的异想天开的方法，使人们得出了所发生的错误的结论。例如，每周日工厂关闭时，照明可能会发生变化。因此，周一恢复工作时，产量会比光改变前最后一个工作日按时上升更多，日子会持续增加。但是在比较没有实验的一周的数据时，他们发现产品星期一也经常上涨。不管情况如何，工人们通常每周在停滞和放松之前努力工作几天。另一种原始观察发现，每次实验停止，产出就会减少，这被认为是进行的实验导致了生产率的提高。但是实验在夏天中断了