软件工程-实践者的研究方法 (10).ppt

1,Chapter11,UserInterfaceDesign,SoftwareEngineering:APractitionersApproach,7/ebyRogerS.Pressman,2,InterfaceDesign,lackofconsistencytoomuchmemorizationnoguidance/helpnocontextsensitivitypoorresponseunfriendly,TypicalDesignErrors,Easytouse?,Easytounderstand?,Easytolearn?,InterfaceDesign,3,什么是人机交互窗口、报告的设计格式为什么需要人机交互的设计人如何命令系统系统如何向人/用户提交信息如何设计人机交互对人进行分类描述人和他们的任务设计命令层次菜单：下拉、弹出、加亮等设计详细的交互根据GUI进行设计字型、坐标位置、事件、触发,4,GoldenRules,PlacetheuserincontrolReducetheusersmemoryloadMaketheinterfaceconsistent,5,PlacetheUserinControl,Defineinteractionmodesinawaythatdoesnotforceauserintounnecessaryorundesiredactions.Provideforflexibleinteraction.Allowuserinteractiontobeinterruptibleandundoable.Streamline(简化以提高效率)interactionandallowtheinteractiontobecustomized.Hidetechnicalinternalsfromtheuser.Designfordirectinteractionwithobjectsthatappearonthescreen.,6,ReducetheUsersMemoryLoad,Reducedemandonshort-termmemory.Establishmeaningfuldefaults.Defineshortcutsthatareintuitive(凭直觉的).Thevisuallayoutoftheinterfaceshouldbebasedonarealworldmetaphor(象征).Disclose(揭开)informationinaprogressivefashion.,7,MaketheInterfaceConsistent,Allowtheusertoputthecurrenttaskintoameaningfulcontext.Maintainconsistencyacrossafamilyofapplications.Ifpastinteractivemodelshavecreateduserexpectations,donotmakechangesunlessthereisacompellingreasontodoso.,8,UserInterfaceDesignModels,Usermodelaprofile(轮廓)ofallendusersofthesystemDesignmodeladesignrealizationoftheusermodelMental(构思)modeltheusersmentalimageofwhattheinterfaceisImplementationmodeltheinterface“lookandfeel”coupledwithsupportinginformationthatdescribeinterfacesyntaxandsemantics,9,UserInterfaceDesignProcess,10,InterfaceAnalysis,Interfaceanalysismeansunderstanding(1)thepeople(end-users)whowillinteractwiththesystemthroughtheinterface;(2)thetasksthatend-usersmustperformtodotheirwork,(3)thecontentthatispresentedaspartoftheinterface(4)theenvironmentinwhichthesetaskswillbeconducted.,人机界面设计思想,计算机按照机器的特性去行为，人按照自己的方式去思维和行为。要把人的思维和行为转换成机器可接受的方式，把机器的行为转换成人可接受的方式，这个转换就是人机界面。一个友好美观的界面会给人带来舒适的视觉享受。界面设计不是单纯的美术绘画，他需要定位使用者、使用环境、使用方式并为最终用户而设计，是科学性的艺术设计。检验界面的唯一标准是最终用户的感受。,11,12,UserAnalysis,Areuserstrainedprofessionals,technician,ormanufacturingworkers?Aretheuserscapableoflearningfromwrittenmaterials?Whatistheagerangeoftheusercommunity?Dousersworknormalofficehoursordotheyworkuntilthejobisdone?Isthesoftwaretobeanintegralpartoftheworkusersdoorwillitbeusedonlyoccasionally?Whatistheprimaryspokenlanguageamongusers?Whataretheconsequencesifausermakesamistakeusingthesystem?Douserswanttoknowaboutthetechnologythesitsbehindtheinterface?,13,TaskAnalysisandModeling,AnswersthefollowingquestionsWhatworkwilltheuserperforminspecificcircumstances?Whattasksandsubtaskswillbeperformedastheuserdoesthework?Whatspecificproblemdomainobjectswilltheusermanipulateasworkisperformed?Whatisthesequenceofworktaskstheworkflow?Whatisthehierarchyoftasks?Use-casesdefinebasicinteractionTaskelaborationrefinesinteractivetasksObjectelaborationidentifiesinterfaceobjects(classes)Workflowanalysisdefineshowaworkprocessiscompletedwhenseveralpeople(androles)areinvolved,14,AnalysisofDisplayContent,Theformatandaesthetics(美感)ofthecontentareconsidered.Aredifferenttypesofdataassignedtoconsistentgeographiclocationsonthescreen(e.g.,photosalwaysappearintheupperrighthandcorner)?Cantheusercustomizethescreenlocationforcontent?Ifalargereportistobepresented,howshoulditbepartitionedforeaseofunderstanding?Willmechanismsbeavailableformovingdirectlytosummaryinformationforlargecollectionsofdata.Willgraphicaloutputbescaledtofitwithintheboundsofthedisplaydevicethatisused?Howwillcolortobeusedtoenhanceunderstanding?Howwillerrormessagesandwarningbepresentedtotheuser?,15,InterfaceDesignSteps,Defineinterfaceobjectsandoperations.Defineevents(useractions)thatwillcausethestateoftheuserinterfacetochange.Modelthisbehavior.Depicteachinterfacestateasitwillactuallylooktotheend-user.Indicatehowtheuserinterpretsthestateofthesystemfrominformationprovidedthroughtheinterface.,16,MappingUserObjectives,17,InterfaceDesign-Example,2020/6/9,18,InterfaceDesign-Example,19,InterfaceDesign-Example,20,InterfaceDesign-Example,21,AestheticDesign,Dontbeafraidofwhitespace.Emphasizecontent.Organizelayoutelementsfromtop-lefttobottomright.Groupnavigation,content,andfunctiongeograph