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,Chapter2CommunicationandInterculturalCommunication,Anidiom,Humanbeingsdrawclosetooneanotherbytheircommonnature,buthabitsandcustomskeepthemapart.,Confucius,Learningobjectives:,Chapter3Communication,1.Toknowdifferentdefinitionsandcomponentsofcommunication2.Toidentifythecharacteristicsofcommunication3.Toknowtherelationshipbetweencultureandcommunication4.Toknowthedefinitionandthefourformsofinterculturalcommunication.,ChapterOutline,PartI,Backgroundthatis,effectivenessisevaluatedintermsofsuccessinthemanipulationofotherstoachieveonespersonalgoal.,Chapter3Communication,Easternperspectiveofcommunication(东方人的观点),DefinitionsofcommunicationfrommanyAsiancountriesstressharmony,whichismostnotableincultureswithaConfuciantradition.Easternculturesunderstandingwoulddefinecommunicationasaprocesswhereallpartiesaresearchingtodevelopandmaintainasocialrelationship.,Chapter3Communication,2.Componentsofcommunication,Asender/sourceisthepersonwhotransmitsamessage.,Amessageisanysignalthattriggerstheresponseofareceiver.,Encodingreferstotheactivityduringwhichthesendermustchoosecertainwordsornonverbalmethodstosendanintentionalmessage.,Chapter3Communication,Encoding(编码),Channel/Medium(渠道),Channel/Mediumisthemethodusedtodeliveramessage.,Message(信息),Sender/Source(信息源),Decoding(解码),Decodingistheactivityduringwhichthereceiverattachesmeaningtothewordsorsymbolshe/shehasreceived.,Receiver(信息接收者),Areceiverisanypersonwhonoticesandgivessomemeaningtoamessage.,Feedback(反馈),Theresponseofareceivertoasendersmessageiscalledfeedback.,Noise(干扰),Noiseisatermusedforfactorsthatinterferewiththeexchangeofmessages,includingexternalnoise,physiologicalnoise,psychologicalnoiseandsemanticnoise.Noiseisinevitable.,(1)ExternalNoise,Soundsthatdistractcommunicators:voicesinthenextroom;annoyingringofsomeonescellphoneinameeting;etc.Othertypesofexternalnoisethatdontinvolvesound:anovercrowdedroomorasmellycigar,(2)PhysiologicalNoiseillnessesanddisabilities,(3)PsychologicalNoiseforceswiththesenderorreceiverthatinterferewithunderstanding:egotism;hostility;preoccupation;fear;etc.,(4)SemanticNoisecausedbyusingdifferentlanguages;theuseofjargon;differentunderstandingofthemessagedelivered;etc.,THECOMMUNICATIONPROCESS,Classactivity,Chapter3Communication,PictureAnalysisWhatarethecomponentsofcommunicationreflectedinthefollowingpicture?,TextBCharacteristicsofCommunication,Pre-readingTask:,Teacher:Whocanguesswhatitisasmallanimalwithfourlegsthatpeopleoftenkeepasapetandcancatchmiceeasily?,Communicationisdynamic(动态的),Communicationisanongoingactivity.Itisnotfixed.Awordoractiondoesnotstayfrozenwhenyoucommunicate;itisimmediatelyreplacedwithyetanotherwordoraction.,b.Communicationissystematic(系统性的),Communicationdoesnotoccurinisolationorinavacuum,butratherispartofalargersystem.Wesendandreceivemessagesnotinisolation,butinaspecificsetting.Settingandenvironmenthelpdeterminethewordsandactionswegenerate.Dress,language,topicselection,andthelikearealladaptedtocontext.,c.Communicationissymbolic(符号性的),Symbolsarecentraltothecommunicationprocessbecausetheyrepresentthesharedmeaningsthatarecommunicated.Asymbolisaword,action,orobjectthatstandsfororrepresentsaunitofmeaning.Peoplesbehaviorsarefrequentlyinterpretedsymbolically,asanexternalrepresentationoffeelings,emotions,andinternalstates.,d.Communicationisirreversible(不可逆转的),Communicationisanirreversibleprocess.Wecanneverundowhathasalreadybeendone.Althoughwemaytrytoqualify,negate,orsomehowreducetheeffectsofourmessage,onceithasbeensentandreceived,themessageitselfcannotbereversed.,e.Communicationistransactional(交互式的),Atransactionalviewholdsthatcommunicatorsaresimultaneouslysendingandreceivingmessagesateveryinstantthattheyareinvolvedinconversations.,f.Communicationisself-reflective(自省的),Humanbeingshaveauniqueabilitytothinkaboutthemselves,towatchhowtheydefinetheworld,andtoreflectontheirpast,present,andfuture.,g.Communicationiscontextual(情境的),Allcommunicationtakesplacewithinasettingorsituationcalledacontext.Bycontext,wemeantheplacewherepeoplemeet,thesocialpurposeforbeingtogether,andthenatureoftherelationship.Thusthecontextincludesthephysical,social,andinterpersonalsettings.,TextCCultureandCommunication,ACTIVITY:,GESTURES/FACIALEXPRESSIONSAREDETERMINEDBYCULTURE,CULTUREANDCOMMUNICATION,Therelationshipbetweencommunicationandculture:Communicationandculturearetwosynonymoustermsandtheyareinseparable.Cultureislearned,actedout,transmitted,andpreservedthroughcommunication.Cultureinherentlycontaincommunicationsystems.,Therelationshipbetweencultureandcommunicationiscomparedtotherelationshipbetweenamapandajourney.Howdoyouunderstandandinterpretthissimile?,Answer:Culturesareboththemapsofaplace(therulesandconventions)andthejourneysthattakeplacethere(actualpractices).,Thewaycultureaffectscommunicationstyle:Eachcultureencouragesaparticularcommunicationstyleexpectedwithinit.Thisimpliesnotonlyusingcorrectsymbols,butalsoapplyingtheappropriatecommunicationstylefortheoccasion.Communicationstylesincludemannerisms,phrases,ritualsandcommunicationcustomsappropriateforvarioussituationsinaculture.Areaslikeloudness,pitch,rate,andcertainstancesandgesturescharacterizecommunicationbehaviors.Aspecificcultureexpectsan“ideal”communicationstyle.,Interculturalcommunicationdefined,TextD,Interculturalcommunicationreferstocommunicationbetweenpeoplewhoseculturalperceptionandsymbolsystemaredistinctenoughtoalterthecommunicationevent.,FormsofInterculturalcommunication,a.InternationalCommunication(国际交流)b.InterethnicCommunication(跨种族交际)c.InterracialCommunication(跨民族交际)raculturalCommunication(文化内交际),Internationalcommunication(国际交流),InternationalcommunicationtakesplacebetweenNationsandgovernmentsratherthanindividuals;itisquiteformalandritualized(仪式化).,UnitedNationsConference,Interracialcommunication跨种族交际,Interracialcommunicationoccurswhenthesenderandthereceiverexchangingmessagesarefromdifferentraces.,Interethniccommunication(跨民族交际),Interethniccommunicationreferstocommunicationbetweenpeopleofthesameracebutdifferentethnicbackgrounds.,Intraculturalcommunication文化内交际,Itisdefinedascommunicationbetweenoramongmembersofthesameculture.,PartIII,Task(atleast10min),PleasematchColumnAwithColumnB.,ComponentsofCommunication,sender,encoding,context,receiver,decoding,feedback,chanel,message,noise,Whatarethecomponentsofcommunication?,Case-analysis:WhyDontYouEatThePizza?,ReadtheCaseandanalyzeit.1.Kenneth,anAmericanstudent.2.Verno
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