跨文化交际-黑龙江大学-崔常亮老师-chapter 2 Communication and International Communication.ppt

,Chapter2CommunicationandInterculturalCommunication,Anidiom,Humanbeingsdrawclosetooneanotherbytheircommonnature,buthabitsandcustomskeepthemapart.,Confucius,Learningobjectives:,Chapter3Communication,1.Toknowdifferentdefinitionsandcomponentsofcommunication2.Toidentifythecharacteristicsofcommunication3.Toknowtherelationshipbetweencultureandcommunication4.Toknowthedefinitionandthefourformsofinterculturalcommunication.,ChapterOutline,PartI,Backgroundthatis,effectivenessisevaluatedintermsofsuccessinthemanipulationofotherstoachieveonespersonalgoal.,Chapter3Communication,Easternperspectiveofcommunication（东方人的观点）,DefinitionsofcommunicationfrommanyAsiancountriesstressharmony,whichismostnotableincultureswithaConfuciantradition.Easternculturesunderstandingwoulddefinecommunicationasaprocesswhereallpartiesaresearchingtodevelopandmaintainasocialrelationship.,Chapter3Communication,2.Componentsofcommunication,Asender/sourceisthepersonwhotransmitsamessage.,Amessageisanysignalthattriggerstheresponseofareceiver.,Encodingreferstotheactivityduringwhichthesendermustchoosecertainwordsornonverbalmethodstosendanintentionalmessage.,Chapter3Communication,Encoding（编码）,Channel/Medium（渠道）,Channel/Mediumisthemethodusedtodeliveramessage.,Message（信息）,Sender/Source（信息源）,Decoding（解码）,Decodingistheactivityduringwhichthereceiverattachesmeaningtothewordsorsymbolshe/shehasreceived.,Receiver（信息接收者）,Areceiverisanypersonwhonoticesandgivessomemeaningtoamessage.,Feedback（反馈）,Theresponseofareceivertoasendersmessageiscalledfeedback.,Noise（干扰）,Noiseisatermusedforfactorsthatinterferewiththeexchangeofmessages,includingexternalnoise，physiologicalnoise,psychologicalnoiseandsemanticnoise.Noiseisinevitable.,(1)ExternalNoise,Soundsthatdistractcommunicators:voicesinthenextroom;annoyingringofsomeonescellphoneinameeting;etc.Othertypesofexternalnoisethatdontinvolvesound:anovercrowdedroomorasmellycigar,(2)PhysiologicalNoiseillnessesanddisabilities,(3)PsychologicalNoiseforceswiththesenderorreceiverthatinterferewithunderstanding:egotism;hostility;preoccupation;fear;etc.,(4)SemanticNoisecausedbyusingdifferentlanguages;theuseofjargon;differentunderstandingofthemessagedelivered;etc.,THECOMMUNICATIONPROCESS,Classactivity,Chapter3Communication,PictureAnalysisWhatarethecomponentsofcommunicationreflectedinthefollowingpicture?,TextBCharacteristicsofCommunication,Pre-readingTask:,Teacher:Whocanguesswhatitisasmallanimalwithfourlegsthatpeopleoftenkeepasapetandcancatchmiceeasily?,Communicationisdynamic（动态的）,Communicationisanongoingactivity.Itisnotfixed.Awordoractiondoesnotstayfrozenwhenyoucommunicate;itisimmediatelyreplacedwithyetanotherwordoraction.,b.Communicationissystematic（系统性的）,Communicationdoesnotoccurinisolationorinavacuum,butratherispartofalargersystem.Wesendandreceivemessagesnotinisolation,butinaspecificsetting.Settingandenvironmenthelpdeterminethewordsandactionswegenerate.Dress,language,topicselection,andthelikearealladaptedtocontext.,c.Communicationissymbolic（符号性的）,Symbolsarecentraltothecommunicationprocessbecausetheyrepresentthesharedmeaningsthatarecommunicated.Asymbolisaword,action,orobjectthatstandsfororrepresentsaunitofmeaning.Peoplesbehaviorsarefrequentlyinterpretedsymbolically,asanexternalrepresentationoffeelings,emotions,andinternalstates.,d.Communicationisirreversible（不可逆转的）,Communicationisanirreversibleprocess.Wecanneverundowhathasalreadybeendone.Althoughwemaytrytoqualify,negate,orsomehowreducetheeffectsofourmessage,onceithasbeensentandreceived,themessageitselfcannotbereversed.,e.Communicationistransactional（交互式的）,Atransactionalviewholdsthatcommunicatorsaresimultaneouslysendingandreceivingmessagesateveryinstantthattheyareinvolvedinconversations.,f.Communicationisself-reflective（自省的）,Humanbeingshaveauniqueabilitytothinkaboutthemselves,towatchhowtheydefinetheworld,andtoreflectontheirpast,present,andfuture.,g.Communicationiscontextual（情境的）,Allcommunicationtakesplacewithinasettingorsituationcalledacontext.Bycontext,wemeantheplacewherepeoplemeet,thesocialpurposeforbeingtogether,andthenatureoftherelationship.Thusthecontextincludesthephysical,social,andinterpersonalsettings.,TextCCultureandCommunication,ACTIVITY:,GESTURES/FACIALEXPRESSIONSAREDETERMINEDBYCULTURE,CULTUREANDCOMMUNICATION,Therelationshipbetweencommunicationandculture:Communicationandculturearetwosynonymoustermsandtheyareinseparable.Cultureislearned,actedout,transmitted,andpreservedthroughcommunication.Cultureinherentlycontaincommunicationsystems.,Therelationshipbetweencultureandcommunicationiscomparedtotherelationshipbetweenamapandajourney.Howdoyouunderstandandinterpretthissimile?,Answer:Culturesareboththemapsofaplace(therulesandconventions)andthejourneysthattakeplacethere(actualpractices).,Thewaycultureaffectscommunicationstyle:Eachcultureencouragesaparticularcommunicationstyleexpectedwithinit.Thisimpliesnotonlyusingcorrectsymbols,butalsoapplyingtheappropriatecommunicationstylefortheoccasion.Communicationstylesincludemannerisms,phrases,ritualsandcommunicationcustomsappropriateforvarioussituationsinaculture.Areaslikeloudness,pitch,rate,andcertainstancesandgesturescharacterizecommunicationbehaviors.Aspecificcultureexpectsan“ideal”communicationstyle.,Interculturalcommunicationdefined,TextD,Interculturalcommunicationreferstocommunicationbetweenpeoplewhoseculturalperceptionandsymbolsystemaredistinctenoughtoalterthecommunicationevent.,FormsofInterculturalcommunication,a.InternationalCommunication（国际交流）b.InterethnicCommunication（跨种族交际）c.InterracialCommunication（跨民族交际）raculturalCommunication（文化内交际）,Internationalcommunication（国际交流）,InternationalcommunicationtakesplacebetweenNationsandgovernmentsratherthanindividuals;itisquiteformalandritualized(仪式化).,UnitedNationsConference,Interracialcommunication跨种族交际,Interracialcommunicationoccurswhenthesenderandthereceiverexchangingmessagesarefromdifferentraces.,Interethniccommunication（跨民族交际）,Interethniccommunicationreferstocommunicationbetweenpeopleofthesameracebutdifferentethnicbackgrounds.,Intraculturalcommunication文化内交际,Itisdefinedascommunicationbetweenoramongmembersofthesameculture.,PartIII,Task(atleast10min),PleasematchColumnAwithColumnB.,ComponentsofCommunication,sender,encoding,context,receiver,decoding,feedback,chanel,message,noise,Whatarethecomponentsofcommunication?,Case-analysis:WhyDontYouEatThePizza?,ReadtheCaseandanalyzeit.1.Kenneth,anAmericanstudent.2.Verno