法律英语课件 (13).ppt

LessonFive,Constitution,Nosocietycanmakeaperpetualconstitution,orevenaperpetuallaw.ThomasJefferson,Americapresident没有哪个社会可以制订一部永远适用的宪法，甚至一条永远适用的法律。美国总统杰斐逊T,Background,CommonLaw-EquityLaw,SubstantiveLaw-ProceduralLaw,PublicLaw-PrivateLaw,法律分类,HistoryoftheConstitution,ArticlesofConfederationandPerpetualUnion联邦条例(1777),HistoryoftheConstitution,THEUNITEDSTATESCONSTITUTION(1789),PreambleArticleI-LegislativeDepartmentArticleII-ExecutiveDepartmentArticleIII-JudicialDepartmentArticleIV-StatesRelationsArticleV-ModeofAmendmentArticleVI-PriorDebts,NationalSupremacyandOathsofOfficeArticleVII-Ratification,PREAMBLE,WethePeopleoftheUnitedStates,inOrdertoformamoreperfectUnion,establishJustice,insuredomesticTranquility,provideforthecommondefense,promotethegeneralWelfare,andsecuretheBlessingsofLibertytoourselvesandourPosterity,doordainandestablishthisConstitutionfortheUnitedStatesofAmerica.我们合众国人民，为建立更完善的联邦，树立正义，保障国内安宁，提供共同防务，促进公共福利，并使我们自己和后代得享自由的幸福，特为美利坚合众国制定本宪法。,HistoryoftheConstitution,Amendments(1-27)THEFIRST10AMENDMENTSTOTHEU.S.CONSTITUTIONBILLOFRIGHTS权利和自由修正案,PartOne:Theconstitutionassupremelaw,supremelawoftheland.宪法是美国最高法律。WhenstateconstitutionsorlawspassedbystatelegislaturesorthenationalCongressconflictwiththefederalConstitution,theyhavenoforce.,没有效力,DecisionshandeddownbytheSupremeCourthaveconfirmedandstrengthened“Doctrineofconstitutionalsupremacy”联邦最高法院宣布的决定证实并加强了宪法至上原则。,FinalauthorityisvestedintheAmericanpeople.最终权力属于美国人民changethefundamentallaw,Theday-to-daybusinessofgovernmentisdelegatedbythepeopletopublicofficials.人民将日常政治工作委托给公务员。,Elected选举,Appointed委任,Publicofficials,Powerislimited.权力受限制。TheirpublicactionsmustconformtotheConstitutionandtothelawsmadeinaccordwiththeConstitution.他们的公共行为必须符合宪法和依照宪法制定的法律。,Electedofficialsmuststandforre-electionatperiodicintervals,whentheirrecordsaresubjecttointensivepublicscrutiny.选举产生的官员要接受定期重新选举，其政绩要受到公众全面监督。,Appointedofficialsserveatthepleasureofthepersonorauthoritywhoappointedthem,andmayberemovedwhentheirperformanceisunsatisfactory.委任的官员应该让任命他们的人或机构满意。如果他们的政绩令人不满意，他们就会被撤职。,Exception,JusticesoftheSupremeCourtandotherfederaljudges,Lifetimeappointment,Ballotbox,TheAmericanpeopleexpresstheirwillthroughtheballotbox.,美国人通过投票箱表达他们的意愿。,Theprocessofimpeachment弹劾程序,removalofapublicofficialfromoffice将一个政府官员撤职Incaseofextrememisconductormalfeasance严重失职或渎职,宪法第条第项：,总统、副总统和合众国的所有文职官员，凡受叛国、贿赂或其他重罪轻罪的弹劾并被判定有罪时，应被免职。,Treason叛国罪,Bribery受贿罪,Misdemeanor轻罪,Otherhighcrimes其他重罪,Impeachment,HouseofRepresentativesvoteabillofimpeachment.众议院投票通过弹劾议案Senate,withtheChiefJusticeoftheUnitedStatespresidingatthetrail.在参议院，由首席大法官主持审判,众议院是作为起诉人的角色，而参议院充当弹劾法庭的角色,Impeachment,Drasticmeasure严厉措施Only13U.S.officialshavebeenimpeached只有13名联邦官员受到弹劾,JudgesAssociateJusticeoftheSupremeCourtSecretaryofWarSenatorpresident,参议院的审理结果是：,名法官中，人被宣判有罪而被免职，人被宣布无罪；以无管辖权为由驳回了众议院对参议员的起诉；以一票之差宣告约翰逊总统无罪；宣告陆军部长无罪。,AndrewJohnson,站在南方种植园奴隶主的立场，实施了一系列重建南方的反动措施，遭到控制国会的共和党激进派的强烈反对。,AndrewJohnson(18081875),RichardNixon,InlateJulyof1974,theHouseJudiciaryCommitteerecommendedthatNixonbeImpeachedonthreecharges:obstructionofjustice,abuseofpresidentialpowers,andtryingtoimpedetheimpeachmentprocessbydefyingtheirsubpoenas.,Watergatecrisis,BillClinton（1946-）,ZippergateandClinton:Impeachment,Threebranchesofthenationalgovernment,Legislative立法机关,Executive执法机关,Judicial司法机关,Part2:Theprinciplesofgovernment,Threemainbranchesofgovernmentareseparatedanddistinctfromoneanother.三个主要的政府机构相互独立和区别。Thepowersgiventoeacharedelicatelybalancedbythepowersoftheothertwo.给予一个机构的权力受到另两个机构的微妙制约。,Eachbranchservesasacheckonpotentialexcessesoftheothers.每一个部门都作为对其他部门可能滥用职权的制约。,CongressandtheCourtsbalanceeachother.Congressmakeslaws,buttheCourtsinterpretthem.TheSupremeCourtdecidesifalawfitsthemeaningoftheConstitution.,Congress-CourtsKeepingtheBalance,Congress-PresidentKeepingtheBalance,ThePresidenthasspecialwaystocheckCongressandCongresshasspecialwaystocheckthePresident.ThePresidentchecksCongresswhenhevetoesabill.Congresscancheckhimifa2/3majorityvotestooverridehisveto.,宪法至上,TheConstitution,law,andtreatiesenteredintobythePresidentandapprovedbytheSenate,standsaboveallotherlaws,executiveactsandregulations.宪法、按照宪法规定通过的法律以及总统签署、参议院批准的条约高于其他法律、行政法和条例。,Equal,Allmenareequalbeforethelaw.法律面前人人平等。Allmenareequallyentitledtolawsprotection.所有人都有权享有法律的保护。Allstatesareequal.所有的州都平等。,Stategovernment，likethefederalgovernment,mustberepublicaninform,withfinalauthorityrestinginthepeople.与联邦政府一样，州政府形式上必须是共和制，最终权力归于人民。,Part3:ProvisionsofAmendment,ChangeswouldbeneededfromtimetotimeiftheConstitutionweretoendureandkeeppacewiththegrowthofthenation.宪法要想保持活力并跟得上国家发展的步伐，就必须不断改变。,Theprocessofchangesshouldnot,Aminoritycouldnotblockactiondesiredbymostofthepeople,AdualprocesstochangetheConstitution,Congressmayinitiateanamendment国会提起宪法修改动议,ThelegislaturesofstatesmayaskCongresstocallanationalconventiontodiscussanddraftamendments.州立法机关要求国会召开国民大会讨论并起草修正案,Asidefromthedirectprocessofchangingtheconstitutionitself,Theeffectofitsprovisionsmaybechangedbyjudicialinterpretation除了直接改变宪法本身外，通过司法解释，可以改变宪法条款的效果。,Thedoctrineofjudicialreview司法审查原则,Landmarkcase,WilliamMarbury,JamesMadison,vs.,InMarburyvs.Madison,ChiefJusticeJohnMarshallestablishedtheprincipleofjudicialreviewoftheconstitutionalityofactsofCongress.,ChiefJusticeJohnMarshall(1755-1835),judicialreview司法审查权,ThepoweroftheCourttointerpretactsofCongressanddecidetheirconstitutionality.司法审查权是联邦最高法院解释国会行为并确定国会行为合宪性的权力。,judicialreview司法审查权,ThepoweroftheCourttoexplainthemeaningofvarioussectionsoftheConstitutionastheyapplytochanginglegal,political,economicandsocialconditions.司法审查权包含最高法院解释宪法各部分在改变法律、政治、经济和社会环境方面作用的权力。,AseriesofCourtdecisionshashadtheeffectofalteringthethrustofconstitutionallaw,withnosubstantivechangeintheConstitutionitself.最高法院裁决有改变宪法指向的效果，但并没有使宪法本身发生实质性变化。,Congressionall