写作-英语句子结构.ppt

1,英语句子概论,英语句子概论,基本成分附属成分独立成分省略成分连接成分,简单句并列句复合句并列复合句语法术语,3,主语Subject谓语Predicateverb宾语Object状语Adverbialmodifier,4,表语Predicative定语Attributive补语Complement系动词Copulaorlinkingverb,5,动词Verb及物动词Transitiveverb(v.t.)不及物动词Intransitiveverb(v.i.)名词Noun(n.)动名词Gerund,6,副词Adverb(ad.)形容词Adjective(adj.)介词Preposition(prep.)连词Conjunction,7,并列连词Coordinatingconjunction从属连词Subordinatingconjunction副词连词Adverbialconjunction短语Phrase,8,名词(动词/形容词/副词/现在分词/过去分词/不定式)短语Noun(v./adj./adv./presentparticiple/pastparticiple/infinitive)phrase从句Clause主语从句Subjectiveclause,9,定语从句Attributive/adjectiveclause宾语从句Objectiveclause状语从句(原因,时间,地点,目的,结果,条件,让步)Adverbialclause(reason,time,place,purpose,result,condition,concession),10,简单句Simplesentences并列句Compoundsentences复合句Complexsentences并列复合句Compound-complexsentences合并句Combinedsentences,11,Lie虚度,使空闲Lieidle被搁置不用Go=become变为,变得Theygomad他们疯了.hairthathadgonegray.变灰白的头发,12,主语不及物动词（S+Vi）主语及物动词宾语(S+Vt+O)主语系动词表(S+V+predicative)主语双宾动词+间宾+直宾(S+Vt+O.indir+O.dir)主语宾补动词宾语宾语补语(S+Vt.+O+O.complement)There+be/stand/lie/live.,简单句的五种基本句型,主语、动词（不及物动词、及物动词、双宾动词、系动词、宾补动词)、宾语及补语可以称为基本句子成分。完整的句子一般至少包含2个基本成分，至多4个基本成分。,13,nounadj./adv.infinitiveV-ingV-edetc.,主语,谓语,宾语,表语,Vt,V-l,Vi,Noun/PronounThe+adjV-ing/ClauseInfinitive,Noun/Pronoun/The+adjV-ing/Clause/Infinitive,英语句子基本成分示意图,be/feel/seem/lookappear/stand/liebecome/get/grow/turngo/come/remain/keeptaste/smelletc.,nounpronounadj./adv.infinitiveV-ing/V-edclauseetc.,14,主语不及物动词Shecame/Myheadaches.主语及物动词宾语ShelikesEnglish.主语系动词主语补语Sheishappy主语双宾动词间接宾语直接宾语ShegaveJohnabookSheboughtabookforme.主语宾补动词宾语宾语补语ShemakeshermotherangryTheteacheraskedmetoreadthepassage.There+beThereliesabookonthedesk.,简单句基本句型实例,15,附属成分,基本成分的修饰语。可以是：定语：即用来修饰名词的单词、短语或从句状语：即用来修饰名词或代词以外的词的单词、短语或从句。,定语(attribute)PoorJohntotteredtowardahospitalnearbyShelikesorangesimportedfromtheUSA.JohngaveMarymanybooks，whicharefullofillustrationsHaveyouseenthebookonthedesk?Theboyplayingoverthereismybrother.Peopletherelikesports.,16,JohnoftencametochatwithmeJohnlikesorangesverymuchWheneverhegetsdrunk，JohnmakesMaryveryangryHearingthenews,hejumpedwithjoy.Ashewasill,hedidntcometoclassyesterday.Sheissittingatthedesk,doingherhomework.Myfatherworkedinthisschooltenyearsago.Youdbetterstayhere.,状语(adverbialmodifier),17,Examples:Oh！Whatisthat！（惊叹词）Hehas，alas，failedagainComehere，John（呼语）Rollon，Ocean，rollon,句中可以去掉的成分，去掉后不影响句子的完整性。这种成分和句子的其他词没有语法的关系。,独立成分(substantive),18,（You）Comehere（Iwishyou）Goodluck！Somegavehimpraises，butothers（gavehim）rotteneggsHerunsasfastas,if(hedoes)not(run)faster,thanyou.(I)Hopeyoulikeit.JohnshouldcleantheroomtodayandPeter(shouldcleanit)tomorrow.,句中被省略的成分，虽然未说出来，却在句中表示一定的意思：,省略成分(OmissiveComponent),19,连接成分实际上是一个连词，用来连接两个或几个平行的词、短语和分句。这种连词叫做并列连词。另一类连接成分是用来连接两个句子、且一个句子从属于另一个句子（即从句）的连词。这类连词叫从属连词。从属连词主要用于引导各种从句。一个完整的句子（主句或从句）必须包含2个到4个基本成分，此外，如果意思上有需要，还可包含一个或更多其他的句子成分。,连接成分(ConjunctiveComponent),20,简单句,简单句(simplesentence)只有一个限定动词（即只有一个主谓结构），它是最小的句子单位。主要起下列四种作用中的一种。作一种陈述提出一个问题发出一种命令或请求表示一种感叹,Examples:Theboyhitthedog./Thedogbittheboy.Thegirlreadthebooks./Thebookspleasedthegirl.Stephenapologizedatonce.Doestheshopcloseat7tonight?Shutthedoor.Whataslowtrainthisis!,21,简单句的基本词序,主语动词部分宾语状语（谓语）方式地点时间Iboughtahatyesterday.Thechildrenranhome.Thetaxidrivershoutedatmeangrily.Weateourmealinsilence.Thecarstoppedsuddenly.Ayounggirlwalkedconfidentlyintheroom.Theydrovehimawayinapolicecar.,22,简单句的扩展成份,简单句的主语、宾语可以加上一个短语（如定语）来扩展，及物动词或不及物动词也可以与其它短语（如状语）连用进行扩展。Iboughtaraincoatwithawarmlining(内层,内衬).Thedogjumpedthroughthewindow.Heissavinguptobuyamobilephone.Abrightlittleboywithrosycheeksputthreebottlesofmilkquietlyonmydoorstepbeforesevenoclock.HeworkedlikeamadmaninthegardenonSaturday.Theyounggirlwithlongblackhairseemstobeveryhappy.,23,两个简单句的主语可以连词and、but、both.and、eitheror、neithernor、notonlybutalso等连词连接组成一个简单句，但应注意主语和谓语动词的一致性。ThebossisflyingtoParis.HissecretaryisflyingtoParis.ThebossandhissecretaryareflyingtoParis.BoththebossandhissecretaryareflyingtoParis.ThebossisflyingtoRome.HissecretaryisnotflyingtoRome.ThebossbutnothissecretaryisflyingtoRome.ThebossmaybeflyingtoBerlin.HissecretarymaybeflyingtoBerlin.EitherthebossorhissecretaryisflyingtoBerlin.ThebossisnotflyingtoYork.HissecretaryisntflyingtoYork.NeitherthebossnorhissecretaryisflyingtoYork.,主语、谓语、宾语的合并,24,两个简单句的宾语可由and、bothand等连词连接组成一个简单句。ImetJane.Imetherhusband.ImetJaneandherhusband.ImetbothJaneandherhusband.Itwascold.Itwaswet.Itwascoldandwet.IdidntmeetJane.Ididntmeetherhusband.IdidntmeeteitherJaneorherhusband.ImetneitherJanenorherhusband.两个或两个以上限定动词也可合并为一个简单句。Wesangallnight.Wedancedallnight.Wesanganddancedallnight.,主语、谓语、宾语的合并,25,并列句,需把几个意思连接在一起时，可用分号或把两个或几个简单句用并列连词连接起来，这种结构即构成一个并列句(compoundsentence)。,用分号：Wefishedallday;wedidntcatchathing.,用分号，后跟一个连接副词：Wefishedallday;however,wedidntcatchathing.,用并列连词（如and、but、so、yet等）Wefishedallday,but(we)didntcatchathing.,26,并列句,常用并列连词coordinatingconjunctions,平行并列连词:转折并列连词：因果并列连词:选择并列连词:,and,bothand,notonlybutalso,neithernor,andthen,but,while,yet,for,so,or,eitheror,neithernor,27,并列句,并列句的词序：并列句基本上保留了简单句的词序。,主语谓语宾语连词主语动词表语Jimmyfelloffhisbikebut(he)wasnthurt.,五种简单句型可用并列连词连接起来组成并列句。,主谓状（方式）连主谓表Frankworkedhardand(he)becameanarchitect.主谓宾连主谓地点Ivegotacold,soImgoingtobed.主谓宾宾补连主谓宾Theymadehimchairman,but(they)didntincreasehissalary.,28,Exercise:请用合适的并列连词把每组句子合并为一个并列句。,Hewastired,sohewenttobed.,1.Hewastired.Hewenttobed.,2.Thechildhidbehindhismothersskirt.Hewasafraidofthedog.,3.Hemadeapromise.Hedidntkeepit.,Hemadeapromise,butHedidntkeepit.,Thechildhidbehindhismothersskirt,forhewasafraidofthedog.,29,由一个主句和一个或者一个以上从句所构成的句子。在英语书面语中应用广泛。主句是一个完整的句子,它可以独立存在。从句是一个不完整的句子,它必须和一个主句连用，不能独立存在。复合句(complexsentence)可以通过把两个以上简单句连接在一起构成,但复合句的各组成部份并非同等重要，其中一个句子由从属连词引导（从句），用以修饰另一句子（主句）。复合句=主句+从句,复合句,30,复合句是在简单句的基础上，通过从属连词将两个或两个以上简单句连接在一起而构成。从属连词所引导的从句起形容词、名词、副词的作用。复合句主要包含以下类型从句：1.主语从句2.宾语从句3.表语从句4.定语从句5.状语从句6.同位语从句,英文写作中最常使用的从句宾语从句状语从句定语从句,31,复合句=简单句+从属连词/关系代词+简单句,Hetoldme,thenews.,thatthematchhadbeencancelled.,宾语,howmuchhewaspreparedtopayformycar.,thatIcouldhavethemoneywithoutdelay.,howmuchhewaspreparedtopayformycarandthatIcouldhavethemoneywithoutdelay.,whenhewasleavingforParis.,thathisfatherwasworkinginthatschool.,宾语从句,32,复合句=简单句+从属连词/关系代词+简单句,Idontknow,him.,Hehasfinishedhiswork,thathehasfinishedhiswork.whetherhehasfinishedhiswork.,宾语从句,HeisleavingforWashington.,thatheisleavingforWashington.whenheisleavingforWashington.whyheisleavingforWashington.howheisleavingforWashington.whetherheisleavingforWashington.,33,复合句=简单句+从属连词/关系代词+简单句,thepeople,surprised,That,Whathesaidwhathedid,主语,Thathedidntknowtheanswer,intheroom.,定语,whoweresittingintheroom.whowerepresent.whosesonswereatwar.whohadsignedthecontract.,34,复合句=简单句+从属连词/关系代词+简单句,That,is,thefact.,表语,whatheneeds.whathegaveme.whyhewaslate.becausehewasill.whathashappened.,35,复合句与简单句：复合句=简单句+从属连词+简单句,Heworked,inthatfactory,threeyearsago.,地点状语,时间状语,wherehisfatherworked,inthatfactory,whereIlived,whenhelivedthere,Hisfatherworkedthere.,Ilivedthere.,Helivedtherethreeyearsago.,36,复合句与简单句：复合句=简单句+从属连词+简单句,Putthebook,onthedesk.,whereyoutookit.,whereitwas.,地点状语,whereyoufoundit.,Youcantcamp,here.,wheretherearealotoftrees.,whereveryoulike.,37,常见的从属连词(subordinatingconjunctions):Timeafter,before,since,until,when,while,whenever,assoonasPlacewhere,whereverReasonbecause,since,asPurposesothat,inorderthatResultsothat,suchthatConditionif,unless,providedthatConcessionalthough,though,aslongas,38,指出下列各从句的类型,Ibelievethateverythingisgoingonwell.ShewasreadinganovelwhenIcamein.Sheisthegirlwhosingsbestinmyclass.,宾语从句,状语从句,定语从句,Practice,39,用所给连词连接句子。,Hehasfoundout.Shewaslate.(why),Hehasf