英美概况教案

ONEBRITAINPartoneGeography,Basicunderstandingofthefollowing1.WhatsthedifferenceamongEngland、BritainandtheU.K?2.Whatssoccerandfootball？3.WhatsJohnBullandUncleSam？4.WheredidtheEnglishusetocomefrom？,ChapteroneABriefIntroduction,1.HowmanypartsdoesTheU.Kconsistof？(1)EnglandisinthesouthernpartofGreatBritain.Itisthelargestmostpopuloussection.(2)ScotlandisinthenorthofGreatBritain.IthasthreenaturalzonestheHighlandsinthenorththeCentrallowlandsthesouthUplandsCapital:Edinburgh(3)WalesisinthewestofGreatBritain.Capital:Cardiff(4)NorthernIrelandisthefourthregionoftheUK.Capital:Belfast.,1.TheCommonwealthofnationsisafreeassociationofindependentcountriesthatwereoncecoloniesofBritain.Itwasfoundedin1931andhas50membercountriesuntil1991.2.TheOriginsoftheNation5000BC-10661)TheCeltsbegantoarriveBritainabout700BC2)TheCeltscametoBritaininthreemainwaves.ThefirstwaveweretheGaels-cameabout600BC.ThesecondwaveweretheBrythons-cameabout400BCThethirdwaveweretheBelgae-cameabout150BC,TheAnglo-Saxons446-871,1.BasisofModernEnglishrace:theAnglo-Saxons2TheearlyAnglo-SaxonsconvertedtoChristianity3.TheEarlyAnglo-SaxonsmakethecontributionstotheEnglishstate:formationoftheEnglishnationTheNormanConquest10661.ReasonsforWilliamsinvasionofEnglandafterEdwardsdeath.,2.TheNormanConquestanditsconsequences,TheNormanConquestof1066isperhapsthebest-knowneventinEnglishhistory.WilliamtheConquerorconfiscatedalmostallthelandandgaveittohisNormanfollowers.HereplacedtheweakSaxonrulewithastrongNormangovernment.SothefeudalsystemwascompletelyestablishedinEngland.RelationswiththeContinentwereopenedandthecivilizationandcommercewereextended.Norman-Frenchculturelanguagemannersandarchitecturewereintroduced.TheChurchwasbroughtintocloserconnectionwithRomeandthechurchcourtswereseparatedfromthecivilcourts.,TheShapingoftheNation1066-1381,1.NormanRule1066-1381诺曼统治公元1066-13812.WilliamsRule1066-10873.ContentsandthesignificanceoftheGreatCharterGreatCharterwassignedbyKingJohnin1215underthepressofthebarons.Itconsistsofsixty-threeclauses.Itsimportantprovisionsareasfollows:1.notaxshouldbemadewithouttheapprovaloftheGrandCouncil。2.nofreemenshouldbearrestedimprisonedordeprivedoftheirproperty。3.theChurchshouldpossessallitsrightstogetherwithfreedomofelections。4.Londonandothertownsshouldretaintheirtraditionalrightsandprivilegesand5thereshouldbethesameweightsandmeasuresthroughoutthecountry.,significanceoftheGreatCharter,significanceAlthoughTheGreatCharterhaslongbeenpopularlyregardedas：thefoundationofEnglishlibertiesitwasastatementofthefeudalandlegalrelationshipsbetweentheCrownandthebaronsaguaranteeofthefreedomoftheChurchaalimitationofthepowersoftheking.ThespiritoftheGreatCharterwasthelimitationofthepowersofthekingkeepingthemwithintheboundsofthefeudallawoftheland.,TheoriginsoftheEnglishParliament,TheGreatCouncilisknowntobetheprototype(原型)ofthecurrentBritishParliament.In1265SimondeMontfortsummoned(召集)theGreatCounciltogetherwithtwoknightsfromeachcountyandtwocitizensfromeachtown.ItlaterdevelopedintotheHouseofLordsandtheHouseofCommons.Itsmainrolewastoofferadvicenottomakedecisions.Therewerenoelectionsorparties.AndthemostimportantpartofParliamentwastheHouseofLords.,TheHundredYearsWaranditsconsequences,TheHundredYearsWarreferstothewarbetweenEnglandandFrancethatlastedintermittentlyfrom1337to1453.Thecausesofthewarwerepartlyterritorialandpartlyeconomic.TheterritorialcauseswererelatedwiththepossessionbytheEnglishkingsofthelargeduchyofAquitaineinFranceastheFrenchkingsgrewstrongertheyincreasinglycovetedthislargeslice.TheeconomiccauseswereconnectedwithclothmanufacturingtownsinFlanderswhichweretheimporterofEnglishwoolbuttheywereloyaltotheFrenchkingpolitically.,BesidesEnglanddesiretostopFrancefromgivingaidtoScotsandagrowingsenseofnationalismweretheothercauses.TheEnglishbeingdrivenoutofFranceisregardedasablessingforbothcountries.IftheEnglishhadremainedinFrancethesuperiorsizeandwealthofFrancewouldhavehinderedthedevelopmentofaseparateEnglishnationalidentity,whileFrancewashinderedsolongasaforeignpoweroccupiedsomuchFrenchterritory.,ConsequencesoftheHundredYearswar,TheEnglishlostthewar.TheexpulsionoftheEnglishfromFrenchisregardedasablessingforbothcountries.IthelpedEnglishnationalidentityaswellasFrenchnationalidentity.Twoseparatenationwerebornafterthewar.TheBlackDeath黑死病TheBlackDeathisthemodernnamegiventothedeadlybubonicplagueanepidemicdiseasespreadbyratfleasacrossEuropeinthe14thcentury.ItsweptthroughEnglandinthesummerof1348.Itreducedfinally.,TransitiontotheModernAge(1455-1688),1.TheWarsofRose:ThenameWarsoftheRoseswasrefertothebattlesbetweentheHouseofLancaster,symbolizedbytheredrose,andthatofYork,symbolizedbythewhite,from1455to1485.HenryTudor,descendantofDukeofLancasterwonvictoryatBosworthFieldin1485andputthecountryundertheruleoftheTudors.FromtheseWars,Englishfeudalismreceiveditsdeathblow.Thegreatmedievalnobilitywasmuchweakened.,HenryVIIIandTheEnglishReformation,1.HenryVIIIwasaboveallresponsibleforthereligiousreformofthechurch.Therewerethreemaincauses:adesireforchangeandreforminthechurchhadbeengrowingformanyyearsandnow,encouragedbythesuccessofMartinLuther,manypeoplebelieveditstimehadcome;theprivilegeandwealthoftheclergywereresented;andHenryneededmoney.2.ThereformbeganasastruggleforadivorceandendedinfreedomfromthePapacy.HenryVIIIwantedtodivorceCatherineofAragonbutthePoperefused.HenrysreformswastogetridoftheEnglishChurchsconnectionwiththePope,andtomakeanindependentChurchofEngland.,3.HemadethisbreakwithRomegraduallybetween1529and1534.HedissolvedallofEnglandsmonasteriesandnunneriesbecausetheyweremoreloyaltothePopethantotheirEnglishkings.ThelawssuchastheActofsuccessionof1534andtheActofSupremacyof1535madehisreformpossible.HeestablishedthechurchofEnglandasthenationalchurchofthecountry,andhemadehimselfthesupremeheadofthechurchofEngland.,4.HenryVIIIsreformstressedthepowerofthemonarchandcertainlystrengthenedHenrysposition;Parliamenthadneverdonesuchalongandimportantpieceofworkbefore,itsimportancegrewasaresult.HisattackonthePopespowerencouragedmanycriticsofabusesoftheCatholicChurch.EnglandwasmovingawayfromCatholicismtowardsprotestantideology.,ElizabethI(1558-1603),(1)ElizabethIwasthelastmonarchoftheTudorDynasty.ShewasabletoworkwithParliament.SheavoidedtroublingParliamenttoooftenforpoundsbymakingstricteconomiesatCourt.Buttherelationshipwasoftenturbulent.BecauseParliamentdemandedthatitsrightoffreespeechbeconfirmedinwritinganditbeallowedtodiscussallimportantquestionsatwill.ElizabethIdidnotagreetotheirdemands.,Elizabethsreligiousreformandherforeignpolicy,1.Elizabethsreligiousreformwasacompromiseofviews.ShebrokeMarystieswithRomeandrestoredherfathersindependentChurchofEngland,i.e.keepingtoCatholicdoctrinesandpracticesbuttobefreeofthePapalcontrol.HerreligioussettlementwasunacceptabletoboththeextremeProtestantsknownasPuritansandtoardentCatholics.Fornearly30yearsElizabethsuccessfullyplayedoffagainsteachotherthetwogreatCatholicpowers,FranceandSpain,andpreventedEnglandfromgettinginvolvedinanymajorEuropeanconflict.Throughhermarriageallianceswhichwerenevermaterialized,ElizabethmanagedtomaintainafriendlyrelationshipwithFrance.SoEnglandwasabletofacethedangerfromSpain.,TheEnglishRenaissance,DistinctivefeaturesoftheEnglishRenaissance:1)EnglishculturewasrevitalizednotsomuchdirectlybytheclassicsasbycontemporaryEuropeansundertheinfluenceoftheclassics.2)EnglandasaninsularcountryfollowedacourseofsocialandpoliticalhistorywhichwastoagreatextentindependentofthecourseofhistoryelsewhereinEurope.3)Owingtothegreatgeniusofthe14thcenturypoetChaucer,thenativeliteraturewassufficientlyvigorousandexperiencedinassimilatingforforeigninfluenceswithoutbeingsubjectedbythem.4)EnglishRenaissanceliteratureisprimarilyartistic,ratherthanphilosophicalandscholarly.5)theRenaissancecoincidedwiththeReformationinEngland.,TheEnglishCivilWarsandItsconsequences,BecauseoftheabsoluteruleofCharles,theconfrontationbetweenCharlesIandtheparliamentdevelopedintothecivilwar.ThewarbeganonAugust22,1642andendedin1651.CharlesIwascondemnedtodeath.TheEnglishCivilWarisalsocalledthePuritanRevolution.IthasbeenseenasaconflictbetweentheparliamentandtheKing,andaconflictbetweeneconomicinterestsoftheCrown.Theeconomicinterestsoftheurbanmiddleclassedcoincidedwiththeirreligious(Puritan)ideologywhiletheCrownstraditionaleconomicinterestscorrespondinglyalliedwithAnglicanreligiousbelief.TheEnglishCivilWarnotonlyoverthrewfeudalsysteminEnglandbutalsoshookthefoundationofthefeudalruleinEurope.Itisgenerallyregardedasthebeginningofmodernworldhistory.,TheCommonwealthunderOliverCromwell,CromwellwasleaderofthefirstcivilwaragainstCharlesI.Hisfamous“Ironside”cavalryandNewModelArmy(新模范军)defeatedtheking.AftertheWarhewasmadeLordProtectoroftheCommonwealthofEnglandandheinstituteddirectmilitaryruleofthecountry.AfterkingCharlesIsexecutionin1649,OliverCromwellandthe“Rump”（残余国会）declaredEnglandaCommonwealth.Therewasnoking,noHouseofLordsinEngland.TheCommonwealthendedin1660whenCharlesIIbecameking.,TheRestoration王政复辟-1660,WhenOliverCromwelldiedin1658andwassucceededbyhisson,Richard.Theregimebegantocollapse.OneofCromwellsgeneralsGeorgeMonck,occupiedLondonandarrangedfornewparliamentaryelections.TheParliamentthuswaselectedin1660resolvedthecrisisbyaskingthelateKingssontoreturnfromhisexileinFranceaskingCharlesII.ItwascalledtheRestoration.,TheGloriousRevolutionof1688,In1685CharlesIIdiedandwassucceededbyhisbrotherJamesII.JameswasbroughtupinexileinEurope,wasaCatholic.Hehopedtorulewithoutgivinguphispersonalreligiousviews.ButEnglandwasnomoretolerantofaCatholickingin1688than40yearsago.SotheEnglishpoliticiansrejectedJamesII,andappealedtoaProtestantking,WilliamofOrange,toinvadeandtaketheEnglishthrone.WilliamlandedinEnglandin1688.Thetakeoverwasrelativelysmooth,withnobloodshed,noranyexecutionoftheking.ThiswasknownastheGloriousRevolution.,TheRiseandFalloftheBritishEmpire(1688-1990),I.WhigsandToriesThesetwopartynamesoriginatedwiththeGloriousRevolutionTheWhigwerethosewhoopposedabsolutemonarchyandsupportedtherighttoreligiousfreedomforNonconformists.TheWhigweretoformacoalitionwithdissidentToriesinthemid-19thcenturyandbecometheLiberalParty.TheTorieswerethosewhosupportedhereditarymonarchyandwerereluctanttoremovekings.TheToriesweretheforerunnersoftheConservativeParty.,AgriculturalChangesintheLate18thCentury,1.Duringthelate18thandearly19thcenturies,the“open-field”systemendedwhentheEnclosureActwaspassed.Themovementlastedforcenturies.Agriculturalenclosurehadgoodaswellasbadresults:（1）Farmsbecamebiggerandbiggerunitsasthegreatboughtupthesmall（2）Morevegetables,moremilkandmoredairyproducewereconsumed,anddietbecamemorevaried（3）Enclosurewasadisasterforthetenantsevictedfromtheirlandsbytheenclosures.Thesepeasantfarmerswereforcedtolookforworkintowns.Enclosureledtomassemigration,particularlytotheNewWorld（4）Anewclasshostilitywasintroducedintoruralrelationships,TheIndustrialRevolution(1780-1830),1.Definition:TheindustrialRevolutionreferstothemechanizationofindustryandtheconsequentchangesinsocialandeconomicorganizationinBritaininthelate18thandearly19thcenturies.2.Britainwasthefirstcountrytoindustrializebecauseofthefollowingfactors:(1)Favorablegeographicallocation.BritainwaswellplacedgeographicallytoparticipateinEuropeanandworldtrade.(2)itwasacountryinwhichthemaintownswerenevertoofarfromseaports,orfromrivers,whichcoulddistributetheirproducts,(3)Politicalstability.Britainhadapeacefulsociety,which,afterthe17thcentury,wasincreasinglyinterestedinoverseastradeandcolonies.Internationaltradebroughtwealthtomerchantsandcitybankers.Theyandthosewhohaddonewelloutofnewfarmingmethodsprovidedcapitalinlargequantitiesforindustrialization.(4)ThelimitedmonarchywhichresultedfromtheGloriousRevolutionof1688ensuredthatthepowerfuleconomicinterestsinthecommunitycouldexerttheirinfluenceoverGovernmentpolicy.(5)Britishengineershadsoundtrainingascraftsmen.(6)Britainhadmanyrivers,whichwereusefulfortransportbutalsoforwaterandsteampower.Britainalsohadusefulmineralresources.,(7)Theinventorswererespected.Theysolvedpracticalproblems.(8)Probablylaissezfaireand“Protestantworkethic”helped.(9)England,Scotland,andWalesformedacustomsunionafter1707andthisincludedIrelandafter1807.Sothenationalmarketwasnothinderedbyinternalcustomsbarriers.(10)Theenclosuresandotherimprovementsinagriculturemadetheircontributionsbyprovidingfoodfortherisingpopulation,labourforthefactories,andsomeoftherawmaterialsneededbyindustry,ConsequencesoftheindustrialRevolution,1.Britainwasby1830the“workshopoftheworld”.2.Townsgrewrapidlyandbecamethesourceofthenationswealth3.Mechanizationdestroyedthelivelihoodofthosewhocouldnotinvestinit.Theworkingmenworkedandlivedinanappallingconditions.4.Theindustrialrevolutioncreatedtheindustrialworkingclass,theproletariat,anditlaterledtotradeunionism.,TheChartistMovement(1836-1848),1.Reasonsforparliamentaryreforms:1)Powerwasmonopolizedbythearistocrats.2)Representationoftownandcountry,andNorthandSouthwasunfair.3)Therewerealsovariousso-calledrottenorpocketboroughs.,2APeoplesCharter,TherewaswidespreaddissatisfactionwiththeReformActof1832andtheNewPoorLaw.In1836,agroupofskilledworkersandsmallshopkeepersformedtheLondonWorkingMensAssociation.Theydrewupacharterofpoliticaldemands(aPeoplesCharter)in1838,withtheintentionofpresentingittoParliament.Ithadsixpoints:(1)thevoteforalladultmales;(2)votingbysecretballot;(3)equalelectoraldistricts;(4)abolitionofpropertyqualificationsformembersofParliament;(5)paymentofmembersofParliament;(6)annualParliaments,withaGeneralElectioneveryJune.,ResultsoftheChartistMovement,Chartismfailedbecauseofitsweakanddividedleadership,anditslackofcoordinationwithtrade-unionism.Theworkingclassstillimmature,withouttheleadershipofapoliticalpartyarmedwithcorrectrevolutionarytheory.TheChartistmovementwas,however,thefirstnationwideworkingclassmovementanddrewattentiontoseriousproblems.The6pointswereachievedverygraduallyovertheperiodof1858-1918,althoughthesixthhasneverbeenpractical.LeninsaidthatChartismwas“thefirstbroad,reallymass,politicallyformed,proletarianrevolutionarymovement.”,ColonialExpansion殖民地扩张,1.Thegrowthofdominions:EnglishcolonialexpansionbeganwiththecolonizationofNewfoundlandin1583.EncouragedbyBritainscontroloftheseas,especiallybytherisingtideofemigration,BritishcolonialistssteppeduptheirexpansiontoCanada,Australia,andNewZealand,inthelate18thandtheearly19thcenturies.By1900,Britainhadbuiltupabigempire,“onwhichthesunneverset”.Itconsistedofavastnumberofprotectorates,Crowncolonies,spheresofinfluence,andself-governingdominions.Itincluded25%oftheworldspopulationandarea.,Canada,CanadawascededtoBritainbythe1763TreatyofParis.FrenchrightswereguaranteedbytheQuebecActof1774.TheCanadaActof1791dividedCanadaintoUpperCanadawheretheBritishhadsettled,andLowerCanadapopulatedbytheFrench.TheBritishNorthAmericaActof1867establishedCanadaasadominion.AustraliaEnglishbegantotransportconvictstoAustraliain1788.Freesettlementbeganin1816,andnoconvictsweresenttoAustraliaafter1840.Thegoldrushes(1851-1892)broughtmorepeopletoAustralia,andin1901thesixself-governingwereunitedinonedominion-theindependentCommonwealthofAustralia.,NewZealand,NewZealandbecameaseparatecolonyofBritainin1841,achievedself-governmentin1852,becameadominionundertheBritishcrownin1907andwasmadecompletelyindependentin1931.2.TheConquestofIndiaTheestablishmentofBritishEastIndiaCompanyestablishedin1600wasacaseofeconomicpenetration.By1819theBritishconquestofmostIndiawasalmostcomplete.AfterthemutingofBengalarmyin1857,thecontrolofIndiapassedtotheBritishCrownandQueenVictoriabecameEmpressofIndiain1877.,TheScrambleforAfrica,Atthebeginningofthe19thcenturyBritishpossessionswereconfinedtofortsandslavetradingpostsonthewestcoast.Overthe19thcenturytheinteriorofAfricawasgraduallydiscoveredandcolonizedbyEuropeans.Britainledthewayintherace.ApartfromthecoloniesintheSouthandWest,BritainwasalsoinvolvedintheNorthEastinEgyptandtheSudan.,AggressionagainstChina,In1840,theOpiumWarbrokeOutbetweenBritainandChina.Sincethen,BritaingraduallyinvadedmanycoastalareasandimposedaseriesofunequaltreatiesuponChina.,TwentiethCenturyTheU.K,1.BritainandtheFirstWorldWarTheWordWarIwasfoughtfrom1914to1918primarilybetweentwoEuropeanPowerblocs:“theCentralpower”.GermanyandAustria-Hungary,andthe“Allies”,Britain,FranceandRussia.Duringthewar,theBritainlostmuch.Apartfromthelossofmanpower,therehadbeenconsiderabledisruptionoftheeconomyandsociety.OutofthewarsettlementcametheestablishmentoftheleagueofNations.,2.BritainandtheSecondWorldWar,(TheSecondWorldWarwasfoughtfrom1939to1945.BritaindeclaredwaronGermanyin1939.GermanbombingraidsdestroyedmanycitiesinEngland.Britainwasgreatimpoverishedbythewar)AsAdolfHitlerandNazismshowedofftheiraggressivemomentuminEurope,Chamberlain,thePrimeMinister,foundhispolicyofappeasementofGermanaggressionwasnolongertenable,andwasforcedtodeclarewaronGermanyonSeptember3,1939.,3.PostwarBritain战后的英国,Atthegeneralelectionof1945WinstonChurchillwasheavilydefeated.TheelectoratereturnedaLabourgovernment.Thewarhastened(加快)theendofBritainsempireanditsformercolonieswonindependenceoneafteranother.Britainjoinedinseveralwarsagainstothercountries.The1960sweretheSwingingSixties(摇摆的60年代)，thepermissiveage(宽容的时代).Thefoundationsofthewelfarestate(福利国家)waslaidintheseyears.Inthe1980s,Mrs.Thatcherstartedtheprivatizationpolicy.BritainjoinedtheEuropeanEconomicCommunityin1973.),GreatEventsinPostwarBritain,Oneofthemostfar-reachingconsequencesoftheWarwasthatithastenedtheendofBritainsempire.In1952PrincessElizabethwascrownedQueenElizabethII.Manypeoplethroughtelevisionsawtheceremony.InJanuary1973,BritainbecameafullmemberoftheEuropeanEconomicCommunitywhichwasstillcalledtheCommonMarketin1973.Britainwitnessedthefirstoilembargoin1973.4)Thatcherism撒切尔主义ThatcherismreferredtothepoliciesputforwardbyMargaretThatcher,thefirstwomanprimeministerinEnglandin1979.Themaincontentsofherpoliciesincludedthereturntoprivateownershipofstate-ownedindustries,theuseofmonetaristpoliciestocontrolinflation,theweakeningoftradeunionsthestrengtheningoftheroleofmarketforcesintheeconomy,andanemphasisonlawandorder.TosomeextentherprogramwassuccessfulandsheledoneofthemostremarkableperiodsintheBritisheconomy.Sheresigned(辞职)in1990.,TheEconomy英国经济,I.TheEvolu