The-Scarlet-Letter红字分析鉴赏.ppt

徐千2011521065郑小莉2011521046周舒珊2011521061叶森培2011521057,contents,ThebriefintroductionofNathanielHawthorneandTheScarletLetterTheScarletLetterandPuritanismBiblicalPrototypesinTheScarletLetterConclusion,r.HeideggersExperiments,(18041864),4,BornJuly4,1804,enteredBowdoinCollegein1821,firstworkFanshawe,in1828,marryingSophiaPeabodyin1842,ScarletLetterin1850,DiedMay19,1864,Biography:,5,AfamilywithalongPuritantraditionHisfather,ashipcaptain,diedofyellowfeveratseawhenNathanielwasonlyfour.Hismotherbecameoverlyprotectiveandpushedhimtowardrelativelyisolatedpursuits.Hawthorneschildhoodlefthimshyandbookish,whichmoldedhislifeasawriter.,FamilyBackground:,6,AmericannovelistShortstorywriterAcentralfigureintheAmericanRenaissanceGreatestRomancewriterPioneeringpsychologicalnovelistMoralnovelist,Identity:,7,Styletypicalromanticwriter,amanofliterarycraftsmanship，extraordinaryin,theuseofsymbol,theuseofambiguity,revelationofcharacterspsychology,theuseofsupernatural,Thesymbolservesasaweapontoattackreality.Itcanbefoundeverywhereinhiswriting,tokeepthereaderintheworldofuncertaintymultiplepointofview,MajorWorks:ofmoralchoices.1.TheScarletLetter红字2.TheHouseoftheSevenGables七个尖角阁的房子3.TheBlithedaleRomance福谷传奇4.TheMarbleFaun玉石雕像5.Twice-ToldTales故事重述6.SnowImageandOtherStories雪人及其他故事重述,Hawthornesinfluence,HewasamajorAmericanwriterandthegreatestwriterlivinginthe19thcentury.Hewasregardedasapioneerofpsychologicalnovelistandamasterofsymbolism.WiththepublicationofTheScarletLetter,hesecuredhispositionintheliteraryhistoryforever,andheinfluencedmanywritersinhistimeandlatergenerations,suchasHermanMelville,HenryJames,WilliamDeanHowellsandWilliamFaulkneretc.,Criticism,“NathanielHawthornesreputationasawriterisverypleasingfact,becausehiswritingisnotgoodforanything,andthisisatributetotheman.”-RalphWaldoEmerson“ThefinethinginHawthorneisthathecaredforthedeeperpsychology,andthat,inhisway,hetriedtobecomefamiliarwithit.”-HenryJames,PuritanisminfluencedHawthornegreatly.ThespiritofPuritanismcouldbeseeninnearlyallhisworks,suchasevil,Calvinsystem,andspiritualizationandsoonplayedanimportantroleinalmostallhisworks.,Hawthornespointsofviewandsubject(1),a.Heseemedtobehauntedbyhissenseofsinandevilallhislife.Hehadablackvisionoflifeandhumanbeings.Inalmosteverybookhewrote,hediscussedsinandevil.Evilexistsinthehumanheart(“EarthsHolocaust浩劫”)Everyonepossessessomeevilsecret(“YoungGoodmanBrown”)Everyoneseemstocoveruphisinnermostevil(“TheMinistersBlackVeil”)Evilseemstobemansbirthmark胎记.(TheBirthmark),b.ToHawthornesinwillgetpunished.TheHouseoftheSevenGablesisanappallingfictionalversionofHawthornesbeliefthatthe“wrong-doingofonegenerationlivesintothesuccessiveones.”(一代的恶行会延续至后代）c.OnesourceofevilthatHawthornewasconcernedmostisoverreachingintellect.Hisintellectualcharactersareusuallyvillains罪犯,dreadfulbecausedevoid缺乏offellowfeeling.,Hawthornespointsofviewandsubject(2),d.Hecomplainedabout“thepovertyofmaterials”inAmerica.Hetookagreatinterestinhistoryandantiquity.e.Becauseof“thepovertyofmaterials”andhisPuritanprudence节俭,hewasconvincedthatromancewasthepredestined注定的formofAmericanNarratives.ManyofhisworksareinspiredbyPuritanNewEngland.,TheScarletLetter,Itisafull-lengthnovel.Thethemeofthenovelisthecolonialtimestwohundredyearsago.ItexposesthecrueltyofSocialstatute,thedeception欺诈ofreligiousandthehypocrisyofmoralin19thcentury.,Maincharacters,a.HesterPrynne海丝特白兰b.ArthurDimmesdale阿瑟丁梅斯代尔c.RogerChillingworth罗杰奇灵沃斯d.Pearl珠儿,TheScarletLetterandPuritanism,ThePuritanswereagroupofEnglishProtestantsinthe16thand17thcenturies,including,butnotlimitedto,EnglishCalvinists.PuritanisminthissensewasfoundedbyJohnCalvinfromtheclergyshortlyaftertheaccessionofElizabethIofEnglandin1558,asanactivistmovementwithintheChurchofEngland.,Christianity,Catholics,Protestants,Calvinists,Methodists,Anglicans,Baptists,Puritans,HawthomewasborninadecliningnoblefamilyinSalem,Massachusetts,NewEngland.Salem,hishometown,haseverbeentheplacewherePuritanismforceswererampantandseveralgenerationsofhisancestorswerefanaticPuritans;therefore,thePuritanismthoughthasadeep-rootedeffectonHawthome.,ThenovelTheScarletLetterbyHawthomereflectstheCalvinisticthoughtofOriginalSin.ItalsoexpressesHawthomesdevoutanddoubtfulattitudetoethicsandmoralityofPuritanism.,HesterPrynnewasawomanwhocommittedadultery,whichisrepresentationoftheevilofhumannature,andcannotbeacceptedbythesocietyatthattimeandPuritans.HesterbetrayedherhusbandandwentagainsttheprincipleofhonestyonPuritan,soshemustaccepttheseverepunishmentinthePuritansocietyatthattime.,Hawthornedeeplygavetheheroineinfinitesympathybecauseshecouldntenjoyreallove,happinessandnormallifewhilehedescribedtheatonementofHester,whichrepresentsHawthomesresentmenttothefactthatPuritanismconstrainsthehumannature.,“Wehavewrongedeachother,minewasthefirstwrong,whenIbetrayedthybuddingyouthintoafalseandunnaturalrelationwithmydecay.”“我们彼此都让对方受了委屈,是我先委屈了你，我把你含苞的青春同我这朽木错误地、不自然地嫁接在一起，从而断送了你。“,Dimmesdalewasselfishandfalse,andlivedinthecontradictoryandmiserystateaccompanyingbythecriminalpsychology.Hewasstragglingontheedgeofthespiritandthefleshcomingbreakdown,andhewasbeatandlashedbythesocalledarticlesofreligion“thegorywhipateverymoment,whichcausedhimnottogetpeaceevenforamoment.,Itmustbeconsideredthathecontinuedtobeengagedinthepuremissionofapriestwiththecriminalbodyshouldbeagreataffront（冒犯）toGodandadeceptiontothefollowers.Eventually,Dimmesdaletoldthesecretinmindwithdivinecourage,henceforth,heobtainspeacefulandthenewbornofspirit.Attheendofthenovel,hediedtragicallyinconfessionandatonementandbecameavictiminreligiousmonasticism(修道院生活方式).,Chillingworth,asavictimwasturnedintoamischief-maker,evenamoreseveresinner.Heiscalmonthesurface,butiswickedinmind,andwhenheknewhiswifesunchastity（不贞）,hewasfilledwithrevengefulideasinhismind.,Hedependedonwisdomtobecomeademonbyhimselfforsevenyears;hestayedinthesameroomwithDimmesdalecunninglytoravageandwreckthepainedheart,andhetookthisasthegoaloftheliving,andthenhetormentedDimmesdalebymeansofwickedandmasterlymeasurestogobbleuphissoulandhadreachedtheextremelyruthlessdegree.,MayGodforgiveusboth!Wearenot,Hester,theworstsinnersintheworld.Thereisoneworsethaneventhepollutedpriest!Thatoldmansrevengehasbeenblackerthanmysin.Hehasviolated,incoldblood,thesanctityofahumanheart.ThouandI,Hester,neverdidso!”愿上帝饶恕我们俩吧！海丝特，我们并不是世上最坏的罪人。还有一个人，甚至比受到玷污的教士还要坏！那老人的复仇比我的罪过更见不得人。他阴险地凌辱一颗神圣不可侵犯的心灵。你和我，海丝特，从来没干过这种事！”,ForPearl，likewise,thischaracterhintsHawthomesskepticfeelingtoPuritanism.Firstly，onthecostumes（服装）,shedisobeyedtherequirementsinPuritanismshomespunwearing,andwornthebrightandglittering“Bizarre(奇异的)dress”byHester.Secondly,forherself-willedandherinclinationsinnature,sheissecurefromanyrestraintfromthereligiousrituals,whichmadehermothertoconsiderthatsheshouldbeagirlfromtheotherworld.,Sheshouldbeaflower,asunlight,andisbrightandwithdazzlingbrightnessinthegloomyanddarksocietyruledbyPuritanism.PearlherselfshouldbealivingwitnessofHestersguiltandalivingscarletletter.ButthefreshandfreelifeofPearldescribedbyHawthomebecameakindofsymboltocurrentPuritanismsociety.Attheendofthenovel,PearlleftEnglandtoEurope,whichannouncedanaffirmationfromtheauthorthatPearlwouldbeunabletoobtainhappinessinthestrictandseverePuritanismsociety.,ThepainstakingdescriptionofthemaincharactersintheworkalsoreflectsHawthornesinnercharacter,andisthereflectionofhispersonalviewsinethicsandmoral.Hawthomeshowsdoubttoreligionskindnessandisunwillingtogiveupbondageofcreed.,BiblicalPrototypesinTheScarletLetterManyscholarshavepointedoutthatAdamandEveweretheheroandheroine,DimmesdaleandHestersbiblicalprototypes.Humanancestorsdegeneratebecauseofalongingforknowledge,whileDimmesdaleandHesterfallbecauseofthepursuitoflove.Theyallcommitoriginalsins.,TheBiblebeginswiththefirstbookofGenesis.BeforeEvescreated,everythinggoeseasyintheGardenofEden.Aftersheshowsup,theobedientAdamhasstartedtostirandtheembodimentofdevil,thesnake,appears.Onthisoccasion,EveisinconsistentwiththeGardenofEden.ButwhydidGodcreateher?,Atthattime,AdamwasjusttheaccessoryofGodortheobjectofthenatureworld,hecouldbarelyknowhimself,becausetherewasnothingbutdeitiesandobjects.Therewasnohumanbeingwhocouldbehismirror.SoEvewassenttotheGardenofEden.,Eveultimatelyfailedtoresistthetemptationfromthesnakeandatetheforbiddenfruit,andshepersuadedAdamtodoso.Adamdid,andthenhefoundoutthathewasnotanobjectinnatureandhehadtheabilitytotellrightfromwrong.,ThisindicatesthatthestatethattheblendingofhumanandnatureintheGardenofEdencametoanend.IftherewasnobetrayalofEve,peoplemayneverhaveself-awareness.EvesdegenerategaveAdamthepowertotellrightfromwrongandmadehimarealhumanbeing.SoEveisthemotherofdegradedintelligenthuman,isthesourceoflife.,HesterwalkedintoDimmesdaleslifewiththesamesacredmission.LikeEveessentiallydoesntbelongtotheGardenofEden,HesteressentiallydoesntbelongtoBostonwherereligiousinfluenceissignificanttopeople.Shespassionate,boldandrebellious.Herarrivalbrakesthepeaceofthelandandpredictsthecomingofsin.BeforeDimmesdalemetHester,hislifewaspeaceful.Everydayherepeatedpreaching.Hehadnolifegoals.Hecouldntknowtherealhappinessoflife.Hewasjustatoolfortheupperclassofthereligiontotakecontrolofthelowerclass.Sowecanseethat,Dimmesdaleseemslikeheonlyhasahumanbodybutdoesnthaveaheart.HesjustlikeAdambeforeeatingtheforbiddenfruit.,WiththearrivalofHester,Dimmesdaleshumanitybeginstogerminate.Hefinallyexperiencesthehappinessfromlove.Hefinallyunderstandsthemeaningoflife.HesteristheonewhogivesDimmesdalevitalityandhelpshimtobeamanwhocanbeabletofeel.Inthiscase,HesteristheincarnationofEve,thesourceoflife.Herearesomesentencesthatproveit.Atchapter18,AFloodofSunshine,HesterpersuadesDimmesdaletofleefromBostonwithherandlittlePearl.Aftersomethinking,heagrees.Andhesays,“OHester,thouartmybetterangel!Iseemtohaveflungmyself-sick,sin-strained,andsorrow-blackened-downupontheseforest-leaves,andtohaverisenupallmadeanew,andwithnewpowerstoglorifyHimthathathbeenmerciful!Thisisalreadythebetterlife!Whydidwenotfinditsooner?”“啊！赫斯特你真是我的好天使！我原来似乎已把自己的身子-那多病、罪孽玷污以及由于悲伤而受到损害的身子-抛在这林中的落叶上了，可再站起来时却焕然一新了，有了新的力量去赞美慈悲的上帝！这已经是更美好的生活了！为什么我们没有早发现呢？”,Atchapter23TheRevelationoftheScarletLetter,whenhestandsupontheplatformofthepillory,hetellspeopleheistheonewhocommitsadulterywithHester.“Atlast!Atlast!Istanduponthespotwhere,sevenyearssince,Ishouldhavestood;here,withthiswoman,whosearm,morethanthelittlestrengthwherewithIhavecrepthitherward,sustainsme,atthisdreadfulmoment,fromgrovelingdownuponmyface!”“我终于-终于站到七年前便应该站的地方来了。跟这个女人站在这里了，现在正是她以那比我爬到这里来的绵薄力量大一些的力量，在这可怕的时刻支撑着我，使我不至于扑面摔倒在地。”,Aftereatingtheforbiddenfruit,GodasksEvewhatshehasdone,Eveanswered,“Theserpentbeguiledme,andIdideat.”LikeEve,HesteradmitswhatshehasdonedirectlyandshewouldnevertellpeoplethenameofPearlsfather.SheswillingtoprotectDimmesdalefrombeinghurt.Wecanseeherunyieldingattitudetowardslifethroughthiscase.,AsforAdam,whenGodaskshimwhetherhehaseatenofthetree,hesays,“thewomanwhothougavesttobewithme,shegavemeofthetree,andIdideat.”ItseemslikeAdamdoesntdirectlyadmitthemistakehemade.HeskindofblamingEveforgivinghimtheapple.DimmesdalesjustlikeAdam,hestoocowardlytoadmithissin.,BecauseAdamandEveeattheappleofthetreeofknowledge,Godpunishesthem.“Untothewomanhesaid,Iwillgreatlymultiplythysorrowandthyconception;insorrowthoushaltbringforthchildren;andthydesireshallbetothyhusband,andheshallruleoverthee.,AndontoAdamhesaid,Becausethouhasthearkeneduntothevoiceofthywife,andhasteatenofthetreeofwhichIcommandedthee,saying,thoushaltnoteatofit:cursedisthegroundforthysake;insorrowshaltthoueatofitallthedaysofthylife;thornsalsoandthistlesshallitbringforthtothee;andthoushalteattheherbofthefield”,LikeAdamandEve,DimmesdaleandHesteralsogetpunished.Inbothcases,sinresultsinexpulsionandsuffering.,Hesteriscompelledtostandonlyaspaceofthreehoursontheplatformofthepilloryandthereaftertowearthemarkofshame-theinfamousletterAuponherbosom,tomovetotheedgeofthecommunity,andworstofall,tobealienatedfromthesociety.ShewasexpelledtotheoutskirtsofBoston.Inthissense,HesterhasbeenexpelledfromherparadiselikeEvewhoisdrivenoutoftheParadiseGodprovides.Shesins,andaccordingtotraditionalPuritanism,thisactshutsheroffforeverfromParadise.,UnlikeHesterwhoisdamnedbysociety,Dimmesdaleisdamnedbyhimself.HeistoocowardlytostandwithHesterandtheirdaughter,openlyadmitshissin,andacceptsthepunishment.Therefore,forthemostpart,hesuffersfromaspiritualostracismbecauseheremainsfullyapartofthesociety,continuingtopreachsermonsandmaintaininghiscongregantsrespect.Themorepeopleshowtheirrespect,themorehessuffering.Furthermore,asagreatservantofGod,heisobligatorytotellthetruth,buthedoesnt.Inaddition,hesbeentorturedbytheevil-mindedrevengerChillingworth.,OnceHesteraskshim,“Thepeoplereverencethee,andsurelythouwokestgoodamongthem!Doththisbringtheenocomfort?”“人们尊敬你是你为他们做了好事！这一点不能给你安慰吗？”,“Moremisery,Hester!-Onlythemoremisery!AsconcernsthegoodwhichImayappeartodo,Ihavenofaithinit.Itmustneedstobeadelusion.Whatcanaruinedsoul,likemine,effecttowardstheredemptionofothersouls?-orapollutedsoul,towardstheirpurification?Andasforthepeoplesreverence,wouldthatitwereturnedtoscornanhatred!”“赫斯特，这使我更痛苦-只有更痛苦！至于说我似乎做了善事，我是不相信的，那肯定是欺骗。像我这样一个灵魂毁灭了的人还能在拯救别人的灵魂上起什么作用吗？或者说，一个污染了的灵魂还能使别人的灵魂精华吗？至于人们对我的尊敬，我但愿它变为轻蔑和憎恨！,Canstthoudeemit,Hester,aconsolation,thatImuststandupinmypulpit,andmeetsomanyeyesturnedupwardtomyface,asifthelightofheavenwerebeamingfromit!-mustseemyflockhungryforthetruth,andlisteningtomywordsasifatongueofPentecostwerespeaking.andthenlookinward,anddiscerntheblackrealityofwhattheyidolize?Ihavelaughed,inbitternessandagonyofheart,atthecontrastbetweenwhatIseemandwhatIam!AndSatanlaughsatit!”,我必须站在我的布道坛上，接受那么多望着我脸孔的眼睛，似乎天国之光就是从那儿发出来的一样！我还必须看着我那渴求真理的教区会众，而他们倾听我的话，就像倾听五旬节火舌在说话一样-然后，我再看看自己的内心，看看他们所崇拜的偶像的丑恶真像，赫斯特，你能认为，这是一种安慰吗？我在内心痛苦和烦恼的时候，曾为我的表里不一而暗自发笑！撒旦也对此感到可笑！”,Theinteriorremorseandtheexteriortorturealongwiththeinabilitytoconfesshissinfulactofpassionleadtothepsychologicalandphysicaldestructionofthehypocriticalminister.,AccordingtoNorthropFrye,theresabiblicalU-Shapedcirculationwhichstartsfromparadisetocrimestosufferingtorepentancetosalvation.Thebiblestoriesalwaysreachahappyendingafterthosetragicsuffering,soFryecallsBibleadivinecomedy.ThisalsohappensinTheScarletLetter.Buttheendingismixedwithhappinessandpain.,AlthoughHesterhassufferedalot,hersindoesntleadhertodegenerate.Onthecontrary,itleadshertoamoralgrowth.Sheintendstodogoodforthecolonythatoncebanishesher,moreforherclearconsciencethanforthepurposetoreturntothesociety.InsorrowandseclusionHestergrowsstronger.Hercharitytothepoor,hercomforttothebroken-hearted,herbravepresenceintimesoftroublearethedirectresultofhersearchforsalvation.,AsforDimmesdale,after7-yearpsychologicaltorture,hedecidestotellpeoplethetruth,andletpeopleseethescarletletterAwhichisimprintedinhisflesh.Afterdoingso,hesrelievedfromthetorture.,Whyistheendingpainful?Because,theyhavedecidedtofleefromBostonbyshipaftertheElectionSermon.ButwhathappenedisthatafterDimmesdaletellspeoplethetruth,hedies.AndHesterwillneverlivethelifeshehasalwayswantedto.,HawthornescontradictoryperspectiveofreligionandpessimisticattitudetowardslifemakehimdoesntputahappyendingbetweenDimmesdaleandHester.Butinthebook,hehasalreadycreatesaGardenofEdenoftheirowninthatcityfulfilledwithgloomyreligiousatmosphere.,TheGardenofEdencreatedbyGodintheBibleistheparadiseinheaven.Itisagardenfullofwater,treesandanimals.Peoplethereliveinharmony.Thereisnoworriesandnodangersofbeingdead.InTheScarletLetter,theforestistheGardenofEden.Therearetrees,waters,animals,sunshineintheforest,anditisalsothemasterpieceofGods.TheforestisaPureLandfarawayfromthesuffocatingPuritandoctrinesandimperioussocialsystem.,Onlyintheforestcantheleadingcharactersfeelatease,daretoshowtheinbornnaturalqualitiesofhumanbeing,andnotwearanymasksthatmakethemnotthemselves.SoHesterchoosestoliveattheedgeofforestthatshecanbeherselfandrejuvenatefromthepunishment.SoDimmesdalesometimestakesawalkintheforestthathecanmaintainhissincereness.Intheforest,theytwocanfinallyreleasethefeelingwhichhasbeenrestrainedbythemselvesandtalktoeachother.,ArchetypeofChillingworth,Inthisnovel,regardedasthedarkestsinnerofallmajorcharacters,RogerChillingworthembodiesSatan,thedevil.Hisnamereflectshisevilcharacter.Thename“RogerChillingworth”conveystheimplicationsofrogue(猛兽潜行者)andchilliness.Evil,initsmostpoisonousform,isfoundinthecarefullyplottedandpreciselyaimedrevengeofChillingworth,whoselovehasbeenperverted.“Hehasviolated(亵渎),incoldblood,thesanctity(圣洁)ofahumanheart.”,Chillingworthisacomplicatedman.Thiscuckold(有不贞妻子的男人)isboundbyawrongmarriageandwrongedbyhiswife.Yethisknowledgedoesnotleadhimtoarightandwiseroad,butrathertoaroadofcruelrevenge.Heplaystheroleofthesecretsharer,prying(窥探)intohiswifesillicitaffairandspyinguponherloverwhoistotallyunaware.DifferentfromothersinnerslikeHesterandDimmesdalewhorepent(忏悔)andserveotherstoatone(赎罪)fortheirsin,Chillingworthdriveshimselfintothehellwhenhetriestorevenge.,Chillingworthiscapableoflove,andwesympathizewithandapproveofhisdesirefordomesticaffection.However,heisatfaultinmarryingagirlagenerationyoungerthanhimself.Moreover,theyoungbridedeclaresthatshedoesnotlovehimatall.LikeenviousSatan,observingtheloveofAdamandEveinthegarden,heis“stirredupwithenvyandrevenge”anddevoteshimselftorevengeandpunishment.,ChillingworthwithhisdeformityalsotakesafterSatan.Low,darkandugly,hesuggeststosomepeoplethenotionthathisstepmustwitherthegrasswhereverhewalks.Thesunseemsnottofallonhimbuttocreatea“circleofominousshadowmovingalongwithhisdeformity.”(一圈不详的阴影，始终伴随着他那畸形的身躯。)Astimepasses,hisphysicalappearancechangesfortheworse.Hisfeatureshavebecome“uglier”;hisdarkcomplexionhasbecome“duskier”;andhisfigurehasbecomeevenmore“misshapen”,butmorethanthatishisdarkheart.LittlePearlcallshimthe“oldBlackMan”.Andsheaskshermother“DidstthouevermettheBlackMan,mother?”andHesteranswers,”OnceinmylifeImettheBlackMan!.Thisscarletletterishismark!”,Evenearlier,HesterhasinquiredofChillingworth,“ArtthouliketheBlackManthathauntstheforestroundaboutus?Hastthouenticed(诱使)meintoaboundthatwillprovetheruinofmysoul?”ButChillingworth,smiling,onlyevadesherquery(询问),“NotthysoulNo,notthine!”ItisDimmesdalewhomheissuggesting.Whenh