欧洲文化入门课件（王）.ppt

AnIntroductiontoEuropeanCulture,王昺教授辽宁师范大学外国语学院Email:wang.bing,Purposesofthecourse,ImproveEnglishlearningUpgradepersonalqualityPrepareforgraduateprogramPromoteinterculturalcompetenceBroadenyourvisionforfuture,CharacteristicsoftheCourse,WideCoverageofmanyfields:astronomy,geography,literature,history,religion,philosophy,politicalthoughts,art(paining,music,architecture,sculpture),science,etc.Knowingsomethingofeverything,noteverythingofsomethingOnlyataste,FocusofStudy,HistoricalbackgroundofeveryperiodMajorevents(wars,invasions,reforms,revolutions,socialchanges,etc.)Ideologies(mainassumptions)Prominenthistoricalfigures(political,literary,religious,scientific,artistic)Literaryandartisticstyles(maincharacteristics)Notoriginalwritings,Miscellany,Scope:chapter1-chapter8AttendanceEvaluation(paperorexam)Focusforprominentfigures(names,time,contributions,masterpieces,heroesintheirwritings)LanguageofdeliveryRequirementsforpropernames(English,simpleforeign,complexforeign)Mypersonalqualificationsforthecourse,Abilitiesneededandtobedeveloped,Memorization(names,times,etc.)Comprehension(ideasandideologies)Compareandcontrast(eastandwest)Criticalthinking(whyEuropeleadstheworldinmanyways)Personalanalysisandsynthesis,Howcanyoulearnthecoursewell?,Establishachronologicalframeworkofworldhistory:1200146B.C.:AncientGreece700B.C.27B.C.395A.D.-4761054-1453:AncientRomanEmpire476A.D.14thcentury:MedievalAge14thC(Dante)mid-17thC(Shakespeare,EnglishRevolution)17thC:prodigiousdevelopmentofscidemocracyinAthens;flourishofsciandart;civilwar:Athensvs.Sparta伯罗奔尼撒战争(432-404BC),declined.336-146BC:Hellenizationperiod希腊化时期AlexanderIII(356-336-323BC);center:AlexandriainEgypt;Romanconquestin146BC,ContendingSchools,诡辩学派Sophists500B.C.代表人物：ProtagorasManismeasureofallthings.ForerunnerofSocraticdialecticEmphasisonabilitytoargueforanycaseregardlessofitstruth,Cynics：犬儒学派300B.C.Diogenes主张：simplicitybrotherhoodrejectingconventions,Sceptics不可知派PyrrhonNotallknowledgeisattainable.Wisemenshouldnotjudge,butshouldaimatbalancedimperburbability.,Epicureans伊壁鸠鲁学派EpicurusPleasureisthehighestgoodoflife,achievedthroughpracticedvirtue.Differentfromhedonism(享乐主义）throughsensualindulgence.,Stoics斯多葛派，禁欲主义学派ZenoantithesisofEpicureansvirtue,notpleasure,isthehighestgood.DutyHardship,AncientRome,PeriodofKings:753-510B.C.CityofRomesetupPeriodofRepublic:510-27B.C.1)OccupationofwholeItaly2)expansion:PunicWars（264133B.C.）,defeatingCarthage(迦太基)3)Slaveuprisings(133-27BC.):斯巴达克斯,PeriodofEmpire:27B.C.476A.D.145327BC.193AD.PaxRomana前三头：克拉苏，庞培，凯撒（JuliusCaeser）后三头：雷必达，安东尼，屋大维（AugustusOctavius）after193:weakened,barbarianinvasions(Huns,Goths,Visigoths,Vandals)475:splitWREandByzantium1453:conqueredbyOttomanEmpire(ModernItaly:1871),RomansN.T:inGreek(partlyinAramaic阿拉米语),*Booksinitarenotsystematicallyclassifiedorchronologicallyarranged.*ItcontainswordsofGod,aninspiredandinspiringbookanencyclopedia(poem,history,tale,moralteachings,etc.),*Itisabookthatwasorderedtobeburned,butsurvivedeverytime.*Itisabooktranslatedintoover1,000Lsanddialects.*NumberOneintermsofpublicationvolume;greatlyinfluencingEuculture.,Classificationof66books,OldTestament:(HebrewHistory)1.Lawandhistory2.Prophecies3.Poetry,drama,tales,moralteachingsNewTestament:(LifeofJesusChrist)1.Gospels2.Letters3.RevelationsThecentralthemebindingallbooks:Hebrewtraditionwrittenby,meantforandaboutHebrews.,GenealogyAdamPowersofsovereignisabsolute;Rebellioniswrong;Peaceisachieved.实质：supportofmonarchy意义：against“divinerightofkings.”君权神授,J.Locke,AgainstdivinerightofkingsAllmenarenaturallyfreeandequalinthestateofnature(naturalrights:survival,self-defense,privateproperties).Naturallawmeansuniversallyobligatorymorallaw,governedbyreason.Socialcontract:Willofthemojority;Therulerofgovernmentisonepartneroftheagreement;Rebellionisjustified;Supportofdemocracy;意义：theoryforAm.Revolution,EnglishRevolution,causes:growthofcapitalism;Breakdownofserfdom;PuritanmovementTime:1642-1649(CharlesIbeheaded;Stuartended)Leader:OliverCromwell克伦威尔CharlesII.Restoration:16581688:GloriousRevolution(Williamkn.Shiftfromconformisttocreativeandadventurous;Givingimpetustonationalmovement;DirectcontactwithNatureforinspiration;Puresentiment,idealbeautyInsearchforsubjective,spontaneous,supernatural;Eulogizingidylliclife;Escapefromcorrupt,pollutedurbancivilization;Returntonatureandchildlikeinnocence;Youthandlove.,Beginning:Rousseau;StormandStress(德国狂飚突进运动)CorruptionofcapitalistsocietyPollutionofnatureafterIndustrialRevolutionCriticismofclassicism:failingtoexpressmansemotionalnatureandoverlookingmansprofoundinnerforce.,ActiveandPassiveRomanticism,1.PassiveRomanticists:Representative:TheLakersWordsworth沃兹华斯Coleridge科勒律治Southey：骚塞Characteristics:ReturntonatureUnrelatedtonationalliberationmovements.,2.ActiveRomanticists:Representatives:ByronShelleyKeatsCharacteristics:Showingsympathytonationalliberationmovements,activeparticipation,Transcendentalism超验主义,AmericanRomanticism:Representatives:TheWaltonAmerson爱莫生Thoureau梭罗,“ForstandingonthePersiansgrave;Icouldnotdeemmyselfaslave.”-Byron:“IslesofGreece”脚踩波斯人的坟地；就不能想象自己是奴隶。因为屹立在波斯人坟上；不能想象自己有奴隶相。,Realism(19thC),Focusonfidelitytoactualexperience(reality);Truthfulrepresentationofcontemporarylife;Toexposeandcriticizesocialevils;Characterizationascenterofnovel.,MusicalEnlightenment,Byearly18thC.,musicwascompletelyrationalized;Representatives:Bach,HandelGeneralbasisoftheirworkiscounterpoint,whichisbasedonphysicallaws;Scientificprinciplesofmusiccomposition;Standardizedstyles:opera,sonata,concerto,cantata,etc.,Musicinclassicalperiod,Represe