非谓语动词讲解

EnglishGrammar,Non-PredicateVerbs（非谓语动词）,英语中动词的非谓语动词有三类：1.不定式：infinitive2.动名词：gerund3.分词：participle现在分词：presentparticiple过去分词：pastparticiple,1.不定式：infinitive,FormUsageOmissionof“to”,todo(nottodo)一般式（否定）tobedoing进行式主动tohavedone完成式tohavebeendoing完成进行式tobedone一般式被动tohavebeendone完成式,一般式：不定式表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，或者在谓语动词表示的动作之后发生。1.Imgladtoseeyou.(同时发生)2.Theyinvitedustocometoaparty.（不定式动作后发生）3.Thecomputertobeproducedisofanewtype.(被动)4.Youmustpromisenevertodothatagain.,进行式：谓语动词表示的动作发生时，不定式表示的动作正在进行。1.Theyaresaidtobebuildinganotherbridgeovertheriver.据说他们正在这条河上修另一座大桥。2.Idratherreadthanwatchtelevision;theprogramseem_allthetime.(1997.1)a.togetworseb.tobegettingworse我宁愿看书也不愿意看电视，电视节目好像越来越差了。,完成式：不定式表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前1.Thebankisreportedinthelocalnewspaper_inbroaddaylightyesterday.(2001.1)a.robbedb.tohavebeenrobbedc.beingrobbedd.havingbeenrobbed2.Theywerereportedtohavediscoveredanthorancienttombinthisarea.,完成进行式：在谓语动词表示的动作发生前，不定式表示的动作一直在进行。1.Theyaresaidtohavebeencollectingfolksongsthere.(=Itissaidthattheyhavebeencollectingfolksongsthere.)2.Thestrugglewasknowtohavebeengoingonforovertwentyyears.,Usage,1subject（主语）2predicative（表语）3object（宾语）4attribute（定语）5adverbial（状语）6complement（补足语）,1.不定式（短语）作主语通常转化成“It+is/was+adj./n.+不定式（短语）”,其中it是形式主语(formsubject)，真正的主语是后面的不定式（短语）。Tomasteraforeignlanguageisnoteasy.Itsnoteasytomasteraforeignlanguage.,Ittakessb.sometime不定式Itcostssb.money不定式2.复合结构：forsb.todosth.Itis+adj./n.+for/ofsb.todosth.当形容词为表示“性格特征或行为表现”的形容词时，介词用of，如kind,wrong,polite,wise,aspredicativeHerwishistobeateacher.Sheseemstobehappy.,asobjectHelovedtolistentomusic.IfinditdifficulttospeakEnglishfluently.,下列动词要求不定式作宾语：afford,agree,aim,appear,arrange,care,choose,decide,desire,demand,determine,help,hope,intend,learn,manage,mean,offer,plan,pretend,promise,refuse,seem,strive,tend,wish,特殊疑问词+不定式介词+特殊疑问词+不定式Wheretostayhasnotbeendecidedyet.（S.）Shedoesntknowwhattodo.（O.ofv.）Hehadnoideaofhowtodo.（O.ofprep.）疑问词包括how,what,where,when,whether,whom,why等,Iaskhimwheretogetthisbook.（O.C.）Thequestioniswhichtochoose.（P.）能一以这种结构作宾语的动词有：know,see,show,tell,teach,wonder,imagine,understand,explain等,asattribute不定式通常作后置定语，而且vi.后要加介词.Thereisalotofworktodo.Heisthebestmantoconsultwith.,asadverbialAadverbialofpurposeBadverbialofcauseCadverbialofresult,asadverbialofpurposeIstartedearly(soas)/(inorder)togettherebeforedark.soasto和inorderto是不定式的强调形式soas(not)to用在句中inorder(not)to用在句中或句首,asadverbialofcauseWeareproudtobemembersofthisteam.Wejumpedwithjoytohearofthegoodnews.,asadverbialofresultHeistooyoungtogotoschool.Ihurriedtotherailwaystationonlytofindthatthetrainhadleft.Hebehavedsofoolishlyastobelaughedbyhisfriends.Hisstoryissosadastoarouseoursympathy.,ascomplementAobjectcomplementBsubjectcomplement,AsobjectcomplementChinaexpectseveryonetodohisduty.Icouldmakethemunderstandme.,要求不定式作宾补的动词：ask,tell,want,expect,invite,allow,forbid,force,oblige,urge,advise,persuade(sb.todosth.)要求省to不定式作宾补的动词：make/have/let(sb.dosth.),helpsb.todosth.主语不直接参与动作helpsb.dosth.主语直接参与动作Thiskindofsoapwillhelpustowashtheclothesmoreeasily.Theyalwayshelpmedomyhomework.,AssubjectcomplementWeweremadetopaythemoney.Amanwasseentoenterthehouse.注：主被动语态转换,S.asksb.todosth.sb.beaskedtodosth.S.makesb.dosth.sb.bemadetodosth.S.sawamanenterthehouse.Amanwasseentoenterthehouse.S.sawamanenteringthehouse.Amanwasseenenteringthehouse.,omissionof“to”1setphrase2setstructure3sentencewithspecialconjunctionorpreposition4aspredicative,setphrase1hadbetter/hadbest(not)do2hadrather/hadsoonerdosth.thandosth.3wouldrather/wouldsoonerdosth.thandosth.,4wouldjustassoondosth.asdo（宁愿也不愿）5may/might(just)aswelldo（还是好;还不如;不妨）6cannotbutdo(不能不；不得不),7cannotchoosebut（只得）8cannothelpbut（不得不）cannothelp+doing9canbut=canonly（只得，充其量不过）eg,Iwouldjustassoonstayasgowithhim.Wemayaswellbeginatonce.Youmayaswelltellthetruth.Wemightjustaswellstayathome.,Icannotbutadmirehiscourage.Icannotbutlaugh.Icannotchoosebutstay.Icannothelpbutgrieve.,setstructure感官动词或使役动词+宾语+动词原形宾补make/have/let/bid/leave+sb./sth.+do常见感官动词：see,hear,watch,notice,observe,listento,lookat,feelperceiveetc.,Hemadeherdoso.Bidhimgohome.（叫他回家）Wewillhavetheboymailthisletter.Lettherebenomistakeaboutit.（这事可别出错）Leavehimgo.（放他走）Lookatthathorsejump.Iheardthemtalkaboutthatfilm.,连词(than,as)或介词(except,but,besides,save)前有do的某种形式省to;反之则不省Ididnomorethanmakeabeginning.Ihavenochoicebuttoacceptthefact.,Ididnothingbut/exceptrepairthefarm-tools.Mydogdoeseverythingexceptspeak.Whatdoyouliketodobesidesswim?,作表语的不定式:若主语中有do的某种形式，可省to也可不省.AllIdidwas(to)hithimonthehead.Theonlythingwecandois(to)encouragehimtotryagain.Theonlythingtodois(to)encouragehimtotryagain.WhatIlldois(to)tellherthetruth.,Gerund,FormUsageTestingStructure,Forms:v-ing(主动)一般式nov-ing/notdoing否定式havingdone主动完成式beingdone被动一般式havingbeendone被动完成式onesdoing复合结构,Usage,1subject2predicative3object4attribute,asS.Thereisnodenyingthis.Itsnouse/nogood/uselesscryingoverthespiltmilk.asP.Hishobbyiscollectingancientgoldcoins.,asO.Ihavefinishedreadingthebook.Sheisveryfondofdancing.Doyoufindstayinghereinteresting?Doyoufinditinterestingstayinghere?,asAttr.动名词作定语，说明人或物的性能or用途现在分词作定语，表明动作进行，是主谓关系sleepingpillsasleepingchild,TestingStructure:否定式nov-ing/notv-ing复合结构:onesv-ing名词所有格或物主代词+动名词名词通格或代词宾格+动名词（非正式文体或口语中）,Itsnousebuyingbooksbutnotreadingthem.His/Himgoingtherewonthelpmuch.Johns/Johncomingherewillgetusoutoftrouble.Idontrememberhis/himgivingmebackthatdictionary.IheardofMissMarys/Marycomingback.,有些动词或短语后需接动名词作宾语：anticipate,involve,remember,forget,forgive,forbid,imagine,keep,mind,regret,avoid,consider,discuss,deny,encourage,finish,like,love,resist,delay,admit，risk,resume,suggest,advise,allow,permit,dislike,favor,fancy,endure,enjoy,escape,excuse,leaveoff,overlook,miss,pardon,postpone,practice,putoff,prevent,prohibit,quit,recommend,require,resent,recall,tolerate,appreciate,stop,approachtodoing,bebusydoing,objecttodoing,feellikedoing,canthelpdoing,preferdoingAtodoingB,Participle,FormUsageTestingStructure,PresentParticiplev-ing(主动)一般式notv-ing否定式havingdone主动完成式beingdone被动一般式havingbeendone被动完成式,PastParticiplev-ed(被动)一般式notv-ed否定式,Usage,1Predicative2Attribute3Adverbial4Complement,aspredicativeMypencilwasbroken.(过去分词作表语主语状态)Herspeechwasquitestirring.(现在分词作表语主语性质),asattributeAlostopportunityneverreturns.Thewomansittingatthedeskishissecretary.Thematerialusediscement.注:分词(短语)作定语可以转化成定语从句,asadverbialIstoodwatchingher,notknowingwhattodo.Hewasreliable,judgedbyordinarystandards.,分词(短语)作状语,其逻辑主语必须与句子主语一致.Seeingtheprofessor,thestudentssmiledandsaidgoodmorningtohim.Seenfromthehill,thecitylooksbeautiful.,AdverbialoftimeSeeingtheprofessor,thestudentssmiledandsaidgoodmorningtohim.Seenfromthehill,thecitylooksbeautiful.,AdverbialofcauseBeingill,hestayedathome.Convincedoftheaccuracyofthedata,Istucktomyopinion.,AdverbialofconditionWorkinghard,youllsucceed.United,westand;divided,wefall.,AdverbialofconcessionWorkingveryhard,hedidnotfeelalittletired.Thoughbeatenbytheoppositeteam,theplayersdidnotloseconfidence.(连词though加强语气),AdverbialofresultAletterhasjustcome,relievingherfromanxiety.Newmachineswereinstalled,thus/therebyresultinginanincreaseinproduction.(thus/thereby加强语气),AdverbialofmannerTravelingbycar,thestudentsvisitedmanyplaces.ArmedwithMarxism-Leninism,thePartysolvedtheproblemsoneafteranother.,AdverbialofaccompanimentTheteacher,followedbysomestudents,wentintotheclassroom.Theystayedathomeallday,givingthehouseathoroughcleaning.,ascomplementaO.C.IamsorryIvekeptyouwaiting.Ihavemyhaircutonceamonth.(谓语v.多为使役v.和感官v.)bS.C.Shewasseengoingupstairs.Theworkwaslefthalfdone.,TestingStructure,1ParticipleasAdverbial2AbsoluteStructure,现在分词与过去分词作状语的区别:Pleasefillinthisform,givingyourname,address,etc.Hestoodthere,surroundedbyhisthreedaughters.一般来说现在分词表示主动的意思;过去分词表示被动的意思.,分词作状语时的时态1一般式：分词表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作同时或几乎同时发生Seeingnobodyathome,shedecidedtoleaveanote.=Asshesawnobodyathome,shedecidedtoleaveanote.,2完成式：分词表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前Havingcleanedtherooms,webegantoweedthegarden.=Afterw