托福基础阅读讲义

iBTTOEFLReading(BasicLevel),主讲：何康,Introduction,iBTTOEFL托福阅读简介iBTTOEFL基础阅读课程设置简介攻克iBTTOEFL阅读的基本要求iBTTOEFL托福Direction讲解托福真题测试总结iBTTOEFL考试的特点和做题原则讲解句子的结构,iBT托福阅读V.S.笔试托福阅读,iBTTOEFL特点1.新托福所有的文章都加了标题mainidea题型取消，取而代之的是文章内容小结题2.文章明显加长老托福350新托福700老托福11分/篇新托福20分/篇注意加试：第1部分若3篇，则听力为9个段落或篇幅的文章第1部分若5篇，则听力为6个段落或篇幅的文章,iBTTOEFL特点3.新托福的生词明显增多高中：3500个单词；四级：4000多；新托福：8000（质的突破）词汇题占1/4的分数4.题目大多都是具有客观无争性（混淆题不多）5.顺序原则出题的顺序和文章议论的顺序基本一致的第1题，一般在前3行；第2题，4-6行,iBTTOEFL特点6.明显增加了对句子和篇章的考察体现在新增题型中7.新增题型句子简化题：句子结构的理解句子插入题：考查逻辑文章内容小结题目：6选3（2分）；7选5（3分）图表题：从文字到表格,TOEFLiBTReadingQuestionTypesBasicInformationDetroit:汽车城Characteristics:abundanceofore，forestation,laborbenefitfromthetransportationconnectionTheland:TheMidwestistheflattestregionintheUS.ItistheonlyonewithnomountainrangesTheMidwesthasmorelakesthananyotherregioninthecountry,MidwestofAmerica,TheMidwestofAmerica,OneoftheworldsbiggestopenpitironminesoperatesnearHibbing,MinnesotaThetallestbuildingintheUnitedStatesisinChicago.ItistheSearsTower,110storiesor1454feettallMorecarsandtrucksaremadeinMichigancities,suchasDetroitandFlintBecauseKansasisthenationstopwheat-growingstate,ithasbeencalledthebread-basketofAmerica,TheMidwestofAmerica,FamousUniversities:TheUniversityofChicagoTheNorthwestUniversityMichiganUniversityIllinoisInstituteofTechnology,ThewestofAmerica,MainStates:WashingtonOregonCaliforniaNevada,California,WithmanybigcitiesincludingSanFrancisco,LosAngeles,andSanDiego,CaliforniahasthemostpeopleofanystateHollywoodandDisneyland,Theland:ThetallesttreeintheworldistheGeneralShermantreeinCaliforniasSequoiaNationalPark.Itis368feettallandis3000to4000yearsoldRockyMountainiscalledthe“thebackbone”ofAmerica.ThemountainsformalinecalledthecontinentalDivide.TheDeadValleyisinsunnysouthernCalifornia.Itiscalled“groundonfire”.Onasummerdaytheairisusuallyaround100degreesintheshade.,TheeconomyRedmond,Washingtonishometothebiggestpersonalcomputersoftwarecompanyintheworld,MicrosoftBoeing,thelargestaircraftmanufacturerintheworld,isoneofSeattlesmostimportantemployers.SiliconValleyinCaliforniaisaclusteroftownsthatarehigh-techtoday.Siliconisusedtomakecomputerchipsthatarebrainsofcomputers,TheWestofAmerica,UniversitiesUCofBerkeleyUCofL.A.StanfordUniversitytheUniversityofWashington,corn,rice,tobacco,cotton,manufacturedgoods,finishedproduct,Newwordssummary:Geography,hemisphere半球equator赤道latitude纬线longitude经线/经度altitude海拔horizon地平线topography地形/地形学plain平原basin盆地lowland低地oasis绿洲plateau/highland高地,Newwordssummary:Geography,waterfall瀑布cascade小瀑布、喷流reef暗礁coralreef珊瑚礁tide湖水dune沙丘cliff山崖valley山谷hillside/mountainslope山坡canyon/gorge峡谷channel/strait海峡theprimevalforest原始森林tropicalrainforest热带雨林,Topic2AmericanGeography,ReadPassage2,Topic3AmericanHistory(美国历史),Pre-ColumbianperiodTheearliestknowninhabitantsofwhatisnowtheUnitedStatesarethoughttohavearrivedinAlaskabycrossingtheBeringlandbridge,atleast14,00030,000yearsago.Someofthesegroupsmigratedsouthandeast,andovertimespreadthroughouttheAmericas.,TheseweretheancestorstomodernNativeAmericansintheUnitedStatesandAlaskanNativepeoples,aswellasallindigenouspeoplesoftheAmericas.,Mississippianculture,Around9001450ADtheMississippianculturedevelopedandspreadthroughtheEasternUnitedStates,primarilyalongtherivervalleys.ThelocationwheretheMississippiancultureisfirstclearlydevelopedislocatedinIllinois.,ColonialPeriod,AfteraperiodofexplorationbypeoplefromvariousEuropeancountries,Spanish,Dutch,English,French,Swedish,andPortuguesesettlementswereestablished.,ChristopherColumbuswasthefirstEuropeantosetfootonwhatwouldonedaybecomeU.S.territorywhenhecametoPuertoRicoonNovember19,1493,duringhissecondvoyage.Inthe15thcentury,Europeansbroughthorses,cattle,andhogstotheAmericasand,inturn,tookbacktoEuropecorn,potatoes,tobacco,beans,andsquash,Colonialperiod:Britishcolonizationcolony殖民地colonial殖民的colonist=settler殖民者ThefirstsuccessfulEnglishcolonywasestablishedin1607,ontheJamesRiveratJamestowninVirginia.,ThePlymouthColonywasestablishedin1620.TheareaofNewEnglandwasinitiallysettledprimarilybyPuritanswhoestablishedtheMassachusettsBayColonyin1630.TheMiddleColonies,consistingofthepresent-daystatesofNewYork,NewJersey,Pennsylvania,andDelaware,werecharacterizedbyalargedegreeofdiversity,FormationoftheUnitedStatesofAmerica(17761789),The13ColoniesbeganarebellionagainstBritishrulein1775andproclaimedtheirindependencein1776.TheysubsequentlyconstitutedthefirstthirteenstatesoftheUnitedStatesofAmerica.,TheUnitedStatesdefeatedtheKingdomofGreatBritainwithhelpfromFranceandSpainintheAmericanRevolutionaryWar(theWarofIndependence).However,in1777theveryfirstnationtorecognizethesovereigntyofanewlyindependentUSAwasMorocco,Westwardexpansion(17891849),TheLouisianaPurchase,in1803,removedtheFrenchpresencefromthewesternborderoftheUnitedStatesandprovidedU.S.settlerswithvastpotentialforexpansionwestoftheMississippiRiver,CivilWarera(18491865),Inthemiddleofthe19thcentury,whiteAmericansoftheNorthandSouthwereunabletoreconcilefundamentaldifferencesintheirapproachtogovernment,economics,societyandAfricanAmericanslavery.,HarrietBeecherStowepublishedhernovelUncleTomsCabinin1852inresponsetothepassageoftheFugitiveSlaveAct.Thenovelintendedtoexpressherviewsofthecrueltyofslaveryandsoldnearly300,000copiesduringitsfirstyearofpublicationandwasregardedbymany,includingPresidentLincoln，tobethebookthatstartedtheCivilWar.,Reconstructionandtheriseofindustrialization(18651890),ReconstructiontookplaceformostofthedecadefollowingtheCivilWar.InresponsetoReconstruction,theKuKluxKlan(KKK)emergedaroundthelate1860sasawhite-supremacistorganizationopposedtoblackcivilrights.,Newwordssummary,migrate移居、移往ancestors祖先NativeAmericans美国原住民indigenous本土的,priest牧师ceremonial仪式的Flint打火石voyage航海、航行colony殖民地colonial殖民的colonist=settler殖民者Puritans=Pilgrims清教徒,Rebellion叛乱Proclaim声明Defeated击溃reconcile和解AmericanRevolutionaryWar=WarofIndependence美国独立战争Sovereignty主权、主权国家,Newwordssummary,Civilwar美国内战reconstruction重建westwardexpansion西进运动,Topic3AmericanHistory,ReadPassage46,Topic4AmericanEconomy(美国经济),U.S农业社会的特点：家庭手工业为主AgriculturalEconomyWhiletheytradedamongthemselves,NativeAmericanshadlittlecontactoutsidetheAmericasbeforeEuropeansettlersbeganarriving.Theireconomicsystems,forexampletheeconomyoftheIroquois,involvedvariouscombinationsofhuntingandgatheringandagriculture.,Mason石工artisan手工艺人apprentice学徒,U.S工业社会的特点：industrialeconomyspecialization专业化productivity生产能力，pricelivingstandard,rawmaterial:ore矿石,coal煤炭,timber木材laborforce:immigrantspopulationfromvillage(domesticimmigrants)internationalimmigrants,TheGreatDepression(1929-1933)Followingthestockmarketcrash,theeconomyplungedintotheGreatDepression.TheFederalReserveBoard(美国联邦储备委员会)didnotcausethedepressionbutitmadenoefforttointervenebyhelpingbanks.Themoneysupplyfellbyone-third,anditwashardtogetaloan.,FranklinDelanoRooseveltwaselectedPresidentin1932withoutaspecificprogram.Hereliedonahighlyeclecticgroupofadvisorswhopatchedtogethermanyprograms,knownastheNewDeal.,U.S.benefitsfromeverywarAmericanRevolutionaryWar(07/04/1776)CivilWar(18611865)theFirstWorldWar(19141918)theSecondWorldWar(19371945),Postwarprosperity(19451973)TheperiodfromtheendofWorldWarIItotheearly1970swasagoldeneraofAmericancapitalismbabyboom(19451960),additionalnewword:economy,subsist生活，生存subsistence存活，生活subsistencewage刚够养家糊口的工资subsistencelevel收支平衡的生活水平,commodity商品bankloan银行贷款interest利息affluence富裕，富足,Topic3:AmericanEconomy,ReadPassage52,Topic5AmericanUrbanization(美国城市化),urban城市的rural乡村的metropolis大都市metropolitan大都市的feedoneachother相辅相成Industrializationandurbanizationfeedoneachother.,technologicalprogress技术进步biastowardscitylife对城市生活的偏见Mostlivedonfarmsandinsmalltownsandbelievedcitiestobecentersofcorruption,crime,poverty,andmoraldegradation.,移民（migrants）大量涌入(streaminto)，人口大幅上升(denselypopulated)农村人口大量涌入城市城市化与工业化互相促进feedoneachother,技术革新technologicalinnovation城市是社会变革领导者(civicleader)城市贫民生活依然艰难(severepoverty)农村对城市有偏见(bias),Hinterland:theplacewherefarawayfromthecoastorcityHinterlandCity,Product,Service,TheearlyUnitedStatesarepredominatelyrural.Accordingtothe1790census,95%ofthepopulationlivedinthecountryside.The5%ofAmericanslivinginurbanareaslivedmostlyinsmallvillages.OnlyPhiladelphia,NewYork,andBostonhadmorethan15,000inhabitants,Untilthemiddleofthe19thcentury,thecenterofthecitywasthemostfashionableplacetolive.Merchants,lawyersandmanufacturersbuiltsubstantialtownhousesonthemainthoroughfareswithinwalkingdistanceofthedocks,warehouse,officescourtsandshopswheretheyworked.Poorpeoplelivedindarkalleysandcourtyardsofthecentralcity.,Markets,shops,tavernsandconcerthallsprovidedservicesandentertainment.Themiddleclasseslivedalittlefartherfromthecenter,andotherpoorpeoplelivedinthesuburbs.,Citiesweredenselypopulated,aspeoplehadtolivewithinwalkingdistanceofworkandshops.Streetswerenarrow,justwideenoughtoaccommodatepedestriansandwagon,TheIndustrialRevolutionofthe19thand20thcenturytransformedurbanlifeandgavepeoplehigherexpectationsforimprovingtheirstandardofliving.Theincreasednumberofjobs,alongwithtechnologicalinnovationintransportationandhousingconstruction,encouragedmigrationtocities.,Immigrantsgravitatedtothecheaphousingandtothepromiseofworkinornearthecenterofcitiesoraroundfactories.Nowtherichlivedinthesuburbsandthepoornearthecenterofcities,Ifyoulovehim,bringhimtoNewYork,becauseitisaheavenIfyouhatehim,bringhimtoNewYork,becauseitisahell,ReadPassage34,Topic6Biology(生物学),Zoology动物学,phylum门class纲order目family科genus属species种,invertebrate无脊椎动物vertebrate脊椎动物rodent啮齿动物primate灵长动物,carnivore食肉动物herbivore食草动物omnivore杂食动物scavenger食腐动物,reptile爬行动物amphibian两栖(类)lizard蜥蜴chameleon变色龙frog青蛙tadpole蝌蚪,mammal哺乳动物antelope羚羊otter水獭gorilla大猩猩chimpanzee黑猩猩baboon狒狒ape猿giraffe长颈鹿rhinoceros犀牛hippo河马sloth树懒,Solitaryanimal独居bear,frog,tigerSocialanimal群居ant,bee,chimpanzeeMigrateanimal迁徙butterfly,locust,crane,mutation变种variation变异bio-diversity生物多样性peculiarity特性,botany植物学,celltissueorgansystem,parasiteplant寄生植物Aparasiticplantisonethatderivessomeorallofitssustenancefromanotherplant.About4,100speciesinapproximately19familiesoffloweringplantsareknown.Parasiticplantshaveamodifiedroot,thehaustorium,thatpenetratesthehostplant,lawn草坪meadow牧场prairie大草原mosses苔藓shrub/bush灌木,canopy树冠层/顶棚foliage/leaf叶stem茎sprout嫩芽/抽枝trunk树干twig小树枝jungle丛林flower花blossom花bud花蕾petal花瓣pollen花粉pollinate传授花粉,pine松树（Hardneedlepine）sequoia红杉spruce云杉plumblossom梅花orchid兰花waterlily荷花/莲花,photosynthesis光合作用chlorophyll叶绿素,OriginofSpeciessurvivalofthefittest适者生存animaladaptation动物适应性gameanimal:狩猎动物predator捕猎者prey被捕猎的动物adaptto/adjustto适应mimicry拟态camouflage伪装,EvolutionarytheoryInbiology,evolutionisthechangeinthegeneticmaterialofapopulationoforganismsfromonegenerationtothenext.Thoughthechangesproducedinanyonegenerationaresmall,differencesaccumulatewitheachgenerationandcan,overtime,causesubstantialchangesintheorganisms.,ReadPassage95,Topic7astronomy(天文学),cosmos/universe宇宙astronomy天文学astronomicalobservatory天文台astronaut/spaceman宇航员,celestial天体的celestialbody/heavenlybody天体celestialsphere天球rotationrotate自传revolutionrevolve公转,asteroid小行星nebula星云comet彗星meteorite陨石star恒星stellar恒星的planet行星satellite卫星,galaxy/MilkyWay银河系SolarSystemsolar太阳的lunar月亮的,Mercury水星Venus金星Mars火星Earth地球Saturn土星Jupiter木星Uranus天王星Neptune海王星Pluto冥王星,moleculeatomprotonneutronionparticlephotonelectron,中子粒子电子分子光子原子离子质子,ReadPassage81,Topic8archeology(考古学),archaeology考古学Archaeologist考古学家paleontology古生物学paleontologistanthropology人类学anthropologist,Archaeology,archeology,isthesciencethatstudieshumanculturesthroughtherecovery,documentation,analysis,andinterpretationofmaterialremainsandenvironmentaldata,includingarchitecture,artifacts,features,biofacts,andlandscapes.Duetoitsanalysisofhumancultures,itisasubsetofanthropology.,Paleontology(palaeontology)isthestudyofprehistoriclife,includingorganismsevolutionandinteractionswitheachotherandtheirenvironments(theirpaleoecology).Asahistoricalscienceittriestoexplaincausesratherthanconductexperimentstoobserveeffects.Paleontologicalobservationshavebeendocumentedasfarbackasthe5thcenturyBC.,Paleontologyliesontheborderbetweenbiologyandgeology,andshareswitharcheologyaborderthatisdifficulttodefine.Itnowusestechniquesdrawnfromawiderangeofsciences,includingbiochemistry,mathematicsandengineering.,AnthropologyOnetraditionalapproachtosimplifyingsuchavastenterprisehasbeentodivideanthropologyintofourfields,eachwithitsownfurtherbranches:biologicalorphysicalanthropology,culturalanthropology,archaeologyandanthropologicallinguistics.,研究古人左右撇子handedness，如何判断通过岩洞cave内的壁画picture来研究根据早期人类使用的工具tools（石器敲击的痕迹，顺、逆）牙齿上的划痕scratchonthetooth根据早期人的颅骨skull和腕骨carpus判断（头盖骨左右容量和肢体粗细）,hominid人（科）tribe部落clan氏族excavation挖掘excavate/unearth挖掘sinister左边的,antique古物/古董morphology形态学skull颅骨cranial颅骨的fossil化石dexterous右手的，右边的,Literature&Art文学艺术,Literature,fiction小说essay随笔prose散文legend传说narrativeprose叙述性descriptiveprose描写性surrealism超现实主义modernism现代主义aestheticism唯美主义,realism现实主义MarkTwain：Americanauthorandhumorist.TwainismostnotedforhisnovelsAdventuresofHuckleberryFinn.Duringhislifetime,Twainbecameafriendtopresidents,artists,industrialistsandEuropeanroyaltynaturalism自然主义Sister