改写步骤和技巧

AcademicEnglishWriting,Week2:plagiarismmostofthemwerebuiltinlargepartwithBritishcapital,Britishiron,machinesandknow-how.Theseinvestmentboomsappearirrational,becauseinfactfewrailwaysweremuchmoreprofitabletotheinvestorthanotherformsofenterprise,mostyieldedquitemodestprofitsandmanynoneatall:in1855theaverageinterestoncapitalsunkintheBritishrailwayswasamere3.7percent.(FromTheAgeofRevolutionbyEricHobsbawn,1995,p.45),(a)Between1830and1850therewasveryrapiddevelopmentinrailwayconstructionworldwide.Twoperiodsofespeciallyfeverishgrowthwere1835-7and1844-7.Itishardtounderstandthereasonforthisintenseactivity,sincerailwayswerenotparticularlyprofitableinvestmentsandsomeproducednoreturnatall.(Hobsbawm,1995:45),(b)Therewereonlyafewdozenmilesofrailwayin1830,includingtheLiverpooltoManchesterline.Butby1840therewereover4,500milesandover23,500by1850.MostofthemwerebuiltinlargepartwithBritishcapital,Britishiron,machinesandknow-how,andmostofthemwereprojectedinafewburstsofspeculativefrenzyknownastherailwaymaniasof1835-7andespeciallyin1844-7.Becausemostyieldedquitemodestprofitsandmanynoneatalltheseinvestmentboomsappearirrational.Infactfewrailwaysweremuchmoreprofitabletotheinvestorthanotherformsofenterprise.(Hobsbawm,1995:45),(c)AsHobsbawn(1995)argues,nineteenth-centuryrailwaymaniawaspartlyirrational:becauseinfactfewrailwaysweremuchmoreprofitabletotheinvestorthanotherformsofenterprise,mostyieldedquitemodestprofitsandmanynoneatall:in1855theaverageinterestoncapitalsunkintheBritishrailwayswasamere3.7percent.(Hobsbawm,1995:45),(d)Globally,railwaynetworksincreaseddramaticallyfrom1830to1850;themajorityinshortperiodsofmania(1835-7and1844-7).Britishtechnologyandcapitalwereresponsibleformuchofthisgrowth,yetthereturnsontheinvestmentwerehardlyanybetterthancomparablebusinessopportunities.(Hobsbawn,1895:45),(e)Thedramaticgrowthofrailwaysbetween1830and1850waslargelyachievedusingBritishtechnology.However,ithasbeenclaimedthatmuchofthisdevelopmentwasirrationalbecausefewrailwaysweremuchmoreprofitabletotheinvestorthanotherformsofenterprise;mostyieldedquitemodestprofitsandmanynoneatall.,5.Avoidingplagiarismbydevelopinggoodstudyhabits,Planyourworkcarefullysoyoudonthavetowritetheessayatthelastminute.Takecaretomakenotesinyourownwords,notcopyingfromthesource.Keeparecordofallthesourcesyouuse(e.g.author,date,title,pagenumbers,publisher)Makesureyourin-textcitationsareallincludedinthelistofreferences.,1.Theelementsofeffectiveparaphrasing,Paraphrasingattemptstorestatetherelevantinformation.E.g.Therehasbeenmuchdebateaboutthereasonsfortheindustrialrevolutionhappeningineighteenth-centuryBritain,ratherthaninFranceorGermany.,Paraphrasedversion:WhytheindustrialrevolutionoccurredinBritainintheeighteenthcentury,insteadofonthecontinent,hasbeenthesubjectofconsiderablediscussion.,Aneffectiveparaphraseusually:,hasadifferentstructuretotheoriginalhasmainlydifferentvocabularyRetainsthesamemeaningKeepssomephrasesfromtheoriginalthatareincommonuse(e.g.industrialrevolutionoreighteenthcentury,Threekeystowriteagoodparaphrase,1.Useyourownwordsandyourownsentencestructure.2.Makeyourparaphraseapproximatelythesamelengthastheoriginal.3.Donotchangethemeaningoftheoriginal.,Fivestepstowriteagoodparaphrase,Step1Readtheoriginalpassageseveraltimesuntilyouunderstanditfully.Lookupunfamiliarwords,andfindsynonymsforthem.Itmaynotbepossibletofindsynonymsforeveryword,especiallytechnicalvocabulary.Inthiscase,usetheoriginalword.,Step2Ithelpstotakenotes.Writedownonlyafewwordsforeachideanotcompletesentences.Language-peopleusetocommunicate-butsomanydifficulttounderstandoneanotherpeoplewishuniversalinternationallanguagereasons:cultural,economicbonds,betterfeelingsbetweencountries,Itmaybehelpfultomakeabriefoutlinesuchasthefollowing:A.languagepeopleusetocommunicate1.somanylanguagesmakeitdifficulttounderstandoneanother.2.Peoplewishforoneuniversalinternationallanguage.B.Reasons1.cultural,economicbonds2.Betterfeelingsbetweencountries,Step3Writeyourparaphrasefromyournotes.Dontlookattheoriginalwhileyouarewriting.Step4Checkyourparaphraseagainsttheoriginaltomakesureyouhavenotcopiedvocabularyorthesentencestructuretooclosely.Aboveall,makesurethatyouhavenotchangedthemeaningoftheoriginalorgivenanywronginformation.Step5.Addanin-textcitationattheend.,(a)AfocusondemandmayhelptoexplaintheUKoriginoftheindustrialrevolution.Atthattimeworkerspaywashigh,butenergyfromcoalwasinexpensive.Thisencouragedthedevelopmentofmechanicalinventionsbasedonsteampower,whichenabledbossestosavemoneybymechanisingproduction(Allen,2009),3.Techniquesforparaphrasing,(a)changingvocabularybyusingsynonyms:arguesclaims/eighteenthcentury1700s/wageslabourcosts/economisesavingNB.Donotattempttoparaphraseeveryword,sincesomehavenotruesynonym,e.g.demand,economy,energy,(b)changingwordclass:explaination(n.)explain(v.