kwh很全面的跨文化交际课件_欢迎下载.ppt

1.Whatisculture?,Onthesurface:customsandbehaviorMoredeeply:whatthebehaviorandcustomsmeantothepeoplewhoarefollowingthemInaword:CultureisallaboutmeaningsHall:Cultureiseverythingandeverywhere,4.WhatisCommunication?,ItcomesfromtheLatinword“communicare”,itmeanstogiveortoexchange.Now,themostcommonmeaningof“communication”istogiveorexchangeinformationorideas.Communicationisourabilitytoshareourideasandfeelings.(thebasisofallhumancontact)Communicationisadynamic,systematicprocessinwhichmeaningsarecreatedandreflectedinhumaninteractionwithsymbols.(J.T.Wood),Elementsofcommunication,Context(location,time,light,temperature,seatingarrangements)Participants(relationship,gender,culture)Messages(meanings,symbols,encodinganddecoding)Channels(sound,sight,smell,taste,touch)Noise(externalnoise,internalnoise,semanticnoise)feedback,LinearModelofCommunication,Sender,Receiver,Channel(message),encoding,decoding,noise,Isthisaneffectivemodelofcommunication?,ModeofCommunication,InteractiveModelofCommunication,SenderReceiver,SenderReceiver,encoding,decoding,noise,Feedbackisessentialtogoodcommunication,decoding,encoding,message/channel,message/channel,5.Characteristicsofcommunication,1)Communicationisdynamic2)Communicationisinteractive3)Communicationisirreversible4)Communicationtakesplaceinbothaphysicalandsocialcontext.,6.InterculturalCommunication,SamovarWhenoneissadordepressed,his/hervoicetraitswouldsurelybetheopposite.,(2)VolumeControl,TheEnglishalwaysspeakinlowervoicethanChinesewhentheymakespeechoralecture,ortalkingwitheachother,orphoning.ButChineseoftenspeakinloudvoiceintheaforesaidoccasions.Americanaremoreskilledinregulatingtheirvoicevolumeanduseverymanydifferentvolumelevelsdependingonthesizeoftheaudienceandthephysicalenvironment.,(3)Silence,Silencecanbelongerbetweenfriendsorintimatesthanthestrangerswhohavetoconverse.Chinesepaymoreattentiontothefunctionofsilenceinthetalking,andthinkthatthepausesandsilencehaverichmeanings.Silencemayhavemanypossiblemeanings:agreement-disagreement,thoughtful-ignorance,consideration-inconsideration,secrecy,coldness,submission,boredomandsoon.,Timesystems(Hall,1976):,Doyoustillremembertimeorientation?MonochronicTime(M-Time)PolychronicTime(P-Time)美国人类学家霍尔（EdwardHall）在超越文化（BeyondCulture）一书中首次区分了两种不同的时间观念,即“单向计时制”（monochronictime）和“多向计时制”（polychronictime),MonochronicTime(M-Time),Itschedulesoneeventatatime.Intheseculturestimeisperceivedasalinearstructurejustlikearibbonstretchingfromthepastintothefuture.e.g.AmericanPeople“单向计时制重视日程安排、阶段时间和准时”,认为“时间是线性的、可分割的，就象一条道路或带子向前伸展到未来，向后延伸到过去”。,MonochronicTime(M-Time),在我们看来，同时做两件事几乎有点不道德。”持有这种时间取向的英美人士把时间看成具体实在（tangible）的东西,可以节省（save）、花费（spend）、赚得（earn）、浪费（waste）、失去（lose）、弥补（makeup）、计量(measure）、甚至当成商品一样买卖（buy,sell）和拥有（have）。美国人特别强调把时间分割成不同的时段来安排活动,强调守时,严格按照日程一次做一件事情（doonethingatatime）,PolychronicTime(P-Time),P-timeschedulesseveralactivitiesatthesametime.Itismoreflexibleandmorehumanistic.PeoplefromP-timesystememphasizetheinvolvementofpeoplemorethanschedules.Theydonotseeappointmentsasironcladcommitmentsandoftenbreakthem.e.g.Chinese,LatinAmerican,ArabandmostAsiancultures,DefinitionofEthnocentrism,Definition“theviewofthingsinwhichonesowngroupisthecenterofeverything,andallothersarescaledandratedwithreferencetoit”(WilliamG.Sumner)Examples“Chinaisacountrywithalonghistory.”“arrangedmarriage”,Reasonforethnocentricideas,Allcultureshavethetendencytousethecategoriesofonesownculturetoevaluatetheactionsofothers.,NegativeImpactofEthnocentrism,Ifpeoplebelievethattheircultureistheonlytrueculture,theywilldiscriminateagainstpeoplewhomanifestculturalnormsthatfailtocorrespondtotheirvaluesandbehaviors.,Stereotypes,DefinitionStereotypesareaformofgeneralizationaboutsomegroupofpeople,orameansoforganizingimagesintofixedandsimplecategoriesthatareusedtostandfortheentirecollectionofpeople.(WalterLippmann)ReasonsHumanbeingshaveapsychologicalneedtocategorizeandclassify.,Prejudice,DefinitionItreferstonegativeattitudestowardsotherpeoplethatarebasedonfaultyandinflexiblestereotypes.Itisanunfair,biased,orintolerantattitudetowardsanothergroupofpeople.(Lusting&Koester)ExamplesExample1:“ThoseGermansdiditonce,soIcannevertrustanyofthemeveragain.”Example2:“DontpaytheMexicansverymuch.Theydonthaveanyeducationandwillworkforalmostnothing.”,Discrimination,Itreferstothebehavioralmanifestationsoftheprejudice,itcanbethoughtofasprejudice“inaction”.(Lusting&Koester),Racism,Thebeliefthatraceaccountsfordifferencesinhumancharacterorabilityandthataparticularraceissuperiortoothers.,WhatisCultureShock?,DefinitionTroublesomefeelingssuchasdepression,loneliness,confusion,inadequacy,hostility,frustration,andtension,causedbythelossoffamiliarcuesfromthehomeculture.(LinellDavis),2.Accultu