UNit 1 SpecializedTranslation

SpecializedTranslation,VI.Modulesofthiscourse,Grading:attendance,presentationandperformance30%Mid-termExamination30%FinalExamination40%ParticipationAttendanceiscriticalinthisclass.Skillsandtechniquesrequiredforgoodtranslationwillbeintroducedintheclasslectures.Eachstudentwillhaveachancetogivepresentationintheclass,asatourguideorpropogandist,andisexpectedtocometoclasswithquestionstospurdiscussions.Notethatparticipationwillbegradedbasedonthequalityofperformancebythestudentandcommentsmadebythestudentonquestionsconcerned.Therefore,itistothestudentsadvantagetogivegoodpresentationsandmakeinsightfulcommentsthatleadtofurtherdiscussion.,UnitOne,AnIntroductiontotourismandtourismtranslation,1.InChina:In2004,Chinaistheforthcountryintheworldtoacceptinboundtourists.Andin2005,acceptinginboundtouristsinChinaisup12%thanin2004.ontheotherhand,Chinaistheseventhcountryintheworldfromtheforeignexchangeincomeintourism.Andin2005,itsforeignexchangeisup13%thanin2004.Fromthestatistics,wecangettoknowthattourismcanindeedincreasethecountryseconomy.,2.WhatisTourismTranslation,TranslationinTravelandHospitalityTourismTranslation1.Definition:Thetranslationwhichisconductedfortourismactivities,fieldsandsectorsrelatedtotourism,travelandhospitalityindustries,characteristicofcross-linguistic,cross-social,cross-culturalandcross-psychological.,3.Therelationshipbetweentourismtranslationandliterarytranslation,Literarytranslation,specializedtranslation,Tourismtranslation,4.TourismTexttypes:Accordingtothefunctionoftourismmaterials:Textsinthescenicspots:Commentaries,publicsigns,promotionalmaterialsTextsoutsidethescenicspots:Introductionsoftourismresourcesanddocumentationspublishedbygovernmentalornon-governmentalorganizations,traveloguesandtravelingstories,Accordingtothevehicleoftranslation:Tourisminterpretation:(on-the-spotinterpretationandon-the-wayinterpretation)travelogues,commentaries,etc.TourismTranslation:publicsigns,promotionalmaterials,Introductionsoftourismresourcesanddocumentationspublishedbygovernmentalornon-governmentalorganizations,andtravelingstories,5.QualityofTourismTranslation,Qualityoftranslationoftourismliteratureis,tosomeextent,therepresentationoftourismIndustry.Chinastourismindustryisdevelopingrapidly,butisincomplete.Mistakesintranslationtourismliteratureruinanationsimageintourismindustryandbringinconveniencetotourists.Mistakesintourismtranslationcouldevenincurlossintouristeconomy.,TheoverallqualityoftourismtranslationinChinesemarket“良莠不齐,问题颇多”。,Pointoutthemistakesinthefollowingexamples:1.食在广东。FoodisinGuangdong.2.工部祠北面的林荫深处,依杜甫诗意和明代格局复建的茅屋故居,足以引人发思古之幽情。HeadingnorthwardsfromtheGongbuShrine,deepintheforests,istheThatchedCottageScenicSpot.ItisinlinewiththedescriptioninDuspoemsandthecharacteristicsoftheMingDynastyconstructionstyle,leadingvisitorsfeelingsbacktotheancienttimes.,3.骏景花园JunjingGarden4.1997年被联合国教科文组织列为世界文化遗产。In1997,itisputonthelistoftheWorldsCultureHeritagebytheUNESCO.5.InaBeijinghotellobby:“Theliftisbeingfixedfornextday.Duringthattimeweregretthatyouwillbeunbearable.”,6.Theoreticalframeworkfortourismtranslation:Functionalapproach(Skopostheory)1.TheHistoricalDevelopmentofSkopostheorieIn1971，GermantranslationtheoristKatharinaReissfirstputforwardanewmodeloftranslationcriticismonthebasisofthefunctionalrelationshipbetweensourceandtargettext,ortheparticularpurposeofatranslationactivity.AccordingtoReiss,communicativefunction,conceptualcontentandlinguisticformarethethreeelementarypartsofanidealtranslation.(DaiRong,2005:41),Since1978,Reisssstudent,anotherGermantranslationtheorist,H.J.Vermeerhasfurtherpointedoutthat“asageneralprinciple,thetranslationapproachesandtranslationstrategiesmustbedeterminedbytheintendedpurposeorfunctionofatranslation.”In1984,ReissandVermeerformallystatedtheskopostheorieortheskopostheoryintheirco-authoredbookGeneralFoundationsofTranslationTheory普通翻译理论框架.SkoposisaGreekwordfor“purpose”.TheframeworkofVermeersskopostheorieisthefollowing:,Anyformoftranslationalaction,includingthereforetranslationitself,maybeconceivedasanaction,asthenameimplies.Anyactionhasanaim,apurpose.Thewordskopos,then,isatechnicaltermforthenameorpurposeofatranslation.Further:anactionleadstoaresult,anewsituationorevent,andpossiblytoa“new”object.(Nord,2001:12)Thismeansthattheskopos/purposeistheprimeprinciplethatdeterminesanytranslationprocess.,Intheearly1990s,ChristianeNordadvancedanewconceptof“function+fidelity”.OnthebasisofthetheoriesofReissandVermeer,Nordemphasizestherelationshipbetweenthesourceandthetargettexts.Nordalsosuggestsasetofprinciplesaswhatelementsofasourcetextinaparticularcontextcanbereservedandwhatshouldorcanberewritten.(DaiRong,2005:43),Fromitsnameskopostheorie,wecaninferthatskoposruleisthetop-rankingruleofVermeerstheory.AccordingtoVermeer:Eachtextisproducedforagivenpurposeandshouldservethispurpose.Theskoposrulethusreadsasfollows:translate/interpret/speak/writeinawaythatenablesyourtext/translationtofunctioninthesituationinwhichitisusedandwiththepeoplewhowanttouseitandpreciselyinthewaytheywantittofunction.(Vermeer,1989a:20),AsVermeerputsit,totranslateis“toproduceatextinatargetsettingforatargetpurposeandtargetaddresseesintargetcircumstances.”(Nord,2001:12),wenoticethatskopostheorieisatheoryofpurposefulactionanditemphasizesthefunctionsofthetargettextratherthanthoseofthesourcetext.Therefore,inapplyingtheskopostheorietotourismbrochuretranslation,weshouldtakethepurpose(skopos)ofthetourismbrochureintofullconsideration.,7.Manipulatingatourismtextwithinthetheoreticalframework:1.明代大旅行家徐霞客曾说过“薄海内外无如徽之黄山,登黄山天下无山,观止矣!”后人据此又归纳为“五岳归来不看山,黄山归来不看岳。”OnhissecondvisittoMt.Huangshan,XuXiake,thefamoustravelerandgeographeroftheM