18-Industrial-Revolution工业工程

IndustrialRevolution,EffectsoftheIndustrialRevolution,Whatwastheindustrialrevolution?MachinescoordinatedtomakegoodsEnergyfromnon-animalsourcesIndustrygrew4timesfasterChangedallaspectsofsocietyMostprofoundeffectsinceagricultureGovernmentchangePoliticalandmilitarybalanceEuropeasdominantpowerTransformedsocialclassesHigherstandardoflivingformost,EffectsoftheIndustrialRevolution,EffectsoftheIndustrialRevolution,Origins,AgriculturalrevolutionHorseandsteelplowFertilizeruseYieldsimproved300%1700-1850GrowthofforeigntradeformanufacturedgoodsForeigncoloniesIncreaseinshipsandsizeSuccessfulwarsandforeignconquest,OriginsWhyEngland?,FactorsinEnglandNocivilstrifeGovernmentfavoredtradeLaissezfaireLargemiddleclassIslandgeographyMobilepopulationEveryonelivedwithin20milesofnavigableriverTraditionofexperimentalscienceWeakguilds,WhatwerethefactorsthatalreadymarkedBritain,ratherthananyotherEuropeancountry,asthedestinedfirsthomeoftheindustrialrevolution?Theanswerliespartlyinthingsremotefromtechnology,suchasthereligiousfreedomwhichbroughtintheHuguenotsandotherrefugeeswiththeirnumerousartsandencouragedthenativePuritancapitalist.Therewastheconfidentattitudenaturaltoanislandpeoplethathadceased.toreckonseriouslywiththeprospectofinvasion.Theislandpossessedavaluablestimulustotradeinitslongcoastlineandfrequentnavigablerivers.Moreover,theActofUnionin1707hadmadeBritainintoasingleeconomicunitlongbeforeanyotherareaofcomparablewealthandresourceshadceasedtobedividedbynumerouscustomsbarriers.ButevenwiththeadditionoftheScots,thesmallnessofthepopulationascomparedwiththeFrenchgaveatthesametimeanimportantincentivetotheuseoflabor-savingdevices.Lastly,therewastheplentifulnessandaccessibilityofcoalintheisland.T.K.DerryandT.I.Williams,AShortHistoryofTechnology,InmostofEurope,then,craftguildseventuallybecameresponsibleforalevelofregulationthatstifledcompetitionandinnovation.Theydidthisbylayingdownmeticulousrulesaboutthreeelementsofproductionthatwemighttermthethreeps:prices,procedures,andparticipation.Mokyr,Joel,TheGiftsofAthena,PrincetonUniversityPress,2002,p.259.,TheweakpositionoftheguildsinBritainintheeighteenthcenturycangosomewayinexplainingtheseriesoftechnologicalsuccessesweusuallyrefertoastheBritishIndustrialRevolutionandwhyitoccurredinBritainratherthanontheEuropeancontinent,althoughclearlythiswasonlyoneofmanyvariablesatwork.Mokyr,Joel,TheGiftsofAthena,PrincetonUniversityPress,2002,p.260.,Manufacturing,Textiles4-5spinnersperweaver,FlyingShuttle,ManufacturingTextiles,CottongavestrongerfibersInventionofSpinningJennyDemandforskilledweaversMechanicallooms(flyingshuttle)Jacquardlooms,RichardArkwright1771,InventsthespinningwaterframeConstructsthefirstspinningfactoryRealizedthatseveralmachinescouldbelinkedtocreateafactoryNeededwaterpowertoturnthemachines(waterwheelexpert)Neededgears(watchmaker),ThecreationofthefirstspinningfactorywasthebeginningoftheIndustrialRevolution,EdmundCartwright1787,Powerloomfactory,ManufacturingTextiles,Jacquardlooms,ManufacturingNegatives,PoorworkingconditionsChildrensuppliedlaborLudditesHandicraftsmenreplacedbymachineOrganizedtostopindustrialization,EnergyandTransportation,AnimalpowerandplantburningWateremergedasenergysourceIronindustryenergycrisisLackofwoodCoaldiscoveredSteampumpsforminesSteamenginesRailroads,Newcomensengineconsistedmainlyofalarge,verticalpistonandabeamthatrockedbackandforthonacentralsupportlikeagiantseesaw.Thepistonsatseveralfeetbelowoneendofthebeam,attachedtoitbyachain.Eachtimethepistonmoveddownward,itwouldpulldownonthatendoftherockingbeam,forcingtheotherendup.Theoppositeendwasattachedtoasuctionpump,similartothehand-operatedpumpsyoustillseeoncomeoldwaterwells,andeachdownstrokeofthepistonwouldbringgallonsofwatergushingupthroughapipefromtheminebelow.Pool,Robert,BeyondEngineering,OxfordUniversityPress,1997,p.122.,WhenthesteamflowedinundertherisingpistonoftheNewcomenengine,Wattrealized,allbutafractionofitcondensedimmediatelybecausethesurroundingcylinderhavingjustbeencooledbyajetofwaterwasatarelativelylowtemperature.Thismeantthatseveraltimesasmuchsteamwasusedandseveraltimesasmuchfuelwasconsumedaswastheoreticallysufficienttofillthepistononeachstroke.Wattsuddenlyrealizedhowtofixtheproblem:buildamachinewithacondensingchamberseparatefromthecylinderandkeepthetwoatdifferenttemperatures.Pool,Robert,BeyondEngineering,OxfordUniversityPress,1997,p.124-125.,Englandvs.ContinentalEurope,Englandvs.ContinentalEurope,Produced20%ofindustrialgoodsGrossnationalproductrose4xPopulationincreaseInventorstookinventionsabroad,BelgiumscoalandironresourcesGermanyironandwoolfactoriesFranceslowtoindustrializeMechanizationcamebutlate,Technology,TheIndustrialRevolutionwasbuiltonrapidadvancesintechnology,Technologycomprisesallthatbewilderinglyvariedbodyofknowledgeanddevicesbywhichmanprogressivelymastershisnaturalenvironment.-T.K.DerryandT.I.Williams,AShortHistoryofTechnology,3,Technology,Istechnologygood?,Technology:short,mediumandlong-termconsequencesShort-term:Benefitsarehelpfulanddesirable(thisiswhyweuseit).Ifproventobeadud,itisdiscardedquickly.Medium-term:Negativeconsequencesarenotedandstrongresistanceoftenarises.Sometimestheshorttermcausesdisruptions(lossofjobs,etc.)andattemptsaremadeinthemediumtermtostoptechnology(Luddites,etc.);butthesearerarelysuccessful(exceptcurrenteffortsbyenvironmentalgroupswhohavethebackingofpoliticians,courts,andmanypeople).Thisresistanceisoutsidemarketforces.Long-term:Mayrequirechanges/evolutioninthetechnologybutwerarelyabandonthetechnologyalltogetherbecausethebenefitsaregreatandthenegativesareworkeda