Text I a world empire by other means自己整理商务综合英语课件

TextI,AWorldEmpirebyOtherMeans,1,学习交流PPT,Aworldempirebyothermeans,TEXTI,AWorldEmpirebyOtherMeans,Whatdoesworldempirereferto?,WorldempirereferstotheBritishempire,theEmpireonwhichthesunneversets.,Whydoesthetitlesaybyothermeans?,Byothermeansreferstoadifferentwaytoruletheworld,i.e.bymeansoflanguage,incontrasttogunpowderandcommerce.,2,学习交流PPT,1.Itiseverywhere.Some380millionpeoplespeakitastheirfirstlanguageandperhapstwo-thirdsasmanyagainastheirsecond.Abillionarelearningit,aboutathirdoftheworldspopulationareinsomesenseexposedtoitandby2050,itispredicted,halftheworldwillbemoreorlessproficientinit.Itisthelanguageofglobalisationofinternationalbusiness,politicsanddiplomacy.ItisthelanguageofcomputersandtheInternet.,3,学习交流PPT,Asmany,TEXTI,asmanyofthesamenumber,Therewontbeasmanyfireworksthisyear.MorethanonehundredAmericancollegesanduniversitiesnowhaveeducationalexchangeswithnearlyasmanyChineseinstitutions.,notasmanyaswehadlastyearorpreviousyears,withmoreorless100Chineseinstitutions,4,学习交流PPT,proficient,TEXTI,proficient:a.(beinsth)abletodosthwellorskilfully,aproficientspeakerMarthasproficientinSwedish.,Ant.,clumsy,incompetent,unskilled,ficiency,proficiencyinmusic,CanyounamesomecommonproficiencytestsinChina?,TEM-4,TEM-8,CET-4,CET-6,TOEFL,GMAT,GRE,IELTS,5,学习交流PPT,Organisation,AsmanyInsomesenseBeexposedtoMoreorlessBeproficientinLanguageofglobalizationDiplomacy,6,学习交流PPT,新世纪商务英语综合教程第2册Unit1MP3U1-TextI_clip(14).mp3,7,学习交流PPT,它无处不在。它是约3.8亿人的母语，还是约占此人数三分之二人的第二语言。全世界有10亿人在学习它，约占世界人口三分之一的人或多或少会接触到它。预计到2050年，全世界半数人会近乎精通它。它是全球化时代的语言国际商务、政治和外交等活动使用它，也是计算机和互联网的通用语言。,8,学习交流PPT,YoullseeitonpostersinCtedIvoire,youllhearitinpopsongsinTokyo,youllreaditinofficialdocumentsinPhnomPenh.DeutscheWellebroadcastsinit.Frenchbusinessschoolsteachinit.ItisthemediumofexpressionincabinetmeetingsinBolivia.Truly,thetonguespokenbackinthe1300sonlybythelowpeopleofEnglandhascomealongway.Itisnowthegloballanguage.,9,学习交流PPT,10,学习交流PPT,11,学习交流PPT,LocationmapofIvoryCoastAvirtualguidetoCtedIvoire(alsoknownasIvoryCoast),acountryinsouthernWestAfricaontheGulfofGuinea(NorthAtlanticOcean)situatedbetweenGhanaandLiberia.ThecountryisborderedinnorthbyMaliandBurkinaFaso.IvoryCoastcoversanareaof322,463km,compareditisslightlysmallerthanPoland,orslightlylargerthantheU.S.stateofNewMexico.CtedIvoirehasapopulationof22.7millioninhabitants(in2015).CapitalcityisYamoussoukro.LargestcityandthedefactocapitalisAbidjan.SpokenlanguagesareFrench(official);andlanguagesoffiveprincipallanguagegroups,theDiula(Dioula),Baule(Baoul),Dan,AnyinandSenari.,12,学习交流PPT,13,学习交流PPT,14,学习交流PPT,15,学习交流PPT,Trulythetonguespokenback,TEXTI,Truly,thetonguespokenbackinthe1300sonlybythelowpeopleofEnglandhascomealongway.,Paraphrasethesentence.,Indeed,thelanguagespokenasearlyas1300sbythenativepeopleinEnglandhasdevelopedforalongtime.,Whatdoeslowpeoplemean?,peopleofthelowerclass,thosewhowereatthebottomofthesociety,16,学习交流PPT,Trulythetonguespokenback2,TEXTI,Whatwasthesituationlikeinthe1300s?,AftertheNormanConquestofEnglandin1066,untilabout1300,threelanguagesstoodtoeachotherinahierarchicalrelationship,withLatinatthetop,followedbyFrench,andthenbyEnglish.Frenchwastheprestigelanguage,ofthearistocracyandthecourt,whileEnglishalowandvulgarlanguageofeverydayfolk.,17,学习交流PPT,CtedIvoirePhnomPenhDeutscheWellemediumofexpressionCabinetBoliviaLowpeopleHascomealongway,18,学习交流PPT,新世纪商务英语综合教程第2册Unit1MP3U1-TextI_clip(13).mp3,19,学习交流PPT,你能在科特迪瓦的海报上看到它，能在东京的流行歌曲中听到它，还能在金边的官方文件中读到它。德国之声电台用它播放节目，法国商学院用它授课，玻利维亚的内阁会议用它作为交流媒介。的确，这种在14世纪的英格兰只有“下等人”才说的语言取得了长足的发展进步，如今已经成为世界的语言。,20,学习交流PPT,Themainideaofthefirstparagraph:Itisthelanguageofglobalisationofinternationalbusiness,politicsanddiplomacy.ItisthelanguageofcomputersandtheInternet.LowerclassGloballanguage,21,学习交流PPT,2Howcome?NotbecauseEnglishiseasy.True,gendersaresimple.Buttheverbstendtobeirregular,thegrammarbizarreandthematchbetweenspellingandpronunciationanightmare.Englishisnowsowidelyspokeninsomanyplacesthatumpteenversionshaveevolved,somesopeculiarthatevennativespeakersmayhavetroubleunderstandingeachother.,22,学习交流PPT,Matchbetweenspellingandpronunciation,TEXTI,match:n.acorrespondingpair,1.Canyougiveanexampleoftheoddmatchbetweenspellingandpronunciation?2.Pronouncethefollowingwordswith-ough:cough,plough,though,thorough,drought,thought,through,tough,honour,psychology,castle,comb,23,学习交流PPT,Gender:SexTendtodo:Beinclined;HaveatendencyIrregular:Uneven;Unbalanced;Bizarre:Strange;Weird;PeculiarMatch:Equal;EquivalentNightmare:UmpteenversionsEvolve:Develop;ProgressPeculiar:Odd;Strange;UnusualHavetroubledoingsth,24,学习交流PPT,新世纪商务英语综合教程第2册Unit1MP3U1-TextI_clip(1).mp3,25,学习交流PPT,为什么会这样？原因不在于英语好学。诚然，英语单词词性简单，但是动词变化不规律，语法怪异，拼写和发音之间的对应简直是噩梦。由于传播十分广泛，英语衍生出众多的版本，有些独特的表达连英语为“母语”的人们也难以相互理解,26,学习交流PPT,Themainideaof2ndparagraphComealongwayNoteasy,27,学习交流PPT,3AsalanguagewithmanyoriginsRomance,Germanic,Norse,CelticandsoonEnglishwasboundtobeamess.Butitselasticitymakesitmessier,aswellasstronger.Whenitcomestonewwords,Englishputsupfewbarrierstoentry.Everyyearpublishersbringoutnewdictionarieslistingneologismsgalore.Thepastdecade,forinstance,hasproducednotjustahostofInternettery,computereseandphonebabble(browsers,downloading,textingandsoon)butquantitiesofteenspeak(fave,fit,pants,phat,sad).AllarereadilyreceivedbyEnglish,howevermuchsomefogiesmayresistthem.,28,学习交流PPT,Butitselasticitymakesitmessier,TEXTI,Butitselasticitymakesitmessier,aswellasstronger.,WhatrepresentstheelasticityofEnglish?,Itabsorbswordsfromotherlanguagesandacceptscreatedones,thusamuchlargervocabularythanmanylanguages.Initshistory,itaccepts,bothinspokenandwrittenform,influencesfromotherlanguages,religion,lawandscience.,Whatdoeselasticitymean?,flexibility,adaptability,29,学习交流PPT,Butitselasticitymakesitmessier2,TEXTI,HowdoestheelasticityofEnglishmakeitmessierandstronger?,messier:TherearemanyvarietiesofEnglish,differencesamongtheminpronunciation,vocabulary,grammarandsoon,whichcanbeveryconfusingsometimes.stronger:Englishcanbeusedinmanyfieldsandsoitbecomesalinguafranca,andenjoysadominantstatus.,30,学习交流PPT,Whenitcomesto,TEXTI,Whenitcomestosavingtheplanet,docelebritiespractisewhattheypreach?Whenitcomestorentingorbuying,youllspendaboutthesameamount.,Whenitcomestoasregards,toisnotfollowedbyaninfinitive,butanounornounphrase.,31,学习交流PPT,barrier,TEXTI,barrier:n.(to)obstacle,languagebarrier,tradebarriertoremovebarrierstosuccesssetbarrierstocommunication,obstacle,hindrance,32,学习交流PPT,Ahostof,TEXTI,ahostofagreatnumberof,ahostofbillsahostofnewdevices,acrowdof,aswarmof,aflockof,athrongof,33,学习交流PPT,Origin:Source:BeginningBeboundtodo:Elasticity:Spring;FlexibilityMess:DisorderPutup:Erect;BuildBarrier:Obstacle;DifficultyNeologismgaloreAhostofInternetteryComputeresePhonebabbleTeenspeakFogy,34,学习交流PPT,新世纪商务英语综合教程第2册Unit1MP3U1-TextI_clip(2).mp3,35,学习交流PPT,英语的来源甚广，包括罗曼语、日耳曼语、挪威语、凯尔特语等等，因此它必定会杂乱无章，但正是这种灵活性在使它变得庞杂的同时，也变得更加强大。提到新词，英语几乎毫不阻拦地接纳。每年出版商都会推出包含大量新词的新字典。例如，过往十年里不仅出现了很多网络用语、计算机用语、手机用语（如“浏览器”、“下载”、“发短信”等），还诞生了大量青少年俚语（如“赞”、“正”、“残”、“酷”、“杯具”）。虽然一些守旧者强烈反对，但这些都被英语欣然接纳。,36,学习交流PPT,MainideaofthethirdparagraphMess-elasticityFogy-resist,37,学习交流PPT,4.English-speakershavenotalwaysbeensoangst-freeaboutthislaisser-faireattitudetotheirlanguage.Inthe18thcenturythreewritersJosephAddison(whofoundedtheSpectator),DanielDefoe(whowroteRobinsonCrusoe)andJonathanSwift(GulliversTravels)wantedtoseeacommitteesetuptoregulatethelanguage.,38,学习交流PPT,Angst-free,TEXTI,angst-free:a.withoutangerorworry,-free:notcontainingaspecifiedsubstance(oftenusedincombination),tax-freeasugar-freesoftdrink,39,学习交流PPT,Laisser-faireattitude,TEXTI,laisser-faireattitude:laisser-faireoftenreferstotheprinciplesoffreetrade,allowingforfreedomtoagreatdegree.HereitmeanshardlyanyrestrictionintheuseanddevelopmentofEnglish.,40,学习交流PPT,English-speakershavenotalwaysbeenso,TEXTI,English-speakershavenotalwaysbeensoangst-freeaboutthislaisser-faireattitudetotheirlanguage.,Paraphrasethesentence.,Somepeopleinhistory,contrarytomostothers,tookanegativeattitudetowardstheelasticityofEnglish.,41,学习交流PPT,toseeacommitteesetuptoseedone:tomakesureYouwillseetheworkdoneproperly.Heisalwaysthelasttogotobedtoseeallthedoorslocked.,42,学习交流PPT,JosephAddison(1May167217June1719)wasanEnglishessayist,poet,playwright,andpolitician.HewastheeldestsonofTheReverendLancelotAddison.Hisnameisusuallyrememberedalongsidethatofhislong-standingfriend,RichardSteele,withwhomhefoundedTheSpectatormagazine.,43,学习交流PPT,DanielDefoewasanEnglishtrader,writer,journalist,pamphleteer,andspy,mostfamousforhisnovelRobinsonCrusoe.,44,学习交流PPT,JonathanSwift(30November166719October1745)wasanAnglo-Irishsatirist,essayist,politicalpamphleteer(firstfortheWhigs,thenfortheTories),poetandclericwhobecameDeanofStPatricksCathedral,Dublin.,45,学习交流PPT,Angst-freeLaisser-faireAttitudetoCommitteeSetup:Regulate:Order;Standardize;Adjust,46,学习交流PPT,新世纪商务英语综合教程第2册Unit1MP3U1-TextI_clip(3).mp3,47,学习交流PPT,英语母语者也并非一直对自己语言的这种放任态度毫不在意。18世纪便有三位作家约瑟夫爱迪生（旁观者周刊的创立者）、丹尼尔笛福（鲁滨逊漂流记的作者）以及约翰森斯威夫特（格列佛游记的作者）希望建立一个委员会来规范英语。,48,学习交流PPT,Mainideaofparagraph5:Fogy-speakerCommittee-regulate,49,学习交流PPT,5.Fortunately,theprinciplesoffreetradetriumphed.Thesuccessorfailureofalanguagehaslittletodowithitsinherentqualitiesandeverythingtodowiththepowerofthepeoplewhospeakit.,50,学习交流PPT,Tohavelittletodowith,TEXTI,tohavelittletodowith:,tohaveeverythingtodowithtohavemuchtodowithtohavenothingtodowith,51,学习交流PPT,Triumph:Succeed;WinHavelittletodowithInherent:Intrinsic;Innate;Inborn,52,学习交流PPT,新世纪商务英语综合教程第2册Unit1MP3U1-TextI_clip(4).mp3,53,学习交流PPT,所幸，自由贸易的原则占了上风。一种语言的成败并不取决于它的内在品质，“而全在于说这种语言的人拥有多大权力。”,54,学习交流PPT,ThemainideaNo-inherentqualityBut-thepower,55,学习交流PPT,6Englishmovedwiththetimes,andbythe19thcenturythetimesweresuchthatithadspreadacrossanempireonwhichthesunneverset.Itthusbeganitsriseasagloballanguage.,56,学习交流PPT,TextI_BG_2.1,Onhearing“TheEmpireonwhichthesunneversets,whatdoyouthink?,TEXTI,powerful,universallanguage,invasion,57,学习交流PPT,thus,TEXTI,thus:hewayindicated,inthisway;accordingly,therefore,Whichofthefollowingiswrong?1.Wehavearrivedlate.Thuswehavetofacethepenalty.2.Wewerenotcareful,thuswehavetopaythefine.,Wewerenotcareful.Thuswehavetopaythefine.,58,学习交流PPT,新世纪商务英语综合教程第2册Unit1MP3U1-TextI_clip(5).mp3,59,学习交流PPT,Thus2,TEXTI,Translatethefollowingsentences.,Ifyouthrowtheballthus,asImshowingyou,youllhavebetterluckhittingthetarget.2.IhaveallthetoolsIneed.ThusIshouldbeabletofixthebikemyself.3.Registeryourphonerightafterpurchasethusenablingustoprovideyouevenbetterserviceincaseofquestionsorincaseofawarrantyclaim.,tr.,tr.,tr.,如果你像我演示的这样扔球，命中的机会更大些。,我有所有需要的工具，所以我应该可以自己把自行车修好。,购买后请立即登记您的电话，以使我们在您有疑问或提出保修要求时能提供更好的服务。,60,学习交流PPT,英语随时代发展，到19世纪它已蔓延到日不落帝国的各个角落，自那以后它开始成为全球的语言。,61,学习交流PPT,MainideaEmpire-global,62,学习交流PPT,7.ThatcouldbeseennotjustbytheuseofEnglishinBritainscolonies,butalsobyitsusefulnessmuchfartherafield.When,forinstance,GermanyandJapanwerenegotiatingtheirallianceagainstAmericaandBritainin1940,theirtwoforeignministersheldtheirdiscussionsinEnglish.ButhoweveraccommodatingEnglishmightbetherealreasonforthelatterdaytriumphofEnglishisthetriumphoftheEnglish-speakingUnitedStatesasaworldpower.Thereinliesahugesourceoffriction.,63,学习交流PPT,NotjustbyButalsobyAfieldAlliance:Accommodating:Helpful;AcceptingFriction:Resistance;Conflict,64,学习交流PPT,新世纪商务英语综合教程第2册Unit1MP3U1-TextI_clip(6).mp3,65,学习交流PPT,英语的发展不仅见于其在英国殖民地的广泛应用，还体现在它在遥远国度的用途。例如，1940年，德国和日本协商建立反对英美的同盟，这两国的外交大臣交流时使用的便是英语。然而，不论英语如何地海纳百川，它日后的成功要归功于美国这个英语国家作为世界巨头的崛起，这其中也存在导致摩擦的重大原因,66,学习交流PPT,8ThemeritofEnglishasagloballanguageisthatitenablespeopleofdifferentcountriestoconverseanddobusinesswitheachother.Butlanguagesarenotonlyamediumofcommunication,whichenablenationtospeakuntonation.Theyarealsorepositoriesofcultureandidentity.Andinmanycountriestheall-engulfingadvanceofEnglishthreatenstodamageordestroymuchlocalculture.ThisissometimeslamentedeveninEnglanditself,forthoughthelanguagethatnowsweepstheworldiscalledEnglish,theculturecarriedwithitisAmerican.,67,学习交流PPT,All-engulfing,TEXTI,all-engulfing:,all-knowing:knowingeverythingall-important:ofgreatestimportanceall-powerful:havingunlimitedpower,Doyouknowanyotherwordscombinedwithall?,68,学习交流PPT,Thoughthelanguagethatnowsweepsthe,TEXTI,Paraphrasethesentence.,thoughthelanguagethatnowsweepstheworldiscalledEnglish,theculturecarriedwithitisAmerican.,EnglishwasspreadthroughthepoweroftheBritishEmpire,butnowitisspreadthroughthecultureofadifferentpowerfulcountrytheUSA.(Actually,globalizationisequivalenttoAmericanizationtoalargeextent.),69,学习交流PPT,ThemeritConverse-conversationMediumofcommunicationRepositoryAll-engulfingLamentBecarriedwith,70,学习交流PPT,新世纪商务英语综合教程第2册Unit1MP3U1-TextI_clip(7).mp3,71,学习交流PPT,英语成为全球通用的语言，其好处在于便利各国人民相互交流、进行商务往来。然而，语言不仅是国与国之间对话交流的媒介，还是文化和身份的宝库。在很多国家，英语日益显现出压倒性势头，将要破坏或摧毁当地的文化，有时甚至在英国也有如此令人悲叹的情景，目前横扫世界的语言叫做英语，但承载它的确是美国文化。,72,学习交流PPT,9.OnthewholetheBritsdonotcomplain.Somemayregretthepassingofthebullet-proofwaistcoat(infavourofthebullet-proofvest),thearrivalofhopefullyatthestartofeverysentence,thewholesaledisappearanceoftheperfecttense,andthemutationofthemeaningofpresentlyfromsoontonow.Butfewmindorevennoticethattheiroldrailwaystationhasbecomeatrainstation,thecarparkisturningintoaparkinglotandpeoplenowliveon,notin,astreet.,73,学习交流PPT,新世纪商务英语综合教程第2册Unit1MP3U1-TextI_clip(8).mp3,74,学习交流PPT,英国人对此倒没什么怨言。虽然有一些人对这些词语的消亡感到遗憾，如“bullet-proofwaistcoat”演变成“bullet-proofvest”（均为“防弹背心”的意思）、每句话开头都加“hopefully（希望如此）”，完成时态彻底消亡，以及“presently”的意思从“尽快”变成了“目前”，但几乎没有人介意甚至注意到“railwaystation”变成了“trainstation”（均为“火车站”的意思），“carpark”变成了“parkinglot”（均为“停车场”的意思），“住在某条街”的英文表达此前使用“livein”，现在使用“liveon”。,75,学习交流PPT,Mainidea,76,学习交流PPT,10.Others,however,arenotsorelaxed.PerhapsitishardestfortheFrench.Eversincetherevolutionin1789,theyhaveaspiredtoseetheirlanguageachieveasortofuniversalstatus,andbytheendofthe19thcentury,withFranceestablishedasacolonialpowersecondonlytoBritainanditslanguageacceptedasthelinguafrancaofdiplomacy,theyseemedtobeontheirwaytoreachingtheirgoal.Asthe20thcenturydrewon,however,andEnglishcontinuedtoencroach,Frenchwasdrivenontothedefensive.,77,学习交流PPT,aspire:v.(to)desire,hopeHumanbeingshavethepowertoaccomplishwhatevertheyintenselyaspiretoaccomplish,providedtheyadheretothemethodadvocated.,78,学习交流PPT,AspiretoSecondtoLinguafrancaOnoneswaytoDrawonBedrivenonto,79,学习交流PPT,Asthe20thcenturydrewon,TEXTI,Asthe20thcenturydrewon,however,andEnglishcontinuedtoencroach,Frenchwasdrivenontothedefensive.,Paraphrasethesentence.,Asthe20thcenturywasapproaching,andEnglishkeptonexpandingbeyondlimits,Frenchwasputinacorneredposition,havingtofightforprotection.,80,学习交流PPT,新世纪商务英语综合教程第2册Unit1MP3U1-TextI_clip(9).mp3,81,学习交流PPT,说其他语种的人就没有这么泰然，其中最较真的可能是法国人。1789年大革命之后，他们渴望见证自己的语言获得国际地位。至19世纪末，法国成为仅次于英国的殖民大国，其语言亦成为外交通用语，实现国际地位的目标似乎近在咫尺，然而，随着20世纪的到来，英语继续攻城略地，法语却被迫采取守势。,82,学习交流PPT,11.French-speakersarefarfromalone.AlawwentintoeffectinPolandlastyearobligingallcompaniessellingoradvertisingforeignproductstousePolishintheiradvertisements,labellingandinstructions.EvenGermany,nowthepreeminenteconomicandpoliticalpowerinEurope,feelsitnecessarytoresistthespreadofDenglisch.,83,学习交流PPT,Gointoeffect,TEXTI,gointoeffecttobecomeeffective,Thenewtaxlawswontgointoeffectuntilnextyear.,Otherusesofeffect:,tobringaplanintoeffect使一个计划付诸实施Shedisapprovedoftheproposalandwrotetothateffect.她不赞成此提议，并以书面形式表达此意。Hissilencewasineffectaconfirmationoftherumor.他的沉默实际上是证实了谣言。Theprescribedmedicinefailedtotakeeffect.医生开的药没能起作用。,84,学习交流PPT,BefarfromGointoeffectObligeto:Force;RequirePreeminent:Mostexcellent;Greatest;,85,学习交流PPT,新世纪商务英语综合教程第2册Unit1MP3U1-TextI_clip(10).mp3,86,学习交流PPT,不仅法国人如此对待自己的语言。去年，波兰出台法律，规定所有出售或宣传外国产品的公司都必须在广告、标签和指南中使用波兰语。即使德国这个欧洲的经济政治强国都觉得有必要抑制德式英语的传播。,87,学习交流PPT,12.InIndiasomepeopleseeEnglishasanoppressivelegacyofcolonialismthatshouldbeexterminated.FortheIndians,thepainfeltattheencroachmentsofEnglishmaybetemperedbythepleasureofseeingtheirownwordsenrichingtheinvadingtongue:SirHenryYules1886dictionary,Hobson-Jobson,liststhousandsofAnglo-Indianwordsandphrases.ButformanypeoplesthetriumphofEnglishisthedefeat,ifnotoutrightdestruction,oftheirownlanguage.Oftheworlds6,000or7,000languages,acouplegooutofbusinesseachweek.,88,学习交流PPT,Inindiasomepeopleseeenglishasan,TEXTI,InIndiasomepeopleseeEnglishasanoppressivelegacyofcolonialismthatshouldbeexterminated.,Paraphrasethesentence.,IndiawasonceregardedastheJewelintheCrownoftheBritishEmpire.PeopleinIndiawouldthinktheEnglishlanguageremindsthemoftheperiodofcolonialism,whichshouldbewipedout.,89,学习交流PPT,Butformanypeoplesthetriumphof,TEXTI,ButformanypeoplesthetriumphofEnglishisthedefeat,ifnotoutrightdestruction,oftheirownlanguage.,Paraphrasethesentence.,Butformanypeoples,thesuccessorthewidespreadofEnglishmeansthedefeat,perhapsevenacompleteextinction,oftheirownlanguage.,Savetheendangeredlanguages!,90,学习交流PPT,新世纪商务英语综合教程第2册Unit1MP3U1-TextI_clip(11).mp3,91,学习交流PPT,印度有一些人视英语为殖民压迫的遗祸，认为势必要加以清除。英语的扩张给印度人造成的痛苦因为印度语对侵略语的充实而有所缓和：亨利玉尔爵士在1886年出版的霍伯森-乔伯森字典中列出了上万个盎格鲁语和印度语结合的词和词组。不过很多人认为，英语的胜利如果没有起到去除摧毁本族语言的作用，便是打败了本族语言。全世界共有6千至7千种语言，每星期都有一些步向消亡。,92,学习交流PPT,13.Yettheextinctionofmostlanguagesisprobablyunstoppable.Televisionandradio,bothblamedforhomogenisation,may,paradoxically,prolongthelifeofsomebynarrow-castinginminoritytongues.Andthoughmanylanguagesmaydie,morepeoplemayalsobeabletospeakseverallanguages:multilingualism,acommonplaceamongtheleasteducatedpeoplesofAfrica,isnowthenormamongDutch,Scandinaviansand,increasingly,almosteveryoneelse.NativeEnglish-speakers,however,arebecominglesscompetentatotherlanguages:onlyninestudentsgraduatedinArabicfromuniversitiesintheUnitedStateslastyear,andtheBritisharethemostmonoglotofallthepeoplesoftheEU.,93,学习交流PPT,paradoxically,TEXTI,paradoxically:ad.,Theparadoxofthriftstatesthatifeveryonetriestosavemoremoneyduringtimesofrecession,aggregatedemandwillfallandinturnlowertotalsavingsinthepopulationbecauseofthedecreaseinconsumptionandeconomicgrowth.,n.