SCI论文写作Session 3 outline 10-11-2017

ScientificWriting,Editing,andPublishing,Session3OverviewofBiomedicalManuscriptsandPreparationandOutlines,1,Session3,Accomplishtechnicallycompetent,thorough,andethicalresearchEmployobjectivescientificjudgmentandseekappropriateadvice.PUBLISHhonestreportsinatimelyfashion.Publishingmeanstomakesomethingpublic.Inthisprocess,scholarsprovidetheopportunitytobuildoneachotherscontributions.Note:Withoutpublication,scienceisdead.GerardPiel,ObligationsofaScientist,ScientificWriting,Editing,andPublishing,2,Hypothesis,OverviewofTheResearchProcess,Session3,3,BenefitsofWriting,Session3,Tothinkmoreclearly.Tofulfilltheresponsibilitytoreportandshareinformationwiththescientificcommunity.Toproduceafinalproductofafruitfulresearchproject.Toachievepersonalgain,establishoneselfasanexpert,andreceivegrantsandpromotions.Publications=“money”intheworldofscience.Note:Scientistsarenotofteneducatedinscientificwriting.,ScientificWriting,Editing,andPublishing,4,Notpeer-reviewed,Peer-reviewed,ResearchpapersReviewsMeetingabstractsConferencereports,GrantapplicationsFellowshipproposals,Books,chaptersTheses/dissertationsEditorialcommentsLetterstotheeditorResearchreports,CorrespondenceConfidentialreports,Public,Notpublic,TypesofScientificWriting,Session3,5,DefinitionCompare-contrastEnumerationIllustrationCause-effect,Session3,TechniquesinScientificWriting,ScientificWriting,Editing,andPublishing,6,English:theuniversallanguageofscience-EugeneGarfieldReader-orientedSharesinformation,paintspictureswithwordsAvoidsLaboratoryjargonNon-standardabbreviations,CharacteristicsofScientificWriting(1),Session3,ScientificWriting,Editing,andPublishing,7,Purposeful-Conveysinformation,ideas,conceptsPrecise-ContainswordsmeanttobesaidAccurate-Conformswithactual(true)stateClear-Reachesaudiencewiththesamemeaningithad.Cannotbeinterpretedinmorethanoneway.Whensomethingissaid,especiallyforthefirsttime,clarityisessential.,CharacteristicsofScientificWriting(2),Session3,ScientificWriting,Editing,andPublishing,8,Australiabridgeclimb,9,OverviewofThePublicationProcess,Session3,10,Isthereastorytotell?Whatwastherationalefortheproject?DidIperformathoroughliteraturereview?Whatisthehistoricalcontextofthework?DidIhaveaclearhypothesis?Didtheexperimentstestthathypothesis?Istheexperimentaldesigndefendable?CanIjustifywhatIdid?DidIuseappropriatecontrols?Howdomyfindingsrelatetoexistingknowledge?Howdomyfindingsrelatetohumanwelfare?,QuestionstoAsk,Session3,ScientificWriting,Editing,andPublishing,11,Scientistsbuildacareer(notjustpublishapaper)IntensecompetitionforspaceinjournalsHighcostofpublication($300perpage)Rejectionratesvary,e.g.,JBC=75%;NEJM,Science,Nature=90%)Performlaboratoryworkwithamanuscriptinmind.,WhyandHowtoPublish(1),Session3,ScientificWriting,Editing,andPublishing,12,Thefirstpublicationonaspecifictopichaspriority.Thefindingsshouldbeexpressedassimplyaspossible.Succinct,concise,“crisp,”andterse,i.e.,briefandtothepoint.YouareNOTwritinganovel.Sentencesshouldbestrippedtotheir“barebones.”Writingrequires:PerseveranceWorkSelf-disciplineOrderlythinking,WhyandHowtoPublish(2),Session3,ScientificWriting,Editing,andPublishing,13,Rememberthatyouaretryingtocommunicate,nottoimpress.Rememberthatprofessors,editors,andreviewerswantyoutodowell.Imitatehighlyregardedscientificreports.Inthese,note:thesectionsandtheirorder,length,andtitles.Thenumbersandtypesoftablesandfigures.Standardphrasesthatyoucanuse.Expectconstructivecriticismandfeedback.FollowtheInstructionsforAuthors.,WhyandHowtoPublish(3),Session3,ScientificWriting,Editing,andPublishing,14,Instructionsforauthorsgenerallyinclude:ManuscriptlengthTitlepageformatKeywordsoridentifiersneededforindexingManuscriptformatandorganizationAbstractlengthanddescriptionWritingstyleandconventionalgrammarusage,WhyandHowtoPublish(4a),Session3,ScientificWriting,Editing,andPublishing,15,Instructionsforauthorsgenerallyinclude:Useoffigures,tables,graphs,mathematicalformulas,photographs,andoriginalartReferenceandcitationstyleManuscriptsubmissionmethodEthicalconsiderations(e.g.,treatmentofsubjects)CopyrightrequirementsRequiredstatementsandpermissionsPageorreprintfees,WhyandHowtoPublish(4b),Session3,ScientificWriting,Editing,andPublishing,16,Tips:Onyourcalendar,setasidetimeforwriting.Ifyouwritebetterinthemorning,choosethosehours.Setadeadlineforyourself.Findtimesatwhichyouarenotoverlytiredandyoumindisfresh.Ifnecessary,takeabriefnap.Writingisgenerallybestaccomplishedinaquietplace,inastraight-backedchair,andingoodlighting.Stackcopiesofpublicationsintheorderinwhichyouplantocitethem.Startwithwhateverportionofthemanuscriptyoufindeasiest.Asyouprogress,makenotesofitemsthatareneededandwritedownphrasesthatcanbeused.,WhyandHowtoPublish(5),Session3,ScientificWriting,Editing,andPublishing,17,Tips:Ifyouarestuckonapointorhaveonlyanimperfectsolution,makeanoteandmovetothenextpoint.(Youcanreturntothislater.)Afterwritingfor2hours,takeabreak.Itisgoodtowalk,exercise,restinaquietplace,drinkacupoftea,ortalkwithafriend.Rememberthat:Yourmanuscriptwillberevisedmanytimes,followingsuggestionsofyourcolleaguesandthereviewers.Youdonthavetoacceptallsuggestedchanges.Nomanuscriptisperfect.Makeastrong,reasonableeffortandmoveon.Asyougainexperience,writingwillbecome(somewhat)easier.,WhyandHowtoPublish(6),Session3,ScientificWriting,Editing,andPublishing,18,Presentsubstantial,fresh,andrelevantinformation.(Amanuscriptisworthlessiftheauthorshavelittleofvaluetoreport.)Writeaboutwhatyouknow.Goodwritingcomesfromgoodthinking.Wordpowercomesfromintelligentreading.,WhyandHowtoPublish(7),Session3,ScientificWriting,Editing,andPublishing,19,Writetoomuch,thenmakedeletions.Bebrief.“Brevityisthesoulofwit.”Shakespeare.Donotattempttopublishseveralarticleswhenonewillsuffice.Donottrytopublishsimilararticleswithminordifferences.Allowtraineestodeveloptheirownstyle,whilemaintainingqualitycontrol.,Session3,WhyandHowtoPublish(8),ScientificWriting,Editing,andPublishing,20,WhyandHowtoPublish(9),Tolearnwhatworks:ReadmoreWritemoreReviewmoreYourreputationcanbeaffectedbyapoorpublication.Ifyouhaveareputationforscientifichonestyandcarefulwriting,editorsandreadersmaygiveyoubenefitofthedoubt.,ScientificWriting,Editing,andPublishing,21,Session3,Firstreportofthedata(originalpaper)Originalresearchresults(notme-too)Allowspeerstorepeatthereportedexperiments(notnecessarilytheresults)PublishedinajournalorotherpublicdocumentAvailabletothescientificcommunityCanbereceivedandunderstood,CharacteristicsofaValidManuscript(1),Session3,ScientificWriting,Editing,andPublishing,22,CharacteristicsofScientificWriting(3),ConciseCoversmuchinfewwordsThebestEnglishisthatwhichgivesthesenseinthefewestshortwords.InstructionstoAuthors,JournalofBacteriology.Simple-Easytounderstand,notelaborate,artificial,ornate,orcomplicated.Illustrated-“Apictureisworthathousandwords.”Makeuseofgoodfiguresandtables.,ScientificWriting,Editing,andPublishing,23,Session3,Characteristicformat-IMRAD(Introduction,MaterialsandMethods,Results,andDiscussion)Introduction:Whatwasinvestigatedandwhy?Methods:Howwasitinvestigated?Results:Whatwerethefindings?Discussion:Whatdothefindingsmean?Thisapproachhelpstheauthororganizeandwritethemanuscriptandthereadertounderstandit.,CharacteristicsofaValidManuscript(2),Session3,ScientificWriting,Editing,andPublishing,24,Itsummarizesthestateofknowledgeonthetopic.Itstatesthehypothesistowardwhichthestudyisaddressed.Itrelatesthepresentworktothegeneralbodyofknowledgeonthetopic.Itinterpretstheresultsinrelationtothehypothesis.Itidentifiesquestionsthatneedtobeaddressedinthefuture.,CharacteristicsofaValidManuscript(3),Session3,ScientificWriting,Editing,andPublishing,25,CharacteristicsofaValidManuscript(4),TraditionalformatCancerResearchPNASUSAAlternativeformat(IRDaM):Introduction,Results,Discussion,andMethodsandMaterials)EMBOJOncogeneLetterformatNatureScience,ScientificWriting,Editing,andPublishing,26,Session3,CharacteristicsofaValidManuscript(5),Notconsideredasvalidscientificpapersare:Reviews(Note:Literaturereviewscanbeusefulatthestartofascientificcareer.)ConferencereportsMeetingabstracts,ScientificWriting,Editing,andPublishing,27,Session3,CharacteristicsofanEffectiveManuscript,Well-writtenExcellentliteraturereviewConciseTopical(immediatelyrelevant)Up-to-datemethodologySubstantialcontributiontohumanwelfare,ScientificWriting,Editing,andPublishing,28,Session3,KeukenhoffGardens-2011,29,AuthorshipAgreements(1),Towhatjournalwillthemanuscriptbesubmitted?Whowillbefirstauthor?Lastauthor?Otherauthors?(Onaverage,biomedicalpublicationsnowhave5-6authors.)Whowilldomostofthewriting?Whowillbethecorrespondingauthor?(seenextslide)Whowillmanagerevisions?Whowillberesponsibleforsettlingdisputes?Ideally,theauthorsshouldagreeupontheaboveBEFOREthewritingbegins,whenitisobviousthatsufficientdataforamanuscriptarebeingobtained.,Session3,ScientificWriting,Editing,andPublishing,30,AuthorshipAgreements(2),Dutiesofthecorrespondingauthor(Mostjournalsincludeafootnoteindicating“thepersontowhominquiriesshouldbeaddressed.):Checkingthequalityandaccuracyofthedataandconfirmingthattheincludedinformationissupportedbyrawdata.Dealingwiththejournaleditorduringsubmission,peerreview,andpublication.Handlingofallcorrespondenceandrespondingtoinquiries.Assuringaccuracyofthelistofauthors.Assuringapprovalofthefinaldraftbyallauthors.(continued),Session3,ScientificWriting,Editing,andPublishing,31,Dutiesofthecorrespondingauthor(continued)Beresponsibleformeetingadministrativerequirements.Theseinclude:acquiringapprovalofcommittees,acquiringapprovalofthosewhoarebeingacknowledged,documentationofclinicaltrialregistration,gatheringconflictofintereststatements,andcoordinatingresponsestocritiques.,Session3,AuthorshipAgreements(3),ScientificWriting,Editing,andPublishing,32,ListofAuthors,Whocontributedsubstantiallytotheresearch?Whodraftedthemanuscriptorreviseditcritically?Whogavefinalapprovalforthemanuscripttobepublished?Whoagreedtobeaccountableforthework?,Session3,AuthorshipAgreements(4),Newtrends:Co-firstauthors;Co-correspondingauthors,ScientificWriting,Editing,andPublishing,33,ListofAuthors,Couldeachofthepotentialauthorsdefendtheircontributiontothemanuscript?Thefirstandlastauthor/correspondingauthorareprimepositions.Youngscientistsshouldstrivetobefirstauthorandtherebyshowindependence.Somejournalsrequestinformationaboutthecontributionsofeachauthor.,Session3,AuthorshipAgreements(5),ScientificWriting,Editing,andPublishing,34,AuthorshipAgreements(6),Thefirstauthorcouldhave:performedmostofthelaboratorywork,producedthebasicideaand/ordesign,draftedthearticle,and/orsupervisedthework.Last/correspondingauthorcouldhave:producedthebasicidea;providedsupervisionortheresources,forthework;functionedasprincipalinvestigator;takenoverallresponsibilityforthestudy;and/ortakenresponsibilityforcorrespondence.,ScientificWriting,Editing,andPublishing,Session3,35,AuthorshipAgreements(7),Otherauthorscouldhave:helpedinobtainingfunding,helpedinacquisitionofdata,helpedininterpretationofthedata,providedstatisticalsupport,helpedindrafting/revisingthemanuscript,and/orprovidedadministrative/materialsupport.,ScientificWriting,Editing,andPublishing,Session3,36,AuthorshipAgreements(8),Allauthorsshouldhavebeeninvolvedinatleastoneofthefollowing:conceptdevelopmentexperimentaldesigndatainterpretationrevisionofthemanuscriptNote:Writingthemanuscriptaloneisgenerallynotsufficient.Ifauthorshipchangesduringthepre-publicationphase,allauthorsshouldbenotified,andallmustagreetothechanges.,Session3,ScientificWriting,Editing,andPublishing,37,AuthorshipAgreements(9),Allauthorsmust:havemadeasubstantialcontributiontothework.accepttheirpositioninthelistofauthors.approvetheversiontobepublished.takeresponsibilityforthecontents,includingtheresultsandconclusions.concedepubliclyanyappreciableerrors.incaseoffraud,bewillingtostatepubliclyitsnatureandextentandaccountforitsoccurrence.,ScientificWriting,Editing,andPublishing,Session3,38,AuthorshipAgreements(10),Authoraffiliations:Wheretheworktookplace.Ifanauthorhasmoved,afootnoteshouldgivethe“PresentAddress.”Thosewhoparticipateinroutinedatacollection,serveasresearchassistants,orotherwisemakeonlyminorcontributions,butdonotmeettherequirementsforauthorship,canberecognizedunder“Acknowledgements.”,Session3,ScientificWriting,Editing,andPublishing,39,AuthorshipAgreements(11),If,duringthepre-publicationphase,theauthorshipchanges,allauthorsshouldbenotified,andallmustagreetothechanges.Foracceptedpublications,thecorrespondingauthorshouldsendarequesttotheeditortoaddorremoveanauthorortorearrangetheauthornames.Therequestshouldinclude:thereasonforthechangewrittenconfirmationfromallauthorsAfterthemanuscriptispublished,nochangescanbemade.,Session3,ScientificWriting,Editing,andPublishing,40,DutiesofAuthors,Usestandardproceduresforreporting.Providedataaccessandretention.Provideunbiasedimages.Presentoriginaldata.Acknowledgesources.Avoidmultiple,redundant,orconcurrentpublications.Maintainconfidentiality.Agreeonauthorship.Considerhazardsandhumanandanimalsubjects.Declarecompetinginterests.Notifyeditoroffundamentalerrors.,Session3,ScientificWriting,Editing,andPublishing,41,Collaboration,Benefits:SharedresponsibilityOpportunitytopublishwithscientistswhohaveexperienceinvariousfieldsGreatercreativityandproductivityPotentialproblems:NotallcollaboratorscontributesubstantiallyManyopinionscandelayprogressBeingamiddleauthorhaslessvalue,ScientificWriting,Editing,andPublishing,Session3,42,AuthorshipProblems(1),Firstauthor(trainee)andadvisor/supervisor/PIdonotagreeonwhoshouldbeauthors.Advisor/supervisor/PIincludesordeletesauthorswithoutdiscussingthematterwiththoseremoved.Thelistofauthorsistoolong,e.g.,10.(Alonglistisacceptableforextensiveclinicalstudies.)Theauthorsdisagreeoninterpretationofthedata.Theauthorsdisagreeonwhatwasdonebyeachperson.,ScientificWriting,Editing,andPublishing,Session3,43,AuthorshipProblems(2),Whatdoyoudoifyou,apersonofposition,arechallengedonanauthorshipissue?Whatdoyoudoifyouhavebeenomittedasanauthor?Howdoyoudealwithco-workersaskingtobeincludedasauthors?Whatdoyoudoifyouareasecondaryauthorandyouhaveconcernsaboutthecontentofthemanuscript?,ScientificWriting,Editing,andPublishing,Session3,44,ExampleofAuthors,ScientificWriting,Editing,andPublishing,YuanXua,b,1,YuanLia,b,1,YingPanga,b,YueZhaoa,b,LuShena,b,RongrongJianga,b,JianweiZhoub,XinruWangb,andQizhanLiua,b,*aInstituteofToxicologyandbTheKeyLaboratoryofModernToxicology,MinistryofEducation,SchoolofPublicHealth,NanjingMedicalUniversity,Nanjing210029,Jiangsu,P.R.China.1Authorscontributedequally.*AddresscorrespondencetoQizhanLiu,InstituteofToxicology,SchoolofPublicHealth,NanjingMedicalUniversity,Nanjing210029,Jiangsu,P.R.China.Telephone:+86-25-8686-2834.Fax:+86-25-8652-7613.E-mail:drqzliu,Session3,45,StepsinWritingaManuscript,Session3,Reading,Thinking,WritingRevising,Q:ProfessionalWritingService?,ScientificWriting,Editing,andPublishing,46,TipsforWritingaManuscript(1),Writingamanuscriptinvolves:Work,time,andthoughtChoosingbetweenbeingcomprehensiveandbeingclearEngagingthereadersinterestSearchandreviewtheliterature:UsePubMed+othersourcesSearchforallappropriatekeywordsSummarizerelevantpointsofrelatedarticles,Session3,ScientificWriting,Editing,andPublishing,47,TipsforWritingaManuscript(2),Startearly:Muchofthemanuscriptcanbewrittenbeforetheprojectiscomplete.ThesectionsforMaterialsandMethodsandIntroductioncanbedrafted,andtables(perhapsincomplete)canbeprepared.Focusonthehigh-visibilitycomponents:Theseincludethetitle,abstract,tables,andfigures.RevisecontinuallyEmphasizetake-homepoints,Session3,ScientificWriting,Editing,andPublishing,48,Ephesus(Turkey)-2007,49,Ensurethatyouareup-to-dateontheliteratureinthefield.Confirmthattheresultsare“real,”i.e.,theycannotbeexplainedbyexperimentalerrorandhavebeenrepeated.Completetheinitialstatisticalanalyses.Selectatargetjournal.Readthe“InstructionsforAuthors.”Decideontheauthorsandwhowillbethecorrespondingauthor.Verifythecurrentinstitutionandaddressforeachoftheauthors.,Session3,ChecklistforBeginningaManuscript(1),50,Decidewhowillberesponsibleforthevariouspartsofthemanuscript:Introduction:_Methods/Materials:_Results:_Discussion:_Figures:_Tables:_References:_Overallformatting:_Decidewhowillberesponsibleforotherpartsofthesubmissionprocess:Coverletter:_Submission:_Revisions:_Letterforrevision:_,Session3,ChecklistforBeginningaManuscript(2),51,Determinewhoshouldbeincludedintheacknowledgements.Selectatargeteddateforsubmission.Selectreferencestobecited.Makealistoftheproceduresandinstrumentsused,alongwiththeconditionsforeachexperiment.Verifythedetailsoftheexperiments(e.g.,cellcultureconditions,ageofanimals,durationoftreatments,dosesofagentsused).Preparethefiguresandtablesforthedatatobepresented.Prioritizethedata(mostimportant?supporting?supplemental?),Session3,ChecklistforBeginningaManuscript(3),52,PreparinganOutline,Prepareanoutlinebecause:Preparationforcesyoutothinkandorganize.Allpointscanbesupportedbyappropriatedata.Itprovidesalogical,step-by-steporderinwhichthemanuscriptwillbepresented.Gapscanbefilledin,andextraneousmaterialcanbeeliminated.Writingcanbeaccomplishedwithlessinterruption.,Session3,ScientificWriting,Editing,andPublishing,53,SampleOutline(1),IntroductionEpidemiologicalstudiesshowacorrelationbetweenisoflavoneconsumptionandcancer.Reportsshowthatgenisteinisthemostbioactiveisoflavoneinthediet.Genisteinhasananticancereffectinanimalmodels.MainPoint:Epidemiologicalstudiesshowthatdiet,whichcanvarysubstantiallyfromonecountrytoanother,isafactorincanceretiologyandmayaccountforupto35%ofthedifferencesincancerratesamongdifferentcountries.ThesisStatement:Genistein,adietarycomponent,hasanunusualmechanismofaction,wherebyitdown-regulatesMDM2attranscriptionalandpost-translationallevels.,Session3,54,SampleOutline(2),MaterialsandMethods:PlasmidsandreagentsCelllinesandcellculturesReversetranscription-PCRAssaysforapoptosis,cellproliferation,cellcycledistribution,andclonogenicityXenograftmodels,Session3,55,SampleOutline(3),Results:GenisteininhibitsMDM2expre