使动词的被动语态

英语中有一类非常特殊的及物动词,它们并不表示主语所代表的人或物要做出某个动作或实施某个行为,而表示主语令宾语如何如何、使宾语怎么样或给宾语带来什么的意思。这类含有促成、致使意义的动词,现代汉语中并不多见。不过它同古汉语动词的使动用法或许有些相象,因此,我们不妨也称之为使动词。TireI am tired.英语的常用动词里有很多属于使动词。例如:astonish使惊讶;bewilder使糊涂;confuse使困惑;convince使信服;dismay使惊慌、使沮丧;expose使暴露;electrify使带电、使触电;fertilize使肥沃、使多产;grieve使悲伤;hush使安静下来;involve使卷入;incline使倾向于、使心想;seat使就坐;terrify使惊恐;wither使枯萎等等。I am confused.The matter confused me.I was confused.I believe.I am convinced.Sit down.Be seated.I am excited.I am interested.笔者在教学过程中,发现学生在运用使动词的过程中,经常使用make或let +宾语+补足语这一结构,不仅用词单调,而且也不符合英语的习惯。之所以出现这种情况,主要是由于学生还没有意识到英语是一种使动词非常丰富的语言,对于英语中使动词的用法也不能做到游刃有余。下面是一组学生写的句子:1) *My response made the teacher feel disappointed.(我的回答使老师感到很失望。)其实这句只要用一个使动词,就能表达得十分得体: My response disappointed the teacher.2) *Reference books let you be able to learn English more conveniently.(参考书让你能够更方便地学英语。)应当改为:Reference books facilitate your English study.也可以改为:Reference books enable you to learn English more efficiently.当然也可以改为:Reference books will make your English study easier.I am encouraged.I am confident.为方便学习,现将英语中的使动词作一归纳性介绍:一、使动词以主动形式出现。在这种情况下,使动词的用法比较容易掌握,例如:3) How can I possibly know what will interest other people?(我怎么能知道什么东西可以使别人感兴趣呢?)4) The need to turn to a dictionary or a reference book, perhaps ten or even twenty times a page, tires the reader out.(读一页书需要十次、二十次地翻词典查参考书,就会让读者生厌。)I am tired.I am exhausted.二、使动词以被动形式出现。使动词在更多情况下却会因为其被动用法而引起麻烦。即使看作系表结构,也含有被动意义。英语使用被动语态的场合远远多于汉语,而使动词的大量存在可以说是英语被动语态的重要发源地之一。阅读经验告诉我们,使动词在多数情况下是以被动语态形式出现的。下面例句中使动词的用法显然要比例句3)和例句4)难理解得多。5) The thing immediately noticeable about him was the closeness with which his blue eyes were set.(他最引人注目之处就是他的一双蓝眼睛长得很近。)6) She had been patient all her life, so that now after years of it her lips were set in a gentle and saintly smile.(她一生性情平和,年复一年的生活习惯使她的嘴边总是挂着一丝温柔而圣洁的微笑。)按汉语思维方式,五官长得如何,不可能用被动语态,但这两句中的set都是表示被动的过去分词,似乎不容易理解。究其根源,原来set在此作(cause to) develop into definite lines and shapes解,或者更简明地说就是fix,意为(使)成某种形状。下面例句中leave的这种用法可以加深对上面两句的理解。7) Bound hand and foot, the victim was left helpless.(受害者手脚被捆,毫无办法。)句中leave意为使处于某种状态,和前两例用法差不多。He is happy. He is found happy.8) I knocked on the door and entered a spacious room where four men were seated at a large table.(我敲门后,走进一间宽敞的房间,里面已经有四个人在桌子旁边坐着。)句8)中坐着用的是被动语态,因为seat是使就座,可以理解为seat oneself。人就座后,当然是一种状态了,故用be seated来表达。也可以这样想:be seated在变成被动语态时,按转换规则,需要用oneself作主语,但英语的反身代词是不能作主语的,因而必须改用人称代词主格。一、 感觉类动词往往是使动词，意为“使怎样”若问surprise是什么意思，答曰：惊奇。其实作动词的时候，其意思是“使惊奇”，永远是及物动词。所以，It surprised me. 它使我惊奇。I surprised. 我很惊奇。而这样的词绝非个例，我们经常见到。老鞋法眼瞧处，发现：感觉类的动词往往是使动词。如excite, interest, satisfy, puzzle, upset, disgust, bore等。concern上面的词，要说成“使/令兴奋/感兴趣/满意/迷惑/烦恼/恶心/乏味”。所以，“这个问题使我迷惑”，不能说成The problem made me puzzle.而只用说The problem puzzled me.I am sick.I am ill.I am upset.二、使动词的-ing型和-ed型分词往往当形容词来用，描述事物特征。我们都知道，be doing或be done一般分别是进行体和被动态；分词作形容词，只是偶尔有之。且看且想，老鞋看出：使动词的分词形式往往当形容词来用。试看：He is swimming.He is interesting.He is interested.两句结构相同。前一句是普通动作的进行体“他正在游泳”；后一句是感觉类动词，是说“他这个人很有意思”。再看：She was killed.She was satisfied.前一句动作：她被杀了；后一句是描述：她感到满意。三、-ing型的基本意义是“使/令怎样的”，-ed表示“感到的”。把握了使动词的根本含义，再分辨由它变来的两种分词，就顺理成章了。-ing形容词，表示“使人的”，也就是在动词原形意义后加个“的”字。-ed形容词，表示“感到的”。试依以上原理，准确分辨下面几对句子。The boy is upset.The boy is upsetting.The students are satisfying.The students are satisfied.The teacher is boring.The teacher is bored.细心的人可能会发现，上面几对句子都是拿人来做主语。也就是两种形容词都可以用来描述人。如果拿物来做主语，就只有一个能够合格。The speech is boring.The speech is bored.1. 使役动词是表示使、令、让、帮、叫等意义的不完全及物动词,主要有make(使,令), let(让), help(帮助), have(叫)等。 2.使役动词后接受词,再接原形不定词作受词补语。 接宾语时，人称代词用宾格。 He made me(宾格) laugh. 他使我发笑。 I let him go. 我让他走开。 I helped him repair the car. 我帮他修理汽车。 Please have him come here. 请叫他到这里来。 3.使役动词还可以接过去分词作宾词补语。 I have my hair cut every month. 我每个月理发。 4.使役动词的被动语态的宾语补语用不定词,不用原形不定词。 (主)He made me laugh. 他使我笑了。 (被)I was made to laugh by him. 我被他逗笑了。 使役动词有以下用法： a. have somebody do sth让某人去做某事 I had him arrange for a car. b. have somebody doing sth.让某人持续做某事。 He had us laughing all through lunch. 注意：用于否定名时，表示“允许” i wont have you running around in the house. 我不允许你在家里到处乱跑。 * 小议“使役动词”的用法 1. have sb do 让某人干某事 e.g:What would you have me do? have sb/sth doing 让某人或某事处于某种状态，听任 e.g: I wont have women working in our company. The two cheats had the light burning all night long. have sth done 让别人干某事，遭受到 e.g:you d better have your teeth pulled out. He had his pocket picked. notes: done这个动作不是主语发出来的。 2.make sb do sth 让某人干某事 e.g:They made me repeat the story. What makes the grass grow? notes: I was made to repeat the story. make sb/sth done/adj./n e.g. The news made him happy. He couldnt make himself heard above the noise of the traffic. His actions made him universally respected. He made her his wife. 3.get sb to do 使某人干某事 e.g: I cant get anyone to do the work properly. get sth done 让别人干某事 e.g: I must get my hair cut. Can you get the work finished in time? 4.leave sb to do sth 让某人干某事 e.g: We left him to paint the gate. Ill leave you to settle all the business. leave sb doing 让继续处于某种状态 e.g: Dont leave her waiting outside in the rain. We left him painting the g