Unit-1-From-the-history-of-iron-and-steel-making

Unit1:Fromthehistoryofironandsteelmaking,SMM,NEU,2020/6/10,2,Vocabulary,SMM,NEU,2020/6/10,3,Vocabulary,SMM,NEU,2020/6/10,4,Vocabulary,SMM,NEU,2020/6/10,5,Vocabulary,SMM,NEU,2020/6/10,6,ProperNames,AbrahamDarby亚伯拉罕达比Nilson尼尔森HenryBessemer亨利贝塞麦(1813-1898，首创酸性转炉炼钢的英国工程师)Victorian维多利亚女王时代的SidneyThomas西德尼托马斯PercyGilchrist珀西吉尔克里斯特L-DLinzDusenverfahren首字母的缩写TheL-Dprocess顶吹氧气炼钢工艺,SMM,NEU,2020/6/10,7,Text,Worldwide,theironandsteelindustryisoneofthemostsignificantand,intermsoftradition,oneoftheoldestsectorsofindustry.Asearlyas3000yearsago,ironwasservingasabasisofhumancultureandcivilization.Thebeginningoftheextractionofironfromitsoresdatesbacktoprehistorictimes.Inearlytimes,ironorewasheatedinacharcoalfire(doubtlessbychanceatfirst).Whenthefirewentout,apieceofsolidironlikeaspongewasleft.Thespongyironcouldbehammeredintoshapetomaketoolsandweapons.Ourmetallurgicalforefathersfoundthatwhentheybleworfannedtheflames,thefirebecamehotterandtheironwasproducedmorerapidly,sobellowswereusedtoincreasethesupplyofair.Thedevelopmentofmodernironmakingproductionbenefitsfromtheapplicationofseveralimportanttechniques:(1)In1709,AbrahamDarby,ayoungmansucceededinsmeltingironwithcoke.Thisinnovationresultedinasteepriseinpigironproduction.(2)Aftertheyear1755,steamenginesandlargeelectricmotorwereusedasblastmomentumtoforcemoreairintothehearthincreasingblastvolumegreatly.,SMM,NEU,2020/6/10,8,Text,(3)In1828,Nilsonadoptedtheregenerativehotblaststovetoheatairforblastfurnace,reducingthecokeratioofblastfurnacegreatly.BeforetheIndustrialRevolution,steelwasanexpensivematerial,producedinonlysmallquantitiesforsucharticlesasswordsandsprings,whilestructuralcomponentsweremadeofcastironorwroughtiron.InAugust1856,anEnglishman,HenryBessemer,madepublicthedescriptionofaprocesswhicheventuallyreducedthepriceofsteeltoaboutaseventhofitsformercostandmoreimportantstill,madeitpossibletoproducesteelinlargequantities.HenryBessemersprocessconsistedinblowingairfromthebottomthroughthehotmetalsothatitcouldburnawayimpurities.Thisprocesswasamainstayofthesteelindustry.ThefirstBessemerconverterwaslinedwithsilicabricks.TheacidBessemerprocess,astheVictorianironmastersdiscoveredcouldnoteliminatephosphor,whichisharmfultosteel,solowphosphoricpigironshadtobeused.In1878,twoEnglishman,SidneyThomasandPercyGilchrist,contributedtheimprovementwherebytheylinedtheconverterwithbasic,SMM,NEU,2020/6/10,9,Text,refractorybricks,containingmagnesiaordolomite.Limewasaddedtothebathtocombinewiththephosphorandsilicon,andthusremovethemfromtheironintheformofslagcontainingcalciumphosphateandcalciumsilicate.Thebasicliningoftheconverterprovidedconditionsunderwhichthereactionswiththelimecouldtakeplacewithoutdestroyingthefurnacelining.Ifsilicabrickswereused,asintheacidprocess,thelimewouldattackitchemically.In1865,anotherefficientprocessforsteelmakingwasintroduced,thistransformedthepigironand/orscrapintoregenerativelyheatedhearth-typefurnace.Afteritsinventors,itwasalsoknownastheSiemens-Martinprocess(oropenhearthprocess).TheSiemens-MartinopenhearthfurnacewassocalledbecausethemoltenmetalliesinacomparativelyshallowpoolonthefurnacebottomorhearthasshowninFig.1-1.Thisratherinefficientperformanceoftheopen-hearthcomparedwiththeenormousoutputoftheblastfurnace,justifiedtheemergenceofthehighlyproductiveoxygenprocessforsteel.TheideaofusingpureoxygentoconvertmoltenironintosteelwassuggestedinsomeoftheBessemerpatentsover100yearsago,butitsusefor,SMM,NEU,2020/6/10,10,Text,steelmakingwaslongdelayedbythecostofseparatingoxygenfromair.After1948,oxygenwasbecomingavailableatpricessufficientlylowtomakeitattractiveforuseinsteelmaking.Oncetheoxygenwasnolongerbottom-blown-asintheThomasorBessemermethods-butinsteadoftop-blown,theoxygenblowingtechniquebecamewidelypopularaftertheSecondWorldWar.Oxygentop-blowingprocessiscalledtheLDprocess.ThisprocesscombinesthelowcapitalcostandspeedofoperationoftheBessemerprocesswithhighqualityoftheopen-hearth.Assoonaselectricenergycouldbesuppliedinsufficientquantities,electricheatwasusedforsteelmaking.Theelectric-arcfurnaceprocesswasfirstusedextensivelyfortheproductionofalloysteelsduringthe1914-1918war.TherapidincreasesindemandforalloysteelsduringandaftertheSecondWorldWarledtotheconstructionoflargerfurnacewithlowerpowerconsumptionpertonofmetal.Today,electric-arcfurnacehasafirmfootingintheindustry.After1970s,Bessemerprocessandopen-hearthprocessarelosingtheirsignificance.Asthedemandforhighqualitysteelsincreased,post-treatmentbecamearoutinestepintheproductionofsteel.,SMM,NEU,2020/6/10,11,Questions,Howwasironoreheatedinearlytimes?Whenwasironservingasabasisofhumancultureandcivilization?Whosucceededinsmeltingironwithcoke?WhendidtwoEnglishman,SidneyThomasandPercyGilchrist,contributedtheimprovementwherebytheylinedtheconverterwithbasicrefractorybricks,containingmagnesiaordolomite?WhywastheSiemens-Martinprocesscalled“open-hearth”furnace?CouldhighphosphoricpigironsbeusedintheacidBessemerprocess?Whenwastheelectric-arcfurnaceprocessfirstusedextensivelyfortheproductionofalloysteels?,SMM,NEU,2020/6/10,12,Exercises,I.TranslatethefollowingexpressionsintoEnglish.1.钢铁工业2.海绵铁3.结构部件4.碱性耐火砖5.熟铁6.平炉7.木炭8.低磷生铁9.铸铁10.焦炭11.高炉12.熔池13.风量14.白云石15.炉外精炼16.石灰17.顶吹工艺18.电弧炉,SMM,NEU,2020/6/10,13,Exercises,II.Fillintheblankswiththewordsfromthetext.Thefirstletterofthewordisgiven.1.Asearlyas3000yearsago,i_wasservingasabasisofhumancultureandcivilization.2.Thebeginningoftheextractionofironfromitsoresdatesb_toprehistorictimes.3.Thes_ironcouldbehammeredintoshapetomaketoolsandweapons.4.B_wereusedtoincreasethesupplyofair.5.Thisinnovationresultedinasteepr_inpigironproduction.6.ThefirstBessemerc_waslinedwithsilicabricks.7.TheideaofusingpureoxygentoconvertmoltenironintosteelwassuggestedinsomeoftheBessemerp_over100yearsage.8.Thee_-arcfurnaceprocesswasfirstusedextensivelyfortheproductionofalloysteelsduringthe1914-1918war.9.After1970s,B_processandopen-hearthprocessarelosingtheirsignificance.10.Asthedemandforhighqualitysteelsincreased,p_-treatmentbecamearoutinestepintheproductionofsteel.,SMM,NEU,2020/6/10,14,Exercises,III.Fillintheblanksbychoosingtherightwordformfromthewordsgivenintheparenthesis.Earlyspongeironwas_(produce;produced;produces)inbloomeryhearthsfurnaces.Thefurnacewithlowpitorshaftfurnaceswere_(made;make)ofmud,quarriesorerratics.With_(improving;improved;improves)utilizationoftheheatinthelump-producingfurnaces,temperaturescouldberaisedtosuchadegreethatthechargedmaterialwasmeltedtoaliquidstate.Itisnowunderstoodthatwhentheironismolteninablastfurnace,it_(absorb;absorbs;absorbed)threetofivepercentofcarbonandotherimpuritiesaswell.Thissawthestartoftheblastfurnace.Uptothebeginningofthe18thcentury,blastfurnaceswereoperatedwithcharcoal.In1709,AbrahamDarby,ayoungmansucceededin_(smelting;smelted)ironwithcoke.Thisinnovationresultedinasteepriseinpigironproduction.,SMM,NEU,2020/6/10,15,Exercises,IV.Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrue(T)orfalse(F).1.Theextractionofironfromitsoresdatesbackto18thtimes.()2.In1709,AbrahamDarby,ayoungmansucceededinsmeltingironwithcoal.()3.ThefirstBessemerconverterwaslinedwithcarbonbricks.()4.InAugust1856,anEnglishman,HenryBessem