存在主义+与+文学.ppt

存在主義與文學,董崇選中山醫大應用外語系教授懂更懂學習英文網站負責人網址：.tw,一、哲學與文學：,Philosophyistherationalinvestigationofthetruthsandprinciplesofbeing,knowledge,orconduct.Logic,ethics,aesthetics,epistemology,metaphysics(ontology,cosmology),etc.Literatureiswritingregardedashavingpermanentworththroughitsintrinsicexcellence.Poetry,drama,fiction,prose.哲學是抽象推理論說的文學，文學是具体展示例証的哲學。,二、存在主義的哲學：,A.BasicIdeas:Existenceprecedesessence.存在先於本質。Existenceisabsurd.存在是荒謬的。Surd(無理根):無定值、無精確答案Essenceistheresultoffreechoice.本質為自由抉擇之結果。,Kierkegaard,B.MainExistentialists:,Kierkegaard(齊克果):Aworldwithoutpreexistingtruths,values,orgenerallaws.原本無真理、價值、通則定律Truthasinnercommitment(truth=faith).Subjectivityistruth,andtruthissubjectivity.Choicebetweenestheticandethicalwaysoflife.(Either/Or)美或善Godasthemythic,eternalrealityforfaith.“leaptofaith”or“leapoffaith”knightoffaith,Heidegger,2.Heidegger&Jaspers:,Heidegger(海德格)：Dasein:“beingthere,”“existence,”“beingintheworld”“thrownintotheworld”beingasfiniteandtransientintime丟在、有限、短暫(BeingandTime)Angst:“beingfordeath,”nothingness,焦慮activeparticipation,Jaspers,2.Heidegger&Jaspers:,Jaspers(雅斯柏斯):World-theoriesashumanresponses世界觀(PsychologyofWorldViews)Thethreemethods:scientific,existentialist,metaphysical科學、人生、玄界(Philosophy)Seekingtruthinnature,inhumancommunication,orin“theonebeing”(“TheAbsolute,”“God”),Sartre,三、存在主義的文學：,1.Sartre(沙特):BeingandNothingness(論文):Formanexistenceprecedesessence.Beingisobjective,andexistencehasasubjectivequality.Being-in-itselfvs.Being-for-itselfTheFlies(劇本):OresteskillsAegistheustoteachhispeopletobefreeandresponsible,takingwithhimthecrowdofrepulsiveflies.,1.Sartre(沙特):,Nausea(小說):Roquentinrecordstheprocessofhis“nausea”(噁心)aboutthefactthatthingsandpeoplecannothelpexisting,andyetthereis“absolutelynoreasonforexisting.”存在無理卻存在NoExit(獨幕劇):Garcin,Estele,Inesabareroom/Hell沒有出口meaninglessrepetition無意義的重複,Camus,2.Camus(卡繆):,TheStranger異鄉人(小說):Meursaultdoesnotmournforhismothersdeath,killsanArab,andrejectsaclergymanspreaching.Hefeelsheis“thestranger”intheworld.TheMythofSisyphus西西法斯神話(論文):Sisyphusistheabsurdheroconfrontinganunintelligibleworldbutknowinghisfutilestruggletowardstheheights.,2.Camus卡繆:,ThePlague瘟疫(小說):DoctorRieuxstays8monthsatOranforthebubonicplague,yeteverythingseemsto“beginagainfromzero.”“TheGuest”客人(短篇小說)：Daru&theArabAnoblechoice,Heminway,3.Hemingway海明威:,TheSunAlsoRises妾似朝陽又照君(小說):Barnestellsthestoryof“thelostgeneration”(BrettAshley,MichaelCampbell,etc.),whohavenodirectionforlife.AFarewelltoArms戰地春夢(小說):FredericHenry&CatherineBarkleyescapetoSwitzerlandonlytohaveatragicend.Choosingloveinsteadofwar.,3.Hemingway:,ForWhomtheBellTolls戰地鐘聲(小說):RobertJordanblowsupthebridge,onlytodieonthehillsidewithouthavingMariaorachievinghiswarideal.TheOldManandtheSea老人與海(中篇小說):AnoldCubanfisherman,after84dayswithoutacatch,hooksagiganticmarlinbutgainsnothingreachinghome.,Beckett,4.Beckett貝克特:,WaitingforGodot等待果陀(劇本):Twotramps(Vladimir/Didi&Estragon/Gogo)areforeverwaitingforGodotwhilePozzo&Luckypassby.PozzodrivesLuckyasifhewereananimalbutbecomesblindledbyLucky,whobecomesdumb.,4.Beckett:,Endgame殘局(劇本):Theblindbed-