bibliography格式--论文参考文献格式

Bibliography Formats A bibliography should cite all the sources used in preparing a speechincluding Internet documents, personal interviews, and television programs, as well as print materials such as books, newspaper and magazine articles, reference works, government documents, and the like. There are a number of bibliographical formats, and you should check with your instructor to see which she or he wants you to follow. Examples of the two major formatsfrom the American Psychological Association (APA) and the Modern Language Association (MLA)are provided below.Book: Single AuthorMLARamos, Jorge. Dying to Cross: The Worst Immigrant Tragedy in American History. New York: Harper, 2005.APARamos, J. (2005). Dying to cross: The worst immigrant tragedy in American history. New York: HarperCollins.Book: Two or More AuthorsMLALevitt, Steven D., and Stephen J. Dubner. Freakonomics: A Rogue Economist Explores the Hidden Side of Everything. New York: Morrow-Harper, 2005.APALevitt, S. D., & Dubner, S. J. (2005). Freakonomics: A rogue economist explores the hidden side of everything. New York: William Morrow.Book: Second or Later EditionMLAFishman, Stephen. The Public Domain: How to Find & Use Copyright-Free Writings, Music, Art & More. 2nd ed. Berkeley: Nolo, 2004.APAFishman, S. (2004). The public domain: How to find & use copyright-free writings, music, art, & more (2nd ed.). Berkeley: Nolo.Book: Corporate AuthorMLAMayo Clinic Health Information. Mayo Clinic Guide to Womens Cancers. Rochester, MN: Mayo Clinic Health Information, 2005.APAMayo Clinic Health Information. (2005). Mayo clinic guide to womens cancers. Rochester, MN: Mayo Clinic Health Information.Book: Anthology or CompilationMLASloane, Thomas O., ed. Encyclopedia of Rhetoric. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001.APASloane, T. O. (Ed.). (2001). Encyclopedia of rhetoric. New York: Oxford University Press.Chapter in Anthology or CompilationMLALucas, Stephen E. Public Speaking. Encyclopedia of Rhetoric. Ed. Thomas O. Sloane. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001. 640-47.APALucas, S. E. (2001). Public Speaking. In T. O. Sloane (Ed.), Encyclopedia of rhetoric (pp. 640-647). New York: Oxford University Press.Signed Magazine ArticleMLAJohnson, Steven. Your Brain on Video Games: Could They Actually be Good for You? Discover July 2005: 38-43.APAJohnson, S. (2005, July). Your brain on video games: Could they actually be good for you? Discover, 26, 38-43.Unsigned Magazine ArticleMLABanking for Native Americans: On the Trail. Economist 19 Feb. 2005: 70.APABanking for native Americans: On the trail. (2005, February 19). Economist, 374, 70.Journal Article, Continuous PaginationMLAMolinsky, Andrew L., Mary Anne Krabbenhoft, Nalini Ambady, and Y. Susan Choi. Cracking the Nonverbal Code: Intercultural Competence and Gesture Recognition Across Cultures. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 36 (2005): 380-395.APAMolinsky, A. L., Krabbenhoft, M. A., Ambady, N., & Choi, Y. S. (2005). Cracking the nonverbal code: Intercultural competence and gesture recognition across cultures. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 36, 380-395.Journal Article, Noncontinuous PaginationMLAGmez, Christina. Latino Diversity and Political Representation. Journal of Latino-Latin American Studies 1.2 (2004): 19-32.APAGmez, C. (2004). Latino diversity and political representation. Journal of Latino-Latin American Studies, 1(2), 19-32.Signed Newspaper ArticleMLAElliot, Andrea. In a Now-Suspicious America, Muslim Converts Face Discrimination. New York Times 30 Apr. 2005, natl. ed.: A13.APAElliot, A. (2005, April 30). In a now-suspicious America, Muslim converts face discrimination. New York Times, p. 13A.Unsigned Newspaper ArticleMLAFatal Error: Seat-Belt Use Less in Pickups. Chicago Tribune 16 May 2005, Midwest ed., sec.1: 6.APAFatal error: Seat-belt use less in pickups. (2005, May 16). Chicago Tribune, section 1, p. 6.Signed Newspaper EditorialMLAReyes, Raul A. Cinco de Mayo and Social Security. Editorial. USA Today 6 May 2005, final ed.: 13A.APAReyes, R. A. (2005, May 6). Cinco de Mayo and social security Editorial. USA Today, p. 13A.Unsigned Newspaper EditorialMLASesame Streets Private Road. Editorial. Christian Science Monitor 12 May 2005: 8.APASesame streets private road Editorial. (2005, May 12). Christian Science Monitor, p. 8.Government PublicationMLAUnited States. U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. Indicators of Equal Employment OpportunityStatus and Trends. Washington: GPO, 2004.APAU.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. (2004). Indicators of equal employment opportunityStatus and trends. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.Signed Article in Reference WorkMLAAlvarez-Smith, Alma. Pantoja, Antonia. Encyclopedia of Latino Popular Culture. Ed. Cordelia Chvez Candelaria. 2 vols. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 2004.APAAlvarez-Smith, A. (2004). Pantoja, Antonia. In C. C. Candelaria (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Latino popular culture (Vol. 2, pp. 613-614). Westport, CT: Greenwood. Unsigned Article in Reference WorkMLAPinchback, Pinckney Benton Stewart. African-American Political Leaders. Ed. Charles W. Carey, Jr. New York: Facts on File, 2004.APAPinchback, Pinckney Benton Stewart. (2004). In C. W. Carey, Jr. (Ed.), African-American political leaders (pp. 212-215). New York: Facts on File.Personal InterviewMLAVelasquez, Andrew. Personal interview. 12 July 2005.APAA. Velasquez (personal communication, July 12, 2005)Letter or E-Mail CommunicationMLAAhmed, Mohammed. E-mail interview. 11 Feb. 2005.APAM. Ahmed (personal communication, February 11, 2005)Speech or LectureMLAHuang, Wensha. Lecture on water pollution. Geography 212: Environmental Science. University of Florida. 25 Feb. 2005.APAHuang, W. (2005, February 25). Water pollution Lecture. In Geography 212: Environmental science. University of Florida.Television ProgramMLAMedical Tourists. Narr. Bob Simon. I. CBS. WCBS, New York. 24 Apr. 2005.APAOlian, C. (Producer). (2005, April 24). Medical tourists Television broadcast. In Sixty minutes. New York: Columbia Broadcasting System.FilmMLAThe Untold Story of Emmett Louis Till. Dir. Keith A. Beauchamp. SJL Management, 2004.APABeauchamp, K. A. (Director). (2004). The untold story of Emmett Louis Till Motion picture. United States. (Available from SJL Management, 400 East 58th Street, Suite 7G, New York, NY 10022)Article in Scholarly Journal Reprinted OnlineMLAFrith, Katherine, Ping Shaw, and Hong Cheng. The Construction of Beauty: A Cross-Cultural Analysis of Womens Magazine Advertising. Journal of Communication 55.1 (2005): 56-70. 27 Apr. 2005 .APAFrith, K., Shaw, P., & Cheng, H. (2005). The construction of beauty: A cross-cultural analysis of womens magazine advertising. Journal of Communication, 55, 56-70. Retrieved April 27, 2005, from /cgi/reprint/55/1/56.pdfArticle in Online Scholarly JournalMLAKelsey, Kathleen D., and Alan Dsouza. Student Motivation for Learning at a Distance: Does Interaction Matter? Online Journal of Distance Learning Administration 7.2 (2004): 13 pp. 30 Apr. 2005 .APAKelsey, K. D., & Dsouza, A. (2004). Student motivation for learning at a distance: Does interaction matter? Online Journal of Distance Learning Administration, 7(2). Retrieved April 30, 2005, from /%7Edistance/ojdla/summer72/kelsey72.htmlOnline Government PublicationMLAUnited States. Dept. of Energy. Energy Information Administration. Office of Integrated Analysis and Forecasting. Annual Energy Outlook 2005 With Projections to 2025. Feb. 2005. 13 May 2005 .APAUnited States Department of Energy, Office of Integrated Analysis and Forecasting. (2005, February). Annual energy outlook 2005 with projections to 2025. Retrieved May 13, 2005, from /oiaf/aeo/pdf/0383(2005).pdfOnline Newspaper ArticleMLAWulfhorst, Ellen. Study: Blogs Havent Displaced Media. Washington Post 16 May 2005. 17 May 2005 .APAWulfhorst, E. (2005, May 16). Study: Blogs havent displaced media. Washington Post. Retrieved May 17, 2005, from Online EditorialMLAKinsley, Michael. Remember: You Cant Swat a Fly with a Computer. Editorial. Los Angeles Times 8 May 2005. 11 May 2005 .APAKinsley, M. (2005, May 8). Remember: You cant swat a fly with a computer Editorial. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved May 11, 2005, from /news/opinion/la-oe-kinsley8may08,1,7723084.column?coll=la-util-op-edOnline Magazine ArticleMLAH