生理学神经系统PPT课件

.,1,.,2,.,3,.,4,（四）神经与靶组织的相互营养作用1、神经的营养性作用2、支持神经的营养性因子(neurotrophin,NT)神经生长因子（nervegrowthfactor，NGF）的主要生物效应：（1）交感神经元和感觉神经元正常发育和分化所必需（2）对轴突生长方向有决定性诱导作用（3）维持神经元的存活,.,5,.,6,.,7,.,8,.,9,.,10,.,11,.,12,.,13,.,14,.,15,.,16,.,17,.,18,.,19,.,20,.,21,.,22,.,23,.,24,.,25,.,26,.,27,.,28,.,29,.,30,.,31,.,32,.,33,.,34,.,35,.,36,.,37,.,38,.,39,.,40,.,41,.,42,.,43,.,44,.,45,.,46,.,47,.,48,.,49,.,50,.,51,.,52,.,53,.,54,.,55,.,56,.,57,.,58,.,59,.,60,.,61,.,62,.,63,肌梭传入冲动腱器官传入冲动等长收缩不变等张收缩不变被动牵拉,.,64,腱器官反射的反射弧中枢联系：通过抑制性中间神经元与支配同一肌肉的运动神经元形成多突触联系效应：受牵拉的肌肉舒张，肌张力生理意义避免过度牵拉引起肌肉过度收缩而造成损伤负反馈调节肌紧张，维持肌张力稳定,.,65,.,66,(一）运动传导通路1“直接通路（directroute）”（1）皮层脊髓束皮层脊髓侧束：控制四肢远端肌肉，与精细、技巧运动有关皮层脊髓前束控制躯干、四肢近端肌肉，与姿势和粗大运动有关（2）皮层脑干束：支配脑神经运动神经元,.,67,2“间接通路（indirectroute）”（1）顶盖脊髓束、网状脊髓束、前庭脊髓束：控制躯干、四肢近端肌肉，与姿势和粗大运动有关。（2）红核脊髓束：控制四肢远端肌肉，与精细、技巧运动有关。,.,68,上运动神经元麻痹和下运动神经元麻痹的主要区别上运动神经元麻痹下运动神经元麻痹麻痹程度不全性麻痹，完全性麻痹，和范围常较广泛常较局限肌紧张张力过强、痉挛张力减退、松弛病理反射Babinskssign无肌萎缩不明显明显,.,69,三、姿势调节系统的功能（一）脊髓的整合功能1.脊休克（spinalshock)脊髓与高位中枢离断后，动物暂时丧失反射活动的能力，进入无反应状态。表现：肌紧张下降或消失、血压、发汗反射消失、粪尿积聚。恢复的时间与物种有关，蛙数分、犬数天、人数周或数月。产生的原因：脊髓突然失去了高位中枢的调节。屈肌反射和对侧伸肌反射,.,70,.,71,.,72,.,73,.,74,.,75,.,76,.,77,.,78,.,79,.,80,.,81,.,82,.,83,.,84,.,85,.,86,.,87,.,88,.,89,.,90,.,91,.,92,.,93,.,94,.,95,.,96,.,97,.,98,.,99,.,100,.,101,.,102,.,103,.,104,.,105,.,106,.,107,.,108,.,109,.,110,.,111,.,112,.,113,.,114,.,115,.,116,.,117,.,118,.,119,.,120,.,121,.,122,.,123,.,124,.,125,.,126,.,127,.,128,.,129,.,130,.,131,.,132,.,133,.,134,.,135,.,136,.,137,.,138,.,139,.,140,.,141,.,142,.,143,.,144,.,145,.,146,.,147,.,148,.,149,.,150,.,151,.,152,.,153,.,154,.,155,.,156,.,157,.,158,.,159,.,160,.,161,.,162,.,163,.,164,.,165,.,166,.,167,.,168,.,169,.,170,.,171,.,172,.,173,.,174,.,