国际贸易实务(英文版)(第二版)ppt周瑞琪9.Inspection, claim, force majeure and arbitration知识分享.ppt

ChapterNine,Inspection,Claim,ForceMajeureandArbitration,SEIBofGDUFS,2,Learningobjectives,Afterreadingthischapter,youshouldbeabletoexplainwaystostipulatetheplaceandtimeofinspectionwithinthecontractunderstandtheconditionsforbreachofcontractandsettlementofclaimsdescribewaysofstipulatingclaimclausesinasalescontractbeawareoftheconsequencesofforcemajeureeventsexplainwaystostipulateforcemajeureclausesinasalescontractrealizetheimportanceofarbitrationinthesettlementofdisputesandclaimsbeawareoftheissuestobeconsideredinthenegotiationofarbitrationdescribethewaysofstipulatinganarbitrationclauseinasalescontract,SEIBofGDUFS,3,9.1CommodityInspection,Commodityinspectionistheinspectionconductedbyanauthorizedthirdpartytotestifywhetherthequality,quantity,weight,package,etc.arethesameasthosespecifiedinthecontract.,SEIBofGDUFS,4,9.1.1Timeandplaceofinspection,Inspectionatthefactoryorattheportofshipment(alsoshippingqualityandweight)ThegoodsareinspectedatthefactoryorattheportofshipmentInspectionresultsconsideredfinalforthedeliveryofthegoodsbythesellerBuyercanre-inspectthegoodsbuttheresultwillnotserveasthebasisforcompensationMorefavorabletotheseller,SEIBofGDUFS,5,9.1.1Timeandplaceofinspection,Inspectionattheportofdestination(alsolandedqualityandweight)ThegoodsareinspectedattheportofdestinationInspectionresultsconsideredfinalforthedeliveryofthegoodsbythesellerBuyercanclaimforcompensationinthecaseofdiscrepanciesMorefavorabletothebuyer,SEIBofGDUFS,6,9.1.1Timeandplaceofinspection,Inspectionattheportofshipmentandre-inspectionattheportofdestinationThegoodsareinspectedattheportofdestinationandre-inspectedbythebuyerattheportofdestinationInspectionresultsissuedattheportofshipmentareusedasoneofthedocumentsforthesellertosettlepaymentInspectionresultsissuedattheportofdestinationserveasthebasisforthebuyertoclaimforcompensationinthecaseofdiscrepanciesFavorabletoboththesellerandthebuyer,SEIBofGDUFS,7,9.1.2InspectionBodies,TypesofinspectionbodyGovernmentalinspectionbodiesOwnedandsupervisedbygovernmentsSpecializeininspectionofparticularcommoditiesorthosesubjecttomandatoryinspectioneg.TheFoodandDrugsAdministration(FDA)inUSA,TheStateAdministrationforCommodityInspection(SACI)inChinaNon-governmentalinspectionbodiesPrivatelyownedEnjoythesamelegalstatusEg.SocieteGenerableDeSurveillanceS.A.(SGS)inSwiss,LloydsSurveyorsinBritain,UnderwritersLaboratories(UL)inUSA.,SEIBofGDUFS,8,9.1.2InspectionBodies,TasksoftheinspectionbodyToinspectgoodsforimportandexportStatutoryinspection:formandatoryinspectionNon-statutoryinspection:madeonarandombasisToexercisesupervisionandcontrolovertheinspectionToaccepttheentrustmentforsurveyingservicesandissuecertificatesofsurvey,SEIBofGDUFS,9,9.1.3InspectionStandard,StandardsMandatoryinspection:subjecttothestandardsasspecifiedintheLawandtheRegulationsForothers,subjecttothestandardsagreeduponinthetradecontractsIfthereiscontradictionbetweenthestandardsintheLawandtheRegulationsandthoseinthecontracts,subjecttothehigherone.IfthestandardsarenotspecifiedintheLawandtheRegulationsorinthecontract,subjecttothestandardsofthemanufacturingcountry,orrelevantinternationalstandardsorthestandardsdesignatedbythestateinspectionagency.,SEIBofGDUFS,10,9.1.4InspectionCertificate,InspectionCertificateofQualityInspectionCertificateofWeightorQuantityInspectionCertificateofValueInspectionCertificateofOriginSanitaryInspectionCertificateVeterinaryInspectionCertificateDisinfectionInspectionCertificateInspectionCertificateonDamagedCargo,SEIBofGDUFS,11,9.1.5Inspectionclause,Theinspectionclauseusuallycontainsstipulationsontheinspectionrightthetimeandplaceofinspectionorre-inspectiontheinspectionbodytheinspectionitemsandtheinspectioncertificates.,SEIBofGDUFS,12,9.1.5Inspectionclause,Example,SEIBofGDUFS,13,9.2DisputesandClaims,9.2.1DisputesMainreasonsfordisputesbreachofcontractbythesellerfailstodeliverthegoodsfailstopresentrequireddocumentsbreachofcontractbythebuyerfailstoopenL/Cfailstoacceptthegoodsfailstodispatchthevessel(FOB)breachofcontractbybothpartiesmisunderstandscontractstipulations,SEIBofGDUFS,14,9.2.2Claims,Claim:demandmadebyonepartytoanotherforacertainamountofcompensationonaccountofalosssustainedthroughitsnegligenceTypesofclaimclaimregardingsellingandbuyingclaimregardingtransportationclaimconcerninginsurance,SEIBofGDUFS,15,9.2.3Claimclause,DiscrepancyandClaimClause(formosttransactions)MaininformationRelevantstipulationsorproofsRelevantinspectionauthoritativebodyPeriodforlodgingclaimsWaystobesettledmakingarefundcompensatingfordirectlossesorexpensessellingthegoodsatlowerpricereplacingthedefectivegoods,SEIBofGDUFS,16,9.2.3Claimclause,Example,SEIBofGDUFS,17,9.2.3Claimclause,PenaltyClause(fortransactionsinlargequantityorwithlargemechanicalequipment),SEIBofGDUFS,18,9.3ForceMajeure,9.3.1ForceMajeureClauseScopeofForceMajeureEventsStipulationinageneralwayWiththewording“forcemajeureevents”onlyNotspecific,easilyleadingtodifferentinterpretation,SEIBofGDUFS,19,9.2.3Claimclause,StipulationinaspecificwayListallpossibleforcemajeureeventsindetailButmayleaveoutotherdetails,SEIBofGDUFS,20,9.3.1ScopeofForceMajeureEvents,StipulationinasynthesizedwayListsomeofthepossibleforcemajeureeventsindetailAddsuchwordingas“orothercauseofForceMajeure”inordernottomisstheotherpossiblecauses,SEIBofGDUFS,21,9.3.1ForceMajeureClause,Notification:NotifythebuyerrightaftertheaccidentsthefollowingtheforcemajeureeventitseffectontheirabilityofperformingthecontractOtherwise,thesellerwillbeheldresponsibleforthelossordamage.IssuanceofthecertificatesAneffectivecertificateconcerningtheactualoccurrenceoftheforcemajeureeventisrequired;otherwiseThesellerwillstillbeheldresponsibleforthelossordamage.,SEIBofGDUFS,22,9.3.2ConsequencesofForceMajeureEvents,PostponementofthecontractWhentheperformanceofthecontractisdelayedtemporarilyContractshallberesumedaftertheforcemajeureeventTerminationofthecontractWhentheperformanceofcontractisimpossibleoneofthepartywhosufferstheforcemajeureeventmayaskfortheterminationofthecontract,SEIBofGDUFS,23,9.4Arbitration,9.4.1Methodsofdisputesettlementnegotiationmediationarbitrationlitigation,Mostfavorable,Leastfavorable,SEIBofGDUFS,24,DifferencebetweenarbitrationandmediationArbitrationInvolvinganimpartialthirdpartyLikeanlessformalcourt,thearbitratorhearsevidenceandmakesadecisionThedecisionisfinalmediationInvolvinganimpartialthirdpartyThemediatorgivessuggestionstothesolutionofdisputes,butTheydonotreachasolutionunlessallsidesagree.,9.4.2Differencesamongwaysofdisputesettlements,SEIBofGDUFS,25,Differencebetweenarbitrationandlitigationthewaytosubmitarbitrationorlitigationarbitration:submissiontoarbitrationmadeontheagreementofbothpartiesinadvancelitigation:submissiontolitigationmadeunilaterallybyoneofthepartiestheappointmentofarbitratororjudgearbitration:appointedbythepartiesthemselvesandthethirdappointedbythearbitrationinstitutionlitigation:appointedbythegovernment,9.4.2Differencesamongwaysofdisputesettlements,SEIBofGDUFS,26,Differencebetweenarbitrationandlitigationtheeffectivenessofanawardorverdictarbitration:awardisfinalandbindingonbothpartieswithnorightgiventorevisionbeforealawcourtlitigation:verdictisnotfinal,ie.Ifonepartyrefuses,hecanretaintherighttoappealtoahighercourtArbitrationissimpler,lesscostlyandtime-consumingandmoreflexible,thereforeismorefavorableindisputesettlement.,9.4.2Differencesamongwaysofdisputesettlements,SEIBofGDUFS,27,ApplyingforarbitrationApplicationshallbemadeinwrittenformthenameaddressoftheclaimantandtheclaimeethearbitrationagreementthefactsofthedisputestheclaimantsclaimandthefactsandevidenceoftheclaimApplicationshallbesubmittedtotheSecretariatoftheArbitrationCommissionThearbitrationfeeshallbepaidinadvancetotheArbitrationCommission,9.4.3Arbitrationprocedure,SEIBofGDUFS,28,Formingarbitrationtribunalsole-arbitratortribunalonlyonearbitratorinvolvedBothpartiesjointlyappointorjointlyauthorizethechairmanofthearbitrationbodytoappoint.collegiatetribunalthreearbitratorsinvolvedTheclaimantandclaimeeeachappointanarbitratorsThethirdoneeitherbejointlyappointedbybothpartiesorappointedbythearbitrationbody.,9.4.3Arbitrationprocedure,SEIBofGDUFS,29,HearinganarbitrationcaseoralhearingAdatefororalhearingshallbefixedinadvanceCommunicatetothepartiesconcerned30(inforeign-relatedcases)or15days(indomesticcases)beforethedatefororalhearingtheomissionofanoralhearingOmissionofanoralhearingshallbemadeattherequestofthepartiesorwiththeconsentoftheparties;andbeapprovedbythearbitrationtribunal.Iftheoralhearingisomitted,anawardshallbemadebasedonthedocumentsonly.,9.4.3Arbitrationprocedure,SEIBofGDUFS,30,IssuinganawardTimefortheissuanceforarbitrationwithoutoralhearing:within9monthsfromthedateoftheformationofarbitrationtribunalforarbitrationbasedonoralhearing:within30daysfromthedateoftheoralhearingThedateofissuanceisthedateonwhichtheawardbecomeseffective.Thearbitrationawardisfinalandbindinguponbothparties.,9.4.3Arbitrationprocedure,SEIBofGDUFS,31,SettingasideanawardIncaseofinconformityinthestatutoryprocedureintheaward,forexamplenoarbitrationclauseinthecontract,ornosubsequentwrittenarbitrationagreementincluded,ortheappointmentofanarbitratorortheformationofanarbitrationtribunalnotinconsistentwitharbitrationrulesthepartyconcernedcanapplyforsettingasidethearbitralaward.,9.4.3Arbitrationprocedure,SEIBofGDUFS,32,EnforcinganawardIfanawardisnotexecutedwithintimelimits